Investigation of the Relationship between the Mid_Thigh Adipose Tissue Distribution Measured by MRI and Serum Osteocalcin—A Sex-Based Approach

Osteocalcin, in its non-carboxylated form, has a positive effect on glucose metabolism. Additionally, osteocalcin levels are related to body composition, especially muscle mass. The relation to the distribution of different adipose tissue types, such as subcutaneous, intermuscular, and visceral adipose tissue, is unclear. This study aimed to investigate associations between serum osteocalcin and the distribution of subcutaneous and intermuscular adipose tissue of the mid-thigh. Furthermore, the influence of different training methods on osteocalcin levels was investigated. We performed adipose tissue quantification of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and intramuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) using MRI measurements of the mid-thigh in 128 volunteers (63 male/65 female). Laboratory analysis included blood lipid panel, serum insulin, adiponectin, and osteocalcin measurements. The main observation was a significant correlation of total serum osteocalcin (TOC) and the distribution of adipose tissue of the mid-thigh (SAT/(SAT + IMAT)) (cc = −0.29/p-value = 0.002), as well as the cross-sectional muscle area (MA), increasing with the weekly resistance training duration in males. Additionally, TOC (p-value = 0.01) and MA (p-value = 0.03) were negatively related to serum insulin. The significant relationship between TOC and SAT/(SAT + IMAT) is a new finding and confirms the negative influence of IMAT on glucose metabolism in a sex-specific approach. We could substantiate this by the negative relation of TOC with serum insulin.

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Chemerin Exacerbates Glucose Intolerance in Mouse Models of Obesity and Diabetes

Endocrinology ◽

10.1210/en.2009-1098 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 151 (5) ◽

pp. 1998-2007 ◽

Cited By ~ 143

Author(s):

Matthew C. Ernst ◽

Mark Issa ◽

Kerry B. Goralski ◽

Christopher J. Sinal

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Glucose Metabolism ◽

Mouse Models ◽

Glucose Intolerance ◽

Serum Insulin ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Established Risk Factor ◽

Obesity And Diabetes

Obesity, characterized by an excess of adipose tissue, is an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Different mechanisms linking obesity with these comorbidities have been postulated but remain poorly understood. Adipose tissue secretes a number of hormone-like compounds, termed adipokines, that are important for the maintenance of normal glucose metabolism. Alterations in the secretion of adipokines with obesity are believed to contribute to the undesirable changes in glucose metabolism that ultimately result in the development of type 2 diabetes. In the present study, we have shown that serum levels of the novel adipokine chemerin are significantly elevated in mouse models of obesity/diabetes. The expression of chemerin and its receptors, chemokine-like receptor 1, chemokine (C-C motif) receptor-like 2, and G protein-coupled receptor 1 are altered in white adipose, skeletal muscle, and liver tissue of obese/diabetic mice. Administration of exogenous chemerin exacerbates glucose intolerance, lowers serum insulin levels, and decreases tissue glucose uptake in obese/diabetic but not normoglycemic mice. Collectively, these data indicate that chemerin influences glucose homeostasis and may contribute to the metabolic derangements characteristic of obesity and type 2 diabetes.

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Abstract P106: Stabilization Muscles Drive Associations Between Lipoproteins And Total Abdominal Muscle And Intermuscular Adipose Tissue In The Multi-ethnic Study Of Atherosclerosis

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.143.suppl_1.p106 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 143 (Suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Megan M Marron ◽

Matthew Allison ◽

Britta A Larsen ◽

Joachim H Ix ◽

Alexis C Wood ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Abdominal Muscle ◽

