scholarly journals The Onset of Dental Erosion Caused by Food and Drinks and the Preventive Effect of Alkaline Ionized Water

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 3440
Author(s):  
Tsutomu Sato ◽  
Yoshitaka Fukuzawa ◽  
Satoshi Kawakami ◽  
Megumi Suzuki ◽  
Yoshinori Tanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Heat Stroke ◽  
Dental Erosion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fermented Foods ◽  
Beverage Consumption ◽  
Sports Drinks ◽  
Viable Solution ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Acidic Beverages

In recent years, the incidence of dental erosion caused by the ingestion of acidic foods and drinks, including sports drinks, has been increasing in Japan and elsewhere. Therefore, the problems associated with this injury can no longer be ignored in dental clinical practice. The ingestion of these foods and drinks is important from the viewpoint of overall health and disease prevention. For example, fermented foods, such as Japanese pickles, enhance the nutritional value of foodstuffs and promote the absorption of nutrients into the body, and sports drinks are useful for preventing heat stroke and dehydration. Therefore, eliminating these intakes is not a viable solution. In this paper, we outline the mechanism of dental erosion caused by acidic beverages and also describe the effectiveness of alkaline ionized water (AIW) at preventing acid erosion. Given the fact that the complete elimination of acidic beverage consumption is highly unlikely, remedies such as the use of alkaline ionized water (AIW) may be helpful.

scholarly journals The thymus and the science of self

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Geenen
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Lymphoid Organ ◽  
The Body ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Major Organ ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Essential State ◽  
The 1960S

AbstractThe conventional perception asserts that immunology is the science of ‘discrimination’ between self and non-self. This concept is however no longer tenable as effector cells of the adaptive immune system are first conditioned to be tolerant to the body’s own antigens, collectively known as self until now. Only then attain these effectors the responsiveness to non-self. The acquisition of this essential state of tolerance to self occurs for T cells in the thymus, the last major organ of our body that revealed its intricate function in health and disease. The ‘thymus’ as an anatomical notion was first notably documented in Ancient Greece although our present understanding of the organ’s functions was only deciphered commencing in the 1960s. In the late 1980s, the thymus was identified as the site where clones of cells reactive to self, termed ‘forbidden’ thymocytes, are physically depleted as the result of a process now known as negative selection. The recognition of this mechanism further contributed to the belief that the central rationale of immunology as a science lies in the distinction between self and non-self. This review will discuss the evidence that the thymus serves as a unique lymphoid organ able to instruct T cells to recognize and be tolerant to harmless self before adopting the capacity to defend the body against potentially injurious non-self-antigens presented in the context of different challenges from infections to exposure to malignant cells. The emerging insight into the thymus’ cardinal functions now also provides an opportunity to exploit this knowledge to develop novel strategies that specifically prevent or even treat organ-specific autoimmune diseases.

TEMPERATURE REGULATION IN EXERCISE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 691-702
Author(s):  
Sid Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Heat Stroke ◽  
The Body ◽  
Physiological Regulation ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Warm Blood ◽  
Hot Environments ◽  
Large Increments

The central body temperature of a man rises gradually during the first half hour of a period of work to a higher level and this level is precisely maintained until the work is stopped; body temperature then slowly declines to the usual resting level. During prolonged work the temperature regulatory center in the hypothalamus appears to be reset at a level which is proportional to the intensity of the work and this setting is independent of environmental temperature changes ranging from cold to moderately warm. In hot environments the resistance to heat loss may be so great that all of the increased metabolic heat of work cannot be dissipated and the man's central temperature will rise above the thermostatic setting. If this condition of imbalance is continued long enough heat stroke will ensue. We have found that in a 3 mile race lasting only 14 minutes on a hot summer day a runner's rectal temperature may rise to 41.1°C., with heat stroke imminent. The physiological regulation of body temperature of men in warm environments and during the increased metabolic heat production of work is dependent on sweating to provide evaporative cooling of the skin, and on adjustments of cutaneous blood flow which determine the conductance of heat from the deeper tissues to the skin. The mechanisms of regulating these responses during work are complex and not entirely understood. Recent experiments carried out in this laboratory indicate that during work, sweating may be regulated by reflexes originating from thermal receptors in the veins draining warm blood from the muscles, summated with reflexes from the cutaneous thermal receptors, both acting through the hypothalamic center, the activity of which is increased in proportion to its own temperature. At the beginning of work the demand for blood flow to the muscles results in reflex vasoconstriction in the skin. As the body temperature rises the thermal demand predominates and the cutaneous vessels dilate, increasing heat conductance to the skin. Large increments in cardiac output and compensatory vasoconstriction in the abdominal viscera make these vascular adjustments in work possible without circulatory embarrassment.

Illustrations of the Influence of the Mind upon the Body in Health and Disease, with especial reference to the Imagination

1871 ◽  
Vol 16 (76) ◽  
pp. 538-563
Author(s):  
Daniel H. Tuke
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Especial Reference ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Present Section

Under the present section it remains to consider the influence of the emotions in inducing hydrophobia, tetanus, and catalepsy.

