scholarly journals Distribution of Virulence Factors and Resistance Determinants in Three Genotypes of Staphylococcus argenteus Clinical Isolates in Japan

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 163
Author(s):  
Meiji Soe Aung ◽  
Noriko Urushibara ◽  
Mitsuyo Kawaguchiya ◽  
Mina Hirose ◽  
Miyo Ike ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Detection Rate ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Staphylococcal Species ◽  
Resistance Determinants ◽  
Major Cluster ◽  
Drug Resistance Profile

Staphylococcus argenteus, a novel staphylococcal species independent of S. aureus, causes a wide spectrum of infectious diseases. As detection of this species from humans and animals has been increasingly reported worldwide, its growing virulence and drug resistance via external genetic determinants has become concerning. In this study, the prevalence and genetic characteristics of virulence factors and drug resistance determinants were investigated for 82 S. argenteus clinical isolates in Hokkaido, Japan, for a one-year period starting in August 2019. These S. argenteus isolates corresponded to 0.66% of the total number of S. aureus isolates collected in the same period. The most prevalent genotype was sequence type (ST) 2250 and staphylocoagulase (coa) genotype XId (45.1%, n = 37), followed by ST1223-coa XV (30.5%, n = 25) and ST2198-coa XIV (24.4%, n = 20). Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes (lukS-PV-lukF-PV) were identified in a single ST2250 isolate. Only ST1223 isolates had the enterotoxin gene cluster (egc-2), seb, and selw (detection rate; 100%, 60%, and 84%, respectively), while sec, sey, sel26-sel27, tst-1 were only detected in ST2250 isolates (detection rate; 10.8%, 100%, 67.6%, and 10.8%, respectively). ST2198 isolates harbored selx at a significantly higher rate (60%) than isolates of other STs. Although most of S. argenteus isolates were susceptible to antimicrobials examined, ST2198 showed higher resistance rates to penicillin, macrolides, and aminoglycosides than other STs, and it harbored various resistance genes such as blaZ, erm(C), msr(A), lnuA, and aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia. Only one ST2250 isolate possessed SCCmec-IVc, showing resistance to oxacillin. blaZ was the most prevalent determinant of resistance in the three STs and belonged to two plasmid groups and a chromosomal group, suggesting its diverse origin. lnu(A) in ST2198 isolates was assigned to a major cluster with various staphylococcal species. The present study indicates that the prevalence of virulence factors and drug resistance profile/determinants differ depending on the lineage (ST) of S. argenteus.

scholarly journals Drug Resistance Determinants in Clinical Isolates of Enterococcus faecalis in Bangladesh: Identification of Oxazolidinone Resistance Gene optrA in ST59 and ST902 Lineages

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 1240
Author(s):  
Sangjukta Roy ◽  
Meiji Soe Aung ◽  
Shyamal Kumar Paul ◽  
Salma Ahmed ◽  
Nazia Haque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Resistance Gene ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Tetracycline Resistance ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Resistance Determinants ◽  
High Level

Enterococcus faecalis is one of the major causes of urinary tract infection, showing acquired resistance to various classes of antimicrobials. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of drug resistance and its genetic determinants for E. faecalis clinical isolates in north-central Bangladesh. Among a total of 210 E. faecalis isolates, isolated from urine, the resistance rates to erythromycin, levofloxacin, and gentamicin (high level) were 85.2, 45.7, and 11.4%, respectively, while no isolates were resistant to ampicillin, vancomycin and teicoplanin. The most prevalent resistance gene was erm(B) (97%), and any of the four genes encoding aminoglycoside modifying enzyme (AME) were detected in 99 isolates (47%). The AME gene aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2”)-Ia was detected in 46 isolates (21.9%) and was diverse in terms of IS256-flanking patterns, which were associated with resistance level to gentamicin. Tetracycline resistance was ascribable to tet(M) (61%) and tet(L) (38%), and mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining region of both GyrA and ParC were identified in 44% of isolates. Five isolates (2.4%) exhibited non-susceptibility to linezolide (MIC, 4 μg/mL), and harbored the oxazolidinone resistance gene optrA, which was located in a novel genetic cluster containing the phenicol exporter gene fexA. The optrA-positive isolates belonged to ST59, ST902, and ST917 (CC59), while common lineages of other multiple drug-resistant isolates were ST6, ST28, CC16, and CC116. The present study first revealed the prevalence of drug resistance determinants of E. faecalis and their genetic profiles in Bangladesh.

scholarly journals Genomic Polymorphisms in Toxin-Antitoxin Systems and Identification of Novel Phylo-SNPs and Polymorphisms Associated with Drug Resistance/Susceptibility in Clinical Isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Mumbai, India