Rectus Abdominis ◽

Lipid Lowering ◽

Resonance Spectroscopy ◽

Lipoprotein Subclass ◽

Muscle Area ◽

Ethnic Study ◽

Intermuscular Adipose Tissue ◽

Muscle Groups

Introduction: Quality and quantity of skeletal muscle decrease with age, largely due to adipose tissue infiltration, and are important determinants of metabolic health. To inform efforts to slow aging-related decline in muscle mass and prevent myosteatosis, a better understanding of the biological determinants of muscle atrophy and quality is needed. We used targeted lipidomics to identify, with a greater specificity, lipoproteins associated with muscle and intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) area (quantity) and density (quality) of the total abdominal, locomotion, and stabilization muscles in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Hypothesis: Lower density lipoproteins will be positively associated with muscle and IMAT quantity, but negatively associated with quality. Methods: At visit one, 105 serum lipoproteins were measured by Bruker lipoprotein subclass analysis with 1 H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy. Muscle and IMAT area (cm 2 ) and density (Hounsfield units) were estimated 2.6 years, on average, after visit 1 for the total abdominal, locomotion (psoas), and stabilization (paraspinal, oblique, and rectus abdominis) muscles from computed-tomography scans at the L4/L5 spinal junction. We identified lipoproteins associated with body composition using linear regression adjusting for age, gender, race, diet, physical activity, lipid-lowering medication, and multiple comparisons using a 1% false discovery rate. Results: Participants (N=947) were 44-84 years old (mean: 63), 51% men, 40% White, 16% Black, 16% Chinese American, and 27% Hispanic American. Among 105 lipoproteins, 24 were associated with total muscle area, whereas none were associated with muscle density. When examining specific muscle groups, 25 lipoproteins were associated with stabilization muscle area, driven by the oblique muscles. As for total IMAT area, there were 27 associations with lipoproteins. Specifically, 27 lipoproteins were associated with stabilization muscle IMAT area, driven by oblique and rectus abdominis muscles. Last, 39 lipoproteins were associated with total IMAT density, with 28 and 33 associated with locomotion and stabilization (driven by obliques) IMAT density, respectively. Higher VLDL: cholesterols, free cholesterols, phospholipids, and triglycerides and lower HDL: cholesterols and free cholesterols were associated with higher muscle area and IMAT area, but lower IMAT density (

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Does hyperinsulinemia in ob/ob mice cause an insulin-stimulated adipose tissue?

American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content ◽

10.1152/ajplegacy.1976.230.3.602 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 230 (3) ◽

pp. 602-607 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

EG Loten ◽

Y Le Marchand ◽

F Assimacopoulos-Jeannet ◽

RM Denton ◽

B Jeanrenaud

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Glucose Metabolism ◽

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase ◽

Serum Insulin ◽

Acetyl Coa Carboxylase ◽

Obese Mice ◽

Lipogenic Enzymes ◽

Insulin Stimulation ◽

Endogenous Insulin ◽

Stimulation Of

After a 1-h preincubation to remove endogenous insulin, adipose tissue of obese mice (C57BL/L4 ob/ob) had a lower rate of glucose metabolism than tissue which was not preincubated. In contrast, preincubation did not change the metabolism of adipose tissue from lean mice (C57B1/6J +/+). The preincubation effect was abolished in obese mice which had had their serum insulin levels lowered toward normal by streptozotocin treatment. Injection of anti-insulin serum to obese mice caused adipose tissue removed 15 min after the injection to display a rate of glucose metabolsim lower than that of tissue removed before the injection. No such effect was seen in lean mice. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that hyperinsulinemia in the obese mice causes a chronic state of insulin stimulation of their adipose tissue, possibly contributing to their high rates of lipogenesis and their obesity. Several lipogenic enzymes were measured in adipose tissue of both lean and obese mice, and no single enzymatic abnormality was detected which might explain the hyperlipogenesis. Pyruvate dehydrogenase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase were both insulin-sensitive enzymes in lean and obese mice.

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Intermuscular adipose tissue and thigh muscle area dynamics during an 18-month randomized weight loss trial

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00309.2016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 121 (2) ◽

pp. 518-527 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Anat Yaskolka Meir ◽

Ilan Shelef ◽

Dan Schwarzfuchs ◽

Yftach Gepner ◽

Lilac Tene ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Lifestyle Intervention ◽

Resting Metabolic Rate ◽

Thigh Muscle ◽

Muscle Area ◽

Intermuscular Adipose Tissue ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

