Iodine Content of Wild and Farmed Seafood and Its Estimated Contribution to UK Dietary Iodine Intake

Iodine is an important nutrient for human health and development, with seafood widely acknowledged as a rich source. Demand from the increasing global population has resulted in the availability of a wider range of wild and farmed seafood. Increased aquaculture production, however, has resulted in changes to feed ingredients that affect the nutritional quality of the final product. The present study assessed the iodine contents of wild and farmed seafood available to UK consumers and evaluated its contribution to current dietary iodine intake. Ninety-five seafood types, encompassing marine and freshwater fish and shellfish, of wild and farmed origins, were purchased from UK retailers and analysed. Iodine contents ranged from 427.4 ± 316.1 to 3.0 ± 1.6 µg·100 g−1 flesh wet weight (mean ± SD) in haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio), respectively, being in the order shellfish > marine fish > freshwater fish, with crustaceans, whitefish (Gadiformes) and bivalves contributing the greatest levels. Overall, wild fish tended to exhibit higher iodine concentrations than farmed fish, with the exception of non-fed aquaculture species (bivalves). However, no significant differences were observed between wild and farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and turbot (Psetta maxima). In contrast, farmed European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and seabream (Sparus aurata) presented lower, and Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) higher, iodine levels than their wild counterparts, most likely due to the type and inclusion level of feed ingredients used. By following UK dietary guidelines for fish consumption, a portion of the highest oily (Atlantic mackerel, Scomber scombrus) and lean (haddock) fish species would provide two-thirds of the weekly recommended iodine intake (980 µg). In contrast, actual iodine intake from seafood consumption is estimated at only 9.4–18.0% of the UK reference nutrient intake (140 µg·day−1) across different age groups and genders, with females obtaining less than their male equivalents.

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Prevalence of Anisakis Larvae in Different Fish Species in Southern Albania: Five-Year Monitoring (2016–2020)

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app112311528 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (23) ◽

pp. 11528

Author(s):

Enkeleda Ozuni ◽

Ani Vodica ◽

Marta Castrica ◽

Gabriele Brecchia ◽

Giulio Curone ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fish Species ◽

Coastal Area ◽

Sparus Aurata ◽

Dicentrarchus Labrax ◽

Health Impact ◽

Coelomic Cavity ◽

Farmed Fish ◽

Risk Area ◽

High Risk Area ◽

Negative Results

Anisakidae are nematodes that commonly parasitize in the coelomic cavity and viscera of several fish species. They can be found in flesh, which is why they have an important economic and public health impact. The aim of the current work was to assess the presence and prevalence of Anisakis larvae in fish species caught in the coastal area of the Karaburun Peninsula in Vlora Bay (Albania). A total of 856 of wild teleosts and 219 specimens of farmed fish were collected over a 5-year period (from 2016 to 2020). The results showed that out of a total of 1075 analyzed samples, 361 (33.58%) were parasitized with L3 larvae. In particular, only Solea vulgaris returned negative results, while Sparus aurata, Dicentrarchus labrax, and Sardinella aurita showed the lowest prevalence (4.55%, 9.17%, and 10.53%, respectively) and mean abundance (0.84, 1.19, and 0.92, respectively). Conversely, Scomber japonicus and Scomber scombrus showed the highest prevalence (74.07% and 68.00%, respectively) and mean abundance (188.24 and 249.82, respectively). The data suggest that the coastal area of the Karaburun Peninsula (southern Albania) may be a high-risk area for zoonotic diseases, and the consumption of raw or undercooked fish caught in the Vlora district could result in the acquisition of human anisakiasis. For these reasons, it is necessary to improve the surveillance plan.

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Mycobacterium pseudoshottsii in Mediterranean Fish Farms: New Trouble for European Aquaculture?

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens9080610 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 610

Author(s):

Davide Mugetti ◽

Katia Varello ◽

Andrea Gustinelli ◽

Paolo Pastorino ◽

Vasco Menconi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fish Species ◽

Sparus Aurata ◽

Dicentrarchus Labrax ◽

Housekeeping Genes ◽

The United States ◽

Sciaenops Ocellatus ◽

Fish Farms ◽

Farmed Fish ◽

Potential Threat ◽

European Aquaculture

Mycobacterium pseudoshottsii, a slow-growing mycobacterium closely related to M. marinum, has been isolated only in wild fish in the United States and in Japanese fish farms to date. Here, we report cases of mortality in three farmed fish species (Dicentrarchus labrax, Sparus aurata, and Sciaenops ocellatus) caused by M. pseudoshottsii in Italy. Samples underwent necropsy, histology, and culture with pathogen identification based on PCR and sequencing of housekeeping genes (16S rRNA, hsp65, rpoB). Multifocal to coalescing granulomatous and necrotizing inflammation with acid-fast bacilli were observed in the parenchymatous organs, from which M. pseudoshottsii was isolated and identified. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the results of gene sequencing and allowed subdivision of the isolates into three distinct groups. M. pseudoshottsii poses a potential threat for Mediterranean aquaculture. Its origin in the area under study needs to be clarified, as well as the threat to the farmed fish species.