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kayzad Nilgiriwala ◽  
Vidushi Chitalia ◽  
Sanchi Shah ◽  
Akshata Papewar
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Drug Susceptibility ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Silent Mutation ◽  
Drug Resistance Profile ◽  
Cell Arrest

ABSTRACTToxin-antitoxin (TA) modules are one of the prominent determinants that triggers a persistent state aiding Mycobacterium tuberculosis evasion to host generated stresses. The 79 characterized and putative TA systems described in M. tuberculosis are dominated by the VapBC, MazEF, HigAB, RelBE and ParDE TA families, largely involved in persistence and cell arrest. Hence, there is a need to maintain and conserve the TA loci in the chromosome of the pathogen. It is essential to study the genomic differences of the TA systems in clinical isolates along with its association to drug susceptibility patterns and lineage. In the current study, the TA loci and their promoter sequences were analysed from the whole genome sequence data of 74 clinical isolates. Mykrobe Predictor was used for lineage identification and drug resistance predictions in the clinical isolates. Polymorphisms associated with 79.8% (63/79) TA systems were observed across 72 clinical isolates. Among the TA systems, the isolates had a varying number of polymorphisms localised primarily in the toxin genes (58.7%), antitoxin genes (40.7%) and chaperones (0.6%), due to Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) resulting in transition (67.3%), transversion or frameshift mutations. Our analysis suggests the presence of novel Phylo-SNPs by establishing high confidence association of specific lineages to polymorphisms in the TA systems. Notably, association of polymorphisms in Rv1838c-1839c (VapBC13), Rv3358-3357 (YefM/YoeB) and Rv0240-0239 (VapBC24) to Delhi/Central Asia lineage. The polymorphic loci of the 3 TA systems is localised in the antitoxin gene of the Delhi/Central Asia strains, with a resultant silent mutation. The assessment of correlation between TA polymorphisms and the drug resistance profile revealed correlation of SNPs in VapBC35 with drug resistant M. tuberculosis strains and SNPs in VapBC24, VapBC13 and YefM/YoeB to drug sensitive strains.

scholarly journals Genetic Relationship, Virulence Factors, Drug Resistance Profile and Biofilm Formation Ability of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolated From Mussel

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Ashrafudoulla ◽  
Md. Furkanur Rahaman Mizan ◽  
Heedae Park ◽  
Kye-Hwan Byun ◽  
Nari Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Genetic Relationship ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽  
Resistance Profile ◽  
Drug Resistance Profile

In vitro activity of β-lactams, macrolides, telithromycin, and fluoroquinolones against clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae: correlation between drug resistance and genetic characteristics

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 262-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshiyuki Yamaguchi ◽  
Tsutomu Yamazaki ◽  
Shigefumi Maesaki ◽  
Giichi Hashikita ◽  
Shun Takahashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Vitro Activity ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
In Vitro Activity ◽  
Genetic Characteristics

scholarly journals Genotyping of clinical isolates of Candida glabrata from Iran by multilocus sequence typing and determination of population structure and drug resistance profile

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeid Amanloo ◽  
Masoomeh Shams-Ghahfarokhi ◽  
Mohammad Ghahri ◽  
Mehdi Razzaghi-Abyaneh
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Multilocus Sequence Typing ◽  
Candida Glabrata ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Resistance Profile ◽  
Drug Resistance Profile

scholarly journals Molecular Epidemiological Characterization of Staphylococcus argenteus Clinical Isolates in Japan: Identification of Three Clones (ST1223, ST2198, and ST2550) and a Novel Staphylocoagulase Genotype XV

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aung ◽  
Urushibara ◽  
Kawaguchiya ◽  
Sumi ◽  
Takahashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Clonal Diversity ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
High Sequence Identity ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Single Locus Variant ◽  
Binding Protein Gene ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Epidemiological Characterization