Fat Depots

It remains unclear whether intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) has any metabolic influence or whether it is merely a marker of abnormalities, as well as what are the effects of specific lifestyle strategies for weight loss on the dynamics of both IMAT and thigh muscle area (TMA). We followed the trajectory of IMAT and TMA during 18-mo lifestyle intervention among 278 sedentary participants with abdominal obesity, using magnetic resonance imaging. We measured the resting metabolic rate (RMR) by an indirect calorimeter. Among 273 eligible participants (47.8 ± 9.3 yr of age), the mean IMAT was 9.6 ± 4.6 cm2. Baseline IMAT levels were directly correlated with waist circumference, abdominal subdepots, C-reactive protein, and leptin and inversely correlated with baseline TMA and creatinine ( P < 0.05 for all). After 18 mo (86.3% adherence), both IMAT (−1.6%) and TMA (−3.3%) significantly decreased ( P < 0.01 vs. baseline). The changes in both IMAT and TMA were similar across the lifestyle intervention groups and directly corresponded with moderate weight loss ( P < 0.001). IMAT change did not remain independently associated with decreased abdominal subdepots or improved cardiometabolic parameters after adjustments for age, sex, and 18-mo weight loss. In similar models, 18-mo TMA loss remained associated with decreased RMR, decreased activity, and with increased fasting glucose levels and IMAT ( P < 0.05 for all). Unlike other fat depots, IMAT may not represent a unique or specific adipose tissue, instead largely reflecting body weight change per se. Moderate weight loss induced a significant decrease in thigh muscle area, suggesting the importance of resistance training to accompany weight loss programs.

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Status of glucose metabolism including insulin resistance and beta cell function in overtly iron loaded Thalassemia patients

Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal ◽

10.3126/jcmsn.v10i3.12774 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 29-36

Author(s):

A Pan ◽

SS Nag ◽

BC Mondal ◽

A Anindya Dasgupta ◽

P Piyali Mitra

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Glucose Metabolism ◽

Serum Ferritin ◽

Serum Insulin ◽

Thalassemia Major ◽

Beta Thalassemia ◽

P Value ◽

Spleen Size ◽

Fasting Serum ◽

Beta Thalassemia Major

BACKGROUND Abnormality of glucose metabolism is a frequent complication in Thalassemia patients. Both insulin deficiency and insulin resistance has been proposed in its pathogenesis. Some form of abnormality in glucose metabolism is expected at an earlier age in these patients in developing countries like India and Nepal where iron overload is excessive due to lack of chelation therapy.MATERIALS AND METHODS Fasting serum glucose and fasting serum insulin (FSI) were measured in 40 beta-thalassemia major patients, 40 Ebeta- thalassemia patients and 40 controls, all aged between 5 and 12 years. 2 hours after an appropriate dose of oral glucose feed (Children ingested 1.75 g/kg body weight maximum 75 gram dissolved in 250 to 300 ml water) blood samples were drawn again to measure post prandial serum glucose. Iron overload was assessed by measuring liver size, spleen size, total amount of packed cells transfused and serum ferritin. Insulin resistance (IR), insulin sensitivity (%S) and beta cell functions (%B) were derived from the measured laboratory parameters using the latest version of Homeostatic Model Assessment (HOMA) calculator software.RESULTS No one had impaired glucose metabolism or diabetes mellitus beta-thalassemia major patients showed evidence of insulin resistance in the form of significantly higher fasting serum insulin (p value 0.002), IR (p value 0.003), %B (p value 0.017) and significantly lower %S (0.002) when compared with controls. FSI showed positive correlation with total amount of packed cells received (r=0.372, p=0.018), serum ferritin (r=0.345, p=0.029) and spleen size (r=0.427, p=0.006). Similarly, IR also showed positive correlation with total amount of packed cells received (r=0.388, p=0.013), serum ferritin (r=0.336, p=0.034) and spleen size (r=0.425, p=0.005). %S showed negative correlation with all these parameters. %B didn’t show any statistically significant correlation with these parameters.Ebeta- thalassemia patients didn’t have any statistically significant difference in FSI, IR, %S and %B than controls.CONCLUSION Insulin resistance develops as the earliest abnormality in glucose metabolism in overtly iron loaded beta thalassemia major patients at an early age. Ebeta- thalassemia patients with milder phenotype do not develop dysfunction of glucose metabolism at such an early age.Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal, 2014, Vol-10, No-3, 29-36

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Associations Between Lipoprotein Subfractions and Area and Density of Abdominal Muscle and Intermuscular Adipose Tissue: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Frontiers in Physiology ◽

10.3389/fphys.2021.713048 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Megan M. Marron ◽

Matthew Allison ◽

Alka M. Kanaya ◽

Britta Larsen ◽

Alexis C. Wood ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Regression Coefficient ◽