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Visceral oil from farmed Sparus aurata, Dicentrarchus labrax and Diplodus puntazzo as a source of ω-3 PUFA

Czech Journal of Food Sciences ◽

10.17221/448/2016-cjfs ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 35 (No. 5) ◽

pp. 414-423

Author(s):

Sinanoglou Vassilia ◽

Houhoula Dimitra ◽

Kyrana Vasiliki ◽

Lougovois Vladimiros

Keyword(s):

Sparus Aurata ◽

Dicentrarchus Labrax ◽

Oxidation Products ◽

Sea Bream ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Farmed Fish ◽

Diplodus Puntazzo ◽

Lipid Oxidation Products ◽

Muscle Lipids ◽

Total Pufa

Crude oils recovered from the viscera of conventionally and organically farmed gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and sharpsnout sea bream (Diplodus puntazzo) were characterised. Triacylglycerols (TAG) and phospholipids (PL) were the major lipid classes. Visceral oils contained high levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), in particular docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The DHA/EPA ratios (range 1.66–2.46) were higher in organically farmed fish. Total PUFA and n-3 fatty acid levels varied according to both species and rearing system, and were higher in the conventionally farmed sparids. The ratios of n-3 to n-6 PUFA (1.42–2.19) were comparable to the values reported for muscle lipids, while the PUFA/SFA ratios (1.07–1.33) exceeded the recommended value. Visceral oils exhibited good oxidative stability, as judged by monitoring lipid oxidation products during storage at 63°C. These data indicate that the viscera of all three species may represent a good source for the production of omega-3 rich oils.

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Seasonal Evaluation of Freshness Profile of Commercially Important Fish Species

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10071567 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 1567

Author(s):

Patrícia G. Cardoso ◽

Odete Gonçalves ◽

Maria F. Carvalho ◽

Rodrigo Ozório ◽

Paulo Vaz-Pires

Keyword(s):

Fish Species ◽

Storage Time ◽

Sparus Aurata ◽

Dicentrarchus Labrax ◽

The Other ◽

Farmed Fish ◽

Index Method ◽

Spoilage Bacteria ◽

General Data

Freshness is considered one of the most important parameters to judge the quality of most fish products. In the current study, the seasonality effect on the freshness profile of different economic fish species was evaluated for the first time, using three different approaches (sensory: Quality Index Method (QIM) and European (EC) Scheme; physical: Torrymeter (TRM) values; and microbiological analyses: Total Viable Counts (TVC) and degradative bacteria). Over a year, individuals of farmed fish Sparus aurata and Dicentrarchus labrax, as well as the wild fish Trachurus trachurus, Scomber colias, and Sardina pilchardus, were sampled seasonally for the evaluation of their freshness profile over 10 days on ice. In general, data showed an increase in QIM values, a decline in TRM, and an increase of spoilage bacteria throughout the storage time, revealing a clear temporal degradation of the quality of the fish. Additionally, some signs of seasonality effect could only be observed for some species. For example, the seabass D. labrax showed lower numbers of degradative bacteria in winter than in the other seasons, suggesting a high potential to be marketed in a fresher condition, especially during that season. On the other hand, S. colias showed higher freshness scores (i.e., higher TRM values in spring and autumn and lower numbers of bacteria in summer) from spring to autumn. However, from the five studied species, S. colias presented the lowest freshness values, indicating a higher fragility of this species. This information is extremely relevant for consumers and retailers that want to invest in higher quality products, as they would thus be able to choose certain species in detriment of others. Additionally, obtained data showed that farmed species reached day 10 of storage time with lower values of QIM and microbial counts (cfu), as well as higher values of TRM, in relation to wild species. These results reinforce the idea that farmed fish can, under proper conditions, present high quality/freshness profile.