Mutagenicity, Metabolism, and DNA Interactions of Urethane

1990 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rene E. Sotomayor ◽  
Thomas F.X. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
The Body ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Fermented Foods ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Spermatogenic Cells ◽  
Dna Interactions ◽  
Specific Locus ◽  
Vinyl Carbamate

Urethane, a known animal carcinogen, has been the subject of intensive research efforts spanning 40 years. Recent concerns have focused on the presence of urethane in a variety of fermented foods and alcoholic beverages, although no epidemiological studies or human case reports have been published. Much information is available about the mutagenesis, metabolism, and DNA interactions of urethane in experimental systems. Urethane is generally not mutagenic in bacteria although in some instances it acts as a weak mutagen. Urethane is not mutagenic in Neurospora but is weakly mutagenic in Saccharomyces. Drosophila appear to be the only organisms that consistently give positive mutagenic results with urethane, but its mutagenicity is weak and in many cases shows no clear dose dependence. Urethane is a good clastogen in mammalian somatic cells in vivo, but it shows variable results with cells in vitro. It efficiently induces sister chromatid exchanges in a variety of cells. Mammalian spermatogenic cells are insensitive to the induction of specific locus and dominant lethal mutations by urethane. Mutational synergism has been reported to occur between ethyl methanesulfonate and urethane when administered two generations apart, and some investigators have suggested possible synergism for cancer-causing mutations in mice exposed to X-rays and urethane one generation apart. These studies are controversial and have not been confirmed. Studies on the induction of cancer-causing dominant mutations by urethane are at variance with results from extensive studies with the specific locus test in mice. Urethane studies with the unscheduled DNA synthesis assay in mouse spermatogenic cells and with the sperm abnormality test have given negative results. Urethane is rapidly and evenly distributed in the body. The rate of elimination of urethane from plasma is a saturable process and varies according to the strain and age of the animal. Recent studies have concentrated on the effect of ethanol on urethane metabolism. At concentrations similar to those in wine, ethanol inhibits the tissue distribution of urethane in mice. These results are important because they suggest a lower carcinogenic/mutagenic risk than expected from exposure to urethane in alcoholic beverages. Although research on the metabolic activation of urethane has been extensive, no conclusive results have been obtained about its active metabolite, at one time thought to be N-hydroxyurethane. More recently, it has been postulated that urethane is actived to vinyl carbamate and that this metabolite is capable of reacting with DNA. Vinyl carbamate is more carcinogenic and more mutagenic than the parental compound, but despite intensive efforts it has not been identified as a metabolite in animals treated with urethane. Urethane binding to DNA appears to correlate well with tissue susceptibility to cancer. Various studies have attempted to elucidate the molecular nature of the bound molecule and the binding site. Some results have indicated the formation of a single DNA adduct, 7-(2-oxoethyl)guanine. This adduct may isomerize to O6,7-(1'-hydroxyethano)guanine, which might be more mutagenic than the 2-oxoethyl adduct; however, this possibility seems unlikely. Despite extensive research, urethane's metabolism and molecular mechanisms of mutation are still not clearly understood.

scholarly journals Toward the unity of pathological and exertional fatigue: A predictive processing model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Greenhouse-Tucknott ◽  
J. B. Butterworth ◽  
J. G. Wrightson ◽  
N. J. Smeeton ◽  
H. D. Critchley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Error ◽  
Conscious Experience ◽  
Physical Exertion ◽  
Generative Models ◽  
The Body ◽  
Predictive Processing ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
Common Foundation ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Sensory Evidence

AbstractFatigue is a common experience in both health and disease. Yet, pathological (i.e., prolonged or chronic) and transient (i.e., exertional) fatigue symptoms are traditionally considered distinct, compounding a separation between interested research fields within the study of fatigue. Within the clinical neurosciences, nascent frameworks position pathological fatigue as a product of inference derived through hierarchical predictive processing. The metacognitive theory of dyshomeostasis (Stephan et al., 2016) states that pathological fatigue emerges from the metacognitive mechanism in which the detection of persistent mismatches between prior interoceptive predictions and ascending sensory evidence (i.e., prediction error) signals low evidence for internal generative models, which undermine an agent’s feeling of mastery over the body and is thus experienced phenomenologically as fatigue. Although acute, transient subjective symptoms of exertional fatigue have also been associated with increasing interoceptive prediction error, the dynamic computations that underlie its development have not been clearly defined. Here, drawing on the metacognitive theory of dyshomeostasis, we extend this account to offer an explicit description of the development of fatigue during extended periods of (physical) exertion. Accordingly, it is proposed that a loss of certainty or confidence in control predictions in response to persistent detection of prediction error features as a common foundation for the conscious experience of both pathological and nonpathological fatigue.

scholarly journals Artificial Rice As an Alternative Functional Food to Support Food Diversification Program