Abdominal Muscle ◽

Unesterified Cholesterol ◽

Muscle Area ◽

Lipoprotein Subfractions ◽

Fat Infiltration ◽

Intermuscular Adipose Tissue ◽

Total Muscle

Skeletal muscle quantity and quality decrease with older age, which is partly attributed to ectopic fat infiltration and has negative metabolic consequences. To inform efforts to preserve skeletal muscle with aging, a better understanding of biologic correlates of quantity and quality of muscle and intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) is needed. We used targeted lipidomics of lipoprotein subfractions among 947 Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis participants to provide a detailed metabolic characterization of area and density of abdominal muscle and IMAT. Serum lipoprotein subfractions were measured at the first visit using 1H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy. Muscle and IMAT area (cm2) and density (Hounsfield units) were estimated at visit 2 or 3 using computed tomography of the total abdominal, locomotion (psoas), and stabilization (paraspinal, oblique, rectus abdominis) muscles. We identified lipoprotein subfractions associated with body composition using linear regression adjusting for demographics, lifestyle, and multiple comparisons. Among 105 lipoprotein subfractions, 24 were associated with total muscle area (absolute standardized regression coefficient range: 0.07–0.10, p-values ≤ 0.002), whereas none were associated with total muscle density. When examining muscle subgroups, 25 lipoprotein subfractions were associated with stabilization muscle area, with associations strongest among the obliques. For total IMAT area, there were 27 significant associations with lipoprotein subfractions (absolute standardized regression coefficient range: 0.09–0.13, p-values ≤ 0.002). Specifically, 27 lipoprotein subfractions were associated with stabilization IMAT area, with associations strongest among the oblique and rectus abdominis muscles. For total IMAT density, there were 39 significant associations with lipoprotein subfractions (absolute standardized regression coefficient range: 0.10–0.19, p-values ≤ 0.003). Specifically, 28 and 33 lipoprotein subfractions were associated with IMAT density of locomotion and stabilization (statistically driven by obliques) muscles, respectively. Higher VLDL (cholesterol, unesterified cholesterol, phospholipids, triglycerides, and apolipoprotein B) and lower HDL (cholesterol and unesterified cholesterol) were associated with higher muscle area, higher IMAT area, and lower IMAT density. Several associations between lipoprotein subfractions and abdominal muscle area and IMAT area and density were strongest among the stabilization muscles, particularly the obliques, illustrating the importance of examining muscle groups separately. Future work is needed to determine whether the observed associations indicate a lipoprotein profile contributing to worse skeletal muscle with fat infiltration.

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Enzymes of glucose metabolism and of the citrate cleavage pathway in adipose tissue of normal and diabetic subjects

Diabetes ◽

10.2337/diabetes.24.10.865 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 24 (10) ◽

pp. 865-873 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

F. Belfiore ◽

A. M. Rabuazzo ◽

E. Napoli ◽

V. Borzi ◽

L. Lo Vecchio

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Glucose Metabolism

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Adipose Tissue Immunomodulation and Treg/Th17 Imbalance in the Impaired Glucose Metabolism of Children with Obesity

Children ◽

10.3390/children8070554 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (7) ◽

pp. 554

Author(s):

Stefania Croce ◽

Maria Antonietta Avanzini ◽

Corrado Regalbuto ◽

Erika Cordaro ◽

Federica Vinci ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Glucose Metabolism ◽

Th17 Cells ◽

Metabolic Disorders ◽

Potential Role ◽

Immune Monitoring ◽

Metabolic Dysfunction ◽

Impaired Glucose Metabolism ◽

T Cell Infiltration

In the last few decades, obesity has increased dramatically in pediatric patients. Obesity is a chronic disease correlated with systemic inflammation, characterized by the presence of CD4 and CD8 T cell infiltration and modified immune response, which contributes to the development of obesity related diseases and metabolic disorders, including impaired glucose metabolism. In particular, Treg and Th17 cells are dynamically balanced under healthy conditions, but imbalance occurs in inflammatory and pathological states, such as obesity. Some studies demonstrated that peripheral Treg and Th17 cells exhibit increased imbalance with worsening of glucose metabolic dysfunction, already in children with obesity. In this review, we considered the role of adipose tissue immunomodulation and the potential role played by Treg/T17 imbalance on the impaired glucose metabolism in pediatric obesity. In the patient care, immune monitoring could play an important role to define preventive strategies of pediatric metabolic disease treatments.

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