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Mediterranean Aquaculture in a Changing Climate: Temperature Effects on Pathogens and Diseases of Three Farmed Fish Species

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10091205 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 1205

Author(s):

Maria Chiara Cascarano ◽

Orestis Stavrakidis-Zachou ◽

Ivona Mladineo ◽

Kim D. Thompson ◽

Nikos Papandroulakis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Mediterranean Sea ◽

Fish Species ◽

Sparus Aurata ◽

Dicentrarchus Labrax ◽

Disease Outbreaks ◽

Gilthead Seabream ◽

Farmed Fish ◽

Fish Welfare ◽

The Mediterranean

Climate change is expected to have a drastic effect on aquaculture worldwide. As we move forward with the agenda to increase and diversify aquaculture production, rising temperatures will have a progressively relevant impact on fish farming, linked to a multitude of issues associated with fish welfare. Temperature affects the physiology of both fish and pathogens, and has the potential to lead to significant increases in disease outbreaks within aquaculture systems, resulting in severe financial impacts. Significant shifts in future temperature regimes are projected for the Mediterranean Sea. We therefore aim to review and discuss the existing knowledge relating to disease outbreaks in the context of climate change in Mediterranean finfish aquaculture. The objective is to describe the effects of temperature on the physiology of both fish and pathogens, and moreover to list and discuss the principal diseases of the three main fish species farmed in the Mediterranean, namely gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax), and meagre (Argyrosomus regius). We will attempt to link the pathology of each disease to a specific temperature range, while discussing potential future disease threats associated with the available climate change trends for the Mediterranean Sea.

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Absence of Anisakid Larvae in Farmed European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) and Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata L.) in Southeast Spain

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-73.7.1332 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 73 (7) ◽

pp. 1332-1334 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

J. PEÑALVER ◽

E. MARÍA DOLORES ◽

P. MUÑOZ

Keyword(s):

Sparus Aurata ◽

Dicentrarchus Labrax ◽

Sea Bass ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

Gilthead Sea Bream ◽

Sea Bream ◽

Minimal Risk ◽

Farmed Fish ◽

European Sea Bass ◽

Anisakid Larvae

In the present study, a total of 871 farmed fish, 612 gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) and 259 European sea bass (Dicentrarchux labrax L.), were examined for the presence of anisakid larvae. Two diagnostic methods were applied, visual inspection and artificial digestion based on the degradation of fish soft tissue in an acidified pepsin enzyme solution. None of the samples examined in this study contained any anisakid parasite. The results suggest that consumption of these farmed fish species carries a minimal risk of exposure to these nematodes in this region.

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Evaluation of Two Quality Indices Related to Ice Storage and Sensory Analysis in Farmed Gilthead Seabream and Seabass

Food Science and Technology International ◽

10.1177/1082013206065955 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 261-268 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

M. Tejada ◽

A. Huidobro ◽

G. Fouad Mohamed

Keyword(s):

Sensory Evaluation ◽

Storage Time ◽

Sparus Aurata ◽

Dicentrarchus Labrax ◽

Gilthead Seabream ◽

Ice Storage ◽

Farmed Fish ◽

K Value ◽

Raw Fish ◽

Farmed Gilthead Seabream

Two farmed fish species of great importance in the European market, gilthead seabream ( Sparus aurata; GSB) and seabass ( Dicentrarchus labrax; SB) reared in different conditions were analysed to determine the best index to be used for calibration of a prototype designed for rapid measurement of freshness in ice stored fish. Sensory evaluation (quality index) was related to K-value (percent of the ratio of inosine plus hypoxanthine to adenosine-5-triphosphate (ATP) and breakdown products) and Torrymeter readings, chosen as indices that detect early changes in the ice stored fish. Higher K-values were obtained in SB than in GSB, however the degradation of ATP and derivatives followed the same pattern in the different lots in each species. No statistical differences in the evolution of K-value for the same storage time were observed, irrespective of the amount of ATP and breakdown products, muscle composition and rearing conditions of the fish. K-value correlated strongly with storage time and sensory evaluation measured in the raw fish, however, correlation of Torrymeter readings with storage time or sensory evaluation was much lower. This makes K-value a good index in these species for calibrating an apparatus designed to measure time-related changes in fish in response to chill storage.

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Occurrence of Vibrio spp. along the Algerian Mediterranean coast in wild and farmed Sparus aurata and Dicentrarchus labrax

Veterinary World ◽

10.14202/vetworld.2020.1199-1208 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 1199-1208

Author(s):

Sonia Arab ◽

Luca Nalbone ◽

Filippo Giarratana ◽

Ali Berbar

Keyword(s):

Sparus Aurata ◽

Dicentrarchus Labrax ◽

Mediterranean Coast ◽

Pcr Analysis ◽

Anthropogenic Contamination ◽

Farmed Fish ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Vibrio Fluvialis ◽

Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽

Vibrio Spp

Background and Aim: Vibrio bacteria are autochthonous inhabitants of aquatic and marine environments. Certain strains are responsible for important seafood-borne outbreaks in developed nations. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of Vibrio spp. along the Algerian Mediterranean coast in several samples of two prominent wild and farmed marine fishes, Sparus aurata and Dicentrarchus labrax. Materials and Methods: A total of 350 S. aurata (n=280 farmed and n=70 wild) and 340 D. labrax (n=250 farmed and n=90 wild) were sampled among three different locations along the Algerian Mediterranean coastal area. The samples were processed for Vibrio research according to the ISO methods. Isolated colonies were identified utilizing biochemical tests and consecutively confirmed with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry, combined with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis when appropriate, or confirmed with PCR analysis alone. Results: A total of 42 Vibrio spp. were detected only among the farmed fishes. Taking into account, all 690 fishes sampled, the incidence of Vibrio spp. was 6.08% (with peaks up to 7.92%) among the total number of farmed fishes. Overall, 25 strains were isolated from S. aurata and 17 strains were isolated from D. labrax. The isolated strains belonged to four different species and were represented as follows: Vibrio alginolyticus (n=20), Vibrio cholerae (n=15), Vibrio fluvialis (n=5), and Vibrio hollisae (n=2). The incidence of Vibrio was higher in places characterized by greater levels of anthropogenic contamination of seawater. Conclusion: Considering the growing production and consequent rising consumption of farmed fish in Algeria, the reported incidence of Vibrio and the presence of potentially pathogenic strains of Vibrio such as V. cholerae cause particular concern for food safety matters. Even if innovative and natural techniques are desired in aquaculture, proper hygiene and manufacturing practices are essential for the correct management of Vibrio infection risk in farmed fishes at both industrial and domestic levels.

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Shewanella putrefaciens – a new opportunistic pathogen of freshwater fish

Journal of Veterinary Research ◽

10.1515/jvetres-2016-0064 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 60 (4) ◽

pp. 429-434 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Ewa Paździor

Keyword(s):

Freshwater Fish ◽

Halophilic Bacteria ◽

Dicentrarchus Labrax ◽

Sea Bass ◽

Opportunistic Pathogen ◽

Shewanella Putrefaciens ◽

Farmed Fish ◽

Antimicrobial Drugs ◽

European Sea Bass ◽

Adhesion Ability

Abstract In recent years, Shewanella putrefaciens, commonly known as a halophilic bacteria, has been associated with serious health disorders in freshwater fish. Therefore, it has been described as a new aetiological agent of the disease, named shewanellosis. S. putrefaciens is a heterogeneous group of microorganisms, belonging to the Alteromonadaceae family. Based on different criteria, three biovars and biogroups as well as four genomic groups have been distinguished. The first infections of S. putrefaciens in fish were reported in rabbitfish (Siganus rivulatus) and European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Outbreaks in farmed fish were reported in Poland for the first time in 2004. The disease causes skin disorders and haemorrhages in internal organs. It should be noted that S. putrefaciens could also be associated with different infections in humans, such as skin and tissue infections, bacteraemia, otitis. Investigations on pathogenic mechanisms of S. putrefaciens infections are very limited. Enzymatic activity, cytotoxin secretion, adhesion ability, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the presence of siderophores are potential virulence factors of S. putrefaciens. Antimicrobial resistance of S. putrefaciens is different and depends on the isolates. In general, these bacteria are sensitive to antimicrobial drugs commonly used in aquaculture.

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Experimental Horizontal Transmission of Enterospora nucleophila (Microsporea: Enterocytozoonidae) in Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata)

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11020362 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 362

Author(s):

Amparo Picard-Sánchez ◽

M. Carla Piazzon ◽

Itziar Estensoro ◽

Raquel Del Pozo ◽

Nahla Hossameldin Ahmed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sparus Aurata ◽

Horizontal Transmission ◽

Infected Fish ◽

Gilthead Sea Bream ◽

Sea Bream ◽

Target Tissue ◽

Farmed Fish ◽

Infection Level ◽

Available Information

Enterospora nucleophila is a microsporidian enteroparasite that infects mainly the intestine of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), leading to an emaciative syndrome. Thus far, the only available information about this infection comes from natural outbreaks in farmed fish. The aim of the present study was to determine whether E. nucleophila could be transmitted horizontally using naturally infected fish as donors, and to establish an experimental in vivo procedure to study this host–parasite model without depending on natural infections. Naïve fish were exposed to the infection by cohabitation, effluent, or intubated either orally or anally with intestinal scrapings of donor fish in four different trials. We succeeded in detecting parasite in naïve fish in all the challenges, but the infection level and the disease signs were always milder than in donor fish. The parasite was found in peripheral blood of naïve fish at 4 weeks post-challenge (wpc) in oral and effluent routes, and up to 12 wpc in the anal transmission trial. Molecular diagnosis detected E. nucleophila in other organs besides intestine, such as gills, liver, stomach or heart, although the intensity was not as high as in the target tissue. The infection tended to disappear through time in all the challenge routes assayed, except in the anal infection route.

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