Staphylococcus argenteus, a novel emerging species within Staphylococcus aureus complex (SAC), has been increasingly reported worldwide. In this study, prevalence of S. argenteus among human clinical isolates, and their clonal diversity and genetic characteristics of virulence factors were investigated in Hokkaido, the northern main island of Japan. During a four-month period starting from March 2019, twenty-four S. argenteus and 4330 S. aureus isolates were recovered from clinical specimens (the ratio of S. argenteus to S. aureus :0.0055). Half of S. argenteus isolates (n = 12) belonged to MLST sequence type (ST) 2250 and its single-locus variant, with staphylocoagulase genotype (coa-) XId, while the remaining isolates were assigned to ST2198/coa-XIV (n = 6), and ST1223 with a novel coa-XV identified in this study (n = 6). All the isolates were mecA-negative, and susceptible to all the antimicrobials tested, except for an ST2198 isolate with blaZ and an ST2250 isolate with tet(L) showing resistance to ampicillin and tetracyclines, respectively. Common virulence factors in the S. argenteus isolates were staphylococcal enterotoxin (-like) genes sey, selz, sel26, and sel27 in ST2250, selx in ST2198, and enterotoxin gene cluster (egc-1: seg-sei-sem-sen-seo) in ST1223 isolates, in addition to hemolysin genes (hla, hlb, and hld) distributed universally. Elastin binding protein gene (ebpS) and MSCRAMM family adhesin SdrE gene (sdrE) detected in all the isolates showed high sequence identity among them (> 97%), while relatively lower identity to those of S. aureus (78–92%). Phylogenetically, ebpS, sdrE, selx, sey, selw, sel26, and sel27 of S. argenteus formed clusters distinct from those of S. aureus, unlike sec, selz, tst-1, and staphylokinase gene (sak). The present study revealed the prevalence of S. argenteus among clinical isolates, and presence of three distinct S. argenteus clones (ST2250; ST2198 and ST1223) harboring different virulence factors in northern Japan. ST2198 S. argenteus, a minor clone (strain BN75-like) that had been rarely reported, was first identified in Japan as human isolates.

scholarly journals In Vitro Susceptibility Of Tigecycline Among Acinetobacter Baumanii Clinical Isolates From a Hospital in Indonesia

Medicinus ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Veronica Wiwing ◽  
Cucunawangsih Cucunawangsih
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Nosocomial Infection ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Acinetobacter Baumanii ◽  
In Vitro Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Rate

<p><em>Acinetobacter baumanii</em> (<em>A. baumanii</em>) has arisen as the most important cause of nosocomial infection, typically in severely ill patients with many comorbidities and medical supportive devices. Tigecycline is a therapeutic option for treating this infection because of its potential ability against wide spectrum of bacterias, including multi-drug resistance <em>A. baumannii</em> (MDRAB).<em> </em>Our study determine the in vitro susceptibility of tigecycline against <em>A. baumanii</em> isolates and the emergence of MDRAB. The frequency of isolates that were not inhibited at MIC ≤ 0.5 µg/ml was 50.46%, at MIC = 1µg/ml was 2.38%, and at MIC = 2 µg/ml was 19.07%. The susceptibility rate of tigecycline against <em>A. baumanii</em> was 68.27% in 2015, 79.58% in 2016, and 67.87% in 2017. In vitro result demonstrated that tigecycline had good value of MIC against <em>A. baumanii</em> at the range of 0.5 to 2 µg/ml<em>.</em><em></em></p>

Differential ex vivo drug resistance profile in first and subsequent relapsed childhood acute myeloid leukemia in comparison to initial diagnosis

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Beata Kuryło-Rafińska ◽  
Beata Kołodziej ◽  
Małgorzata Kubicka ◽  
Mariusz Wysocki ◽  
Jan Styczyński
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Acute Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Initial Diagnosis ◽  
Resistance Profile ◽  
Drug Resistance Profile ◽  
Childhood Acute Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Acute Myeloid

Quorum Sensing – A Stratagem for Conquering Multi-Drug Resistant Pathogens

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madison Tonkin ◽  
Shama Khan ◽  
Mohmmad Younus Wani ◽  
Aijaz Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Quorum Sensing ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Natural Compounds ◽  
Quorum Sensing Inhibitors ◽  
Communication Technique ◽  
Multicellular Organisms ◽  
Chemical Strategies

: Quorum sensing is defined as cell to cell communication between microorganisms, which enables microorganisms to behave as multicellular organisms. Quorum sensing enables many collaborative benefits such as synchronisation of virulence factors and biofilm formation. Both quorum sensing as well as biofilm formation encourage the development of drug resistance in microorganisms. Biofilm formation and quorum sensing are causally linked to each other and play role in the pathogenesis of microorganisms. With the increasing drug resistance against the available antibiotics and antifungal medications, scientists are combining different options to develop new strategies. Such strategies rely on the inhibition of the communication and virulence factors rather than on killing or inhibiting the growth of the microorganisms. This review encompasses the communication technique used by microorganisms, how microorganism resistance is linked to quorum sensing and various chemical strategies to combat quorum sensing and thereby drug resistance. Several compounds have been identified as quorum sensing inhibitors and are known to be effective in reducing resistance as they do not kill the pathogens but rather disrupt their communication. Natural compounds have been identified as anti-quorum sensing agents. However, natural compounds present several related disadvantages. Therefore, the need for the development of synthetic or semi-synthetic compounds has arisen. This review argues that anti-quorum sensing compounds are effective in disrupting quorum sensing and could therefore be effective in reducing microorganism drug resistance.

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