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica Valencia ◽  
Maria Goretti Marianti Purwanto
Keyword(s):  
Functional Food ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Sensory Quality ◽  
Rice Flour ◽  
Paddy Rice ◽  
The Body ◽  
Local Resources ◽  
Risk Of Disease ◽  
Nutritional Effects

Functional food is a food that has a beneficial effect to the body beyond its adequate nutritional effects. It can help improve someone’s health and/or decrease the risk of disease. The awareness in the community of the importance of health encourages the development of functional food. One of the functional food that has been developed in Indonesia is the artificial rice. Artificial rice, an alternative paddy rice substitute, has a minimally equal value to paddy rice. Artificial rice is made to reduce people’s dependence on paddy rice and to support food diversification program to achieve food security in Indonesia. Artificial rice is made from a non-paddy rice flour with a certain compositions, so that it can be used as a vehichle to make a functional food and can be fortified with ingredients that contain functional active compounds. Indonesian researchers have developed artificial rice products by utilizing local resources, such as corn, sorghum, spices, tubers, and others, to obtain an artificial rice with improved nutritional and functional characters that have some health benefits such as antidiabetic, antioxidant, antihypertensive, and anticancer. Such development has resulted in the observation that artificial rice can be used as a functional food for rice substitute with an equal or better nutritional value than paddy rice. However, further research is still needed to improve the sensory quality of artificial rice so that it can be accepted easily by the community. Keywords: Artificial rice, food diversification, functional food, rice analogue

scholarly journals Observations on the Temperature of the Body in Health and Disease

BMJ ◽  
1871 ◽  
Vol 1 (524) ◽  
pp. 32-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Squire
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Health And Disease

scholarly journals Del origen de la dietética al surgimiento de la nutrición: Consideraciones sobre los aportes científicos en el área / From the Origin of Dietetics to the Emergence of Nutrition Considerations on Scientific Contributions in the Area

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yurimay Quintero de Rivas ◽  
Gladys Bastardo de Castaneda ◽  
Coromoto Elena Angarita Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Scientific Revolution ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nutrition Science ◽  
Health And Disease

ABSTRACTNutrition and dietetics throughout history have been viewed from two fundamental aspects: as a means to restore health and as a means to prevent the disease. Since its inception the appearance of dietetics, the search was based on maintaining the balance of health and disease. Later, with the rise of the scientific revolution, as is nutrition science who focuses on the study of the different processes through which the body uses nutrients ingested. In the historical development of scientific knowledge both concepts, provided the key tools for the study of this discipline. All these important contributions, provided the fundamental basis for the development of nutrition as a scientific discipline XXI century, currently devoted to the study of many problems associated with food and modern lifestyles. Nutrition therefore rests on the discipline of scientific knowledge, is the fundamental basis for the understanding of the causes of the problems and possible solutions to search for them.RESUMENLa nutrición y dietética, a lo largo de la historia, han sido vistas desde dos vertientes fundamentales: como un medio para restablecer la salud y como un instrumento para prevenir la enfermedad. Desde sus orígenes la aparición de la dietética, se basó en la búsqueda del mantenimiento del equilibrio de la salud y enfermedad. Posteriormente con el surgir de la revolución científica, es la nutrición como ciencia, quien se centra en el estudio de los diferentes procesos a través de los cuales, el organismo utiliza los nutrientes ingeridos. En el desarrollo histórico de ambos conceptos el conocimiento científico, proporcionó las herramientas claves para el estudio de esta disciplina. Todos esos importantes aportes, sirvieron de base fundamental, para el desarrollo de la nutrición como disciplina científica del siglo XXI, actualmente dedicada al estudio de innumerables problemas derivados de la alimentación y estilos de vida modernos. La nutrición por lo tanto, apoyada sobre la disciplina del conocimiento científico, es la base fundamental para la compresión de las causas de los problemas y la posible búsqueda de las soluciones a los mismos.

scholarly journals Sex Hormones, Growth Hormone, and the Cornea

Cells ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 224
Author(s):  
Tina B. McKay ◽  
Shrestha Priyadarsini ◽  
Dimitrios Karamichos
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Wound Healing ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Human Growth ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Insulin Growth Factor ◽  
Epithelial Regeneration ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Interest Differential

The growth and maintenance of nearly every tissue in the body is influenced by systemic hormones during embryonic development through puberty and into adulthood. Of the ~130 different hormones expressed in the human body, steroid hormones and peptide hormones are highly abundant in circulation and are known to regulate anabolic processes and wound healing in a tissue-dependent manner. Of interest, differential levels of sex hormones have been associated with ocular pathologies, including dry eye disease and keratoconus. In this review, we discuss key studies that have revealed a role for androgens and estrogens in the cornea with focus on ocular surface homeostasis, wound healing, and stromal thickness. We also review studies of human growth hormone and insulin growth factor-1 in influencing ocular growth and epithelial regeneration. While it is unclear if endogenous hormones contribute to differential corneal wound healing in common animal models, the abundance of evidence suggests that systemic hormone levels, as a function of age, should be considered as an experimental variable in studies of corneal health and disease.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document