Toward the unity of pathological and exertional fatigue: A predictive processing model

Fatigue is a common experience in both health and disease. Yet, pathological (i.e., prolonged or chronic) and transient (i.e., exertional) fatigue symptoms are traditionally considered distinct, compounding a separation between interested research fields within the study of fatigue. Within the clinical neurosciences, nascent frameworks position pathological fatigue as a product of inference derived through hierarchical predictive processing. The metacognitive theory of dyshomeostasis (Stephan et al., 2016) states that pathological fatigue emerges from the metacognitive mechanism in which the detection of persistent mismatches between prior interoceptive predictions and ascending sensory evidence (i.e., prediction error) signals low evidence for internal generative models, which undermine an agent’s feeling of mastery over the body and is thus experienced phenomenologically as fatigue. Although acute, transient subjective symptoms of exertional fatigue have also been associated with increasing interoceptive prediction error, the dynamic computations that underlie its development have not been clearly defined. Here, drawing on the metacognitive theory of dyshomeostasis, we extend this account to offer an explicit description of the development of fatigue during extended periods of (physical) exertion. Accordingly, it is proposed that a loss of certainty or confidence in control predictions in response to persistent detection of prediction error features as a common foundation for the conscious experience of both pathological and nonpathological fatigue.

Contemporary Integrated Community Planning – Mixed-age, Sustainability, and Disaster Resilient Approaches

In recent years, conventional concepts of social reform planning for sustainable, secure, and disaster-resilient communities have continuously driven the thought and practice of community planning and management; furthermore, environmental safety has become the common foundation of these visionary community models. Additionally, low birth rates and aging populations have become common social problems in numerous developed countries. This study integrated the design and planning of sustainable, disaster-resilient, and intergenerational collective communities to develop factors and models of an intergenerational community. Moreover, this study constructed evaluation indicators for intergenerational communities under a safety basis, which were used as the foundation for planning and designing strategies.

Entrepreneurship Pedagogy

With Latvia's education reforms, the demand for transversal skills in the education process has increased. Although there has been a growing call to educate pupils and students in a way that develops entrepreneurial skills, there is no defined methodology for how to do it, and the definitions of entrepreneurial skills and entrepreneurship pedagogy have no common foundation. This study, therefore, compiles research from various scientific publications and offers a theoretical framework for the concepts of entrepreneurial skill and entrepreneurial pedagogy. It also reviews the noble practices of diverse European countries and analyzes Latvia's higher education experience and examples of entrepreneurship development for students. Finally, it looks at entrepreneurial pedagogy to understand if and how it can impact students' entrepreneurial mindset, knowledge, and attitude.

Sueño, poesía y realidad latinoamericana en Me alquilo para soñar, de Gabriel García Márquez.

The present article reviews the configuration of dream as the fantastic and poetry as another dimension of reality, in the short story “Me alquilo para soñar” by García Márquez. Three dimensions are highlighted in which three main characters are embodied: the life-dream, the life-poetry and the life-narrative, which share creation as a common foundation. The main objective is to demonstrate that the mechanism of creation is the same, the imaginative recreation, and to analyze the strategy of verisimilitude conjoining the perspective of the experience of the reader, in order to scrutinize the reality of Latin Americans who are presented to the reader in this short story.

Die Entwicklung der Rechtsprechung zur patentrechtlichen Äquivalenzlehre in Deutschland und Großbritannien

Is a uniform European doctrine of equivalence within reach in light of the recent UK Supreme Court decision in Actavis v. Eli Lilly? Taking a comparative approach, the thesis outlines the development of case law on the scope of patent protection in Germany and the United Kingdom by looking at the respective precedents and examines whether there is a common foundation for a uniform doctrine of equivalence in the two most important patent jurisdictions in Europe. It deals in particular with the two controversial and for practitioners very relevant problem areas of the "prosecution history estoppel" as well as the so-called selection decision and makes a proposal for a reform of the EPC.

Three Emerging Innovative Technologies Required for Cyber Operations to Execute Commander’s Intent at Machine Speed

Decision advantage for the DoD and Combined Cyber Operations results from the secure, seamless, and rapid maneuver of data and information. In the DoD’s 2018 Artificial Intelligence Strategy, the DoD recognized that it must, “put in place key building blocks and platforms to scale and democratize access to AI. This includes creating a common foundation of shared data, reusable tools, frameworks and standards, and cloud and edge services.” More than ever, integrated, adaptive cyber operations provide the means of maneuver for data to enable DoD’s decision advantage-based goals. To support this vision, the integrated implementation three innovative cyber technologies must be rapidly realized across DoD Networks in order to execute cyber operations according to Commander’s Intent—at machine speed. Getting Information to the “edge” is what makes DoD competitive and provides advantage. The word “edge” in this context reflects the distributed individual platforms, sensors, and people who comprise the scale and scope of today’s globally networked DoD operations. That edge is creating the demand to access data and consume information as never before, and a greater need for more innovation to support DoD cyber operations on the DoD Information Network (DODIN). At the heart of the need for innovation is an increased demand for data and information, as well as the size and scale of networks and networking exploding without a proportionate growth in the IT resources to support today’s cyber operational demand. If the network continues to grow exponentially and must function as the medium of maneuver for the data that provides DoD decision advantage to the edge, then the DoD must deploy revolutionary innovations to reinvent the network as an integrated platform for cyber operations—across the enterprise and to the edge and implemented natively as hybrid multicloud-ready. Three innovative, next-generation networking technologies, integrated tightly together, offer the opportunity for DoD to provide revolutionary cyber operations capabilities across the DODIN and produce improved, data-enabled mission results. The scalable and seamless integration of: (1) advanced identity management, (2) software-defined networking, and (3) hybrid multicloud capabilities provides a Commander’s Intent-driven Cyber Platform implemented in a zero trust architecture that operates at machine speed and ensures decision advantage for the DoD.

Der Dichter vor dem Porträt. Dichtung und Malerei um die Sonetti Benedetto Varchis

Benedetto Varchi’s Due Lezzioni not only represent the high point of the debate on the paragone between painting and sculpture, but they also bring up the question of the comparison of painting and poetry. Building his argument on their common foundation in imitation, in the second lecture Varchi advocates the superiority of poetry over painting based on its mimetic capacity. My paper investigates this topic in Varchi’s sonnets, focusing on a rhetorically consistent series of poems addressed to the painter and poet Angolo Bronzino, with whom the poet enjoyed a close friendship, and culminating in a correspondence with the medalist Domenico Poggini. In these poems Varchi renovates the Petrarchan model of Rvf 77–78 by setting up a Neo-platonically based dialectic between dentro as the domain of poetry and fuori as the domain of painting, thereby shifting the comparison from the field of their mimetic capacity to that of their glorifying and immortalizing function.

From Azoteas to Dungeons : Spain as Archaeology of the Despotism in Alexander Dallas’s Novel Vargas (1822)

Alexander Dallas, ex-combatant in the Peninsular War, wrote books on Spanish-related themes with great affection for Spanish life and culture. However, there was one limit to this admiration: the rivalry between the Protestants and Catholics. Dallas’s move into the Anglican clergy goes some way to explaining why in his last novel, Vargas, a Tale of Spain, published anonymously in 1822, his Hispanophilia gave way to immersion in the attitudes, opinions and central themes related to the so-called Black Legend. The evocation of customs and landscapes is thus wrapped in an argument from the sixteenth century, the Inquisition and religious superstitions assuming a protagonist role and flipping the way he approaches Spanish reality. This complex dialogue between Hispanophilia and Hispanophobia reveals their strong common foundation: condescension.