scholarly journals Existence of Similar Leptospira Serovars among Dog Keepers and Their Respective Dogs in Mwanza, Tanzania, the Need for a One Health Approach to Control Measures

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 609
Author(s):  
Betrand Msemwa ◽  
Mariam M. Mirambo ◽  
Vitus Silago ◽  
Juma M. Samson ◽  
Khadija S. Majid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Median Duration ◽  
One Health ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Microscopic Agglutination Test ◽  
Inter Quartile Range ◽  
Quartile Range ◽  
Leptospira Serovars ◽  
The City

This study investigated seroepidemiology of Leptospira serovars among the dog keepers and their dogs in the city of Mwanza, Tanzania. A total of 205 dog keepers and 414 dogs were tested for Leptospira antibodies using a microscopic agglutination test (MAT). The median age of the dog keepers was 26 (inter quartile range (IQR): 17–40) years and median duration of keeping dogs was 36 (IQR: 24–120) months. The seropositivity of Leptospira antibodies was (33/205 (16.1%, 95% CI: 11.0–21.1) among dog keepers and (66/414 (15.9%, 95% CI: 12.4–19.4) among dogs, p = 0.4745. Among the serovars tested (Sokoine, Grippotyphosa, Kenya, Pomona and Hebdomadis), the most prevalent serovar was Sokoine in both dog keepers and their dogs (93.9% (31/33) vs. and 65.1% (43/66), p = 0.009). Thirty-one out of thirty-three seropositive dog keepers (93.9%) had dogs positive for Leptospira antibodies with 28 (84.9%) having similar serovars with their respective seropositive dogs. Having tertiary education (AOR: 0.24, 95% CI: 0.07–0.84, p = 0.026) independently protected individuals from being Leptospira seropositive. More than three quarters of dog keepers had similar serovars as their dogs, necessitating one health approach to control measures in endemic areas.

scholarly journals Kejadian Leptospirosis pada Anjing di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (CASE OF CANINE LEPTOSPIROSIS IN THE CITY OF YOGYAKARTA)

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 403
Author(s):  
Guntari Titik Mulyani ◽  
Sri Hartati ◽  
Yuli Santoso ◽  
Kurnia Kurnia ◽  
Agung Budi Pramono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Microscopic Agglutination Test ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Leptospira Interrogans ◽  
Veterinary Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease, which is caused by Leptospira interrogans. The incidence of leptospirosis in dogs varies according to region and season, and is considered as emerging infectious diseases in humans. Clinical symptoms of leptospirosis in dogs vary greatly, some dogs are asymptomatic, with mild symptoms, and others progress to severe illness until death. The study aims to determine cases of canine leptospirosis in Yogyakarta, and identify the serovar that infect them. A total of 20 dogs without symptoms, with mild symptoms, to severe symptoms of leptospirosis were collected their serum and further tested using Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) conducted at the Center for Veterinary Research (BBLitvet) Bogor. History of vaccination is recorded as a consideration in interpreting the MAT results. The results showed that three out of the 20 samples were positive leptospirosis. Of the three positive samples, one was identified as serovar bataviae, another one as serovar bataviae and tarrasovi, and the last as serovar bataviae, tarrasovi, ichterohaemorrhagiae, canicola, celledoni, pyrogenes, cynopteri, and rachmati, respectively. The three dogs with leptospirosis showed similar clinical symptoms i.e. Anorexia, lethargy, and fever. It can be concluded that there are cases of canine leptospirosis in Yogyakarta which is predominantly caused by Leptospira interrogans serovar bataviae. ABSTRAK Leptospirosis adalah penyakit zoonosis, yang disebabkan oleh Leptospira interrogans. Kejadian leptospirosis pada anjing bervariasi menurut wilayah dan musim, dan dianggap sebagai penyakit menular yang muncul pada manusia. Gejala klinis leptospirosis pada anjing sangat bervariasi, beberapa anjing tanpa menunjukkan gejala, dengan gejala ringan, dan yang lain melanjut menjadi penyakit yang parah sampai kematian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kasus leptospirosis pada anjing di Propinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, dan mengidentifikasi serovar yang menginfeksinya. Sebanyak 20 ekor anjing tanpa gejala, dengan gejala ringan, sampai gejala parah leptospirosis diambil serumnya guna pemeriksaan Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) yang dilaksanakan di Balai Besar Penelitian Veteriner (BBLitvet), Bogor. Sejarah vaksinasi dicatat sebagai bahan pertimbangan dalam menginterpretasi hasil pemeriksaan MAT. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tiga dari 20 sampel positif leptospirosis. Satu sampel positif terhadap serovar Bataviae, satu sampel positif terhadap serovar Bataviae dan Tarrasovi, dan satu sampel lagi positif terhadap serovar Bataviae, Tarrasovi, Ichterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola, Celledoni, Pyrogenes, Cynopteri, dan Rachmati. Anjing yang positif leptospirosis menunjukkan gejala klinis yang sama berupa anoreksia, kelemahan, dan demam. Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat kasus leptospirosis pada anjing di Yogyakarta yang penyebabnya dominan oleh Leptospira interrogans serovar Bataviae.

scholarly journals Sero-prevalence of Leptospira spp. in Household and Stray Dogs by Microscopic Agglutination Test

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-6
Author(s):  
Ali Shabestari Asl ◽  
Mohammad Bafandehzendeh ◽  
Gholamreza Abdollahpoor
Keyword(s):  
Zoonotic Disease ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Microscopic Agglutination Test ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Stray Dogs ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Leptospira Serovars ◽  
Micro Organisms

Background: Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease of worldwide significance in human beings and many animals. This zoonotic disease causes infection in dogs and other pet animals and these animals can influence human’s health. Given the unknown prevalence of leptospirosis in dogs in our area, this study was performed to investigate the sero-epidemiology of leptospirosis and evaluate the seroprevalence of Leptospira serovars in both household and stray dogs by microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Methods: Serum samples of 90 dogs in two household and stray groups (45 dogs for each group) were collected. Specimens were examined by MAT (in accordance with the procedure recommended by WHO) against antigens of serovars Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona, Hardjo, Autumnalis, and Ballum. Results: In total, 6.7% of (n=6) dogs (1 stray and 5 household dogs) had a serum titer of 1:100 or more against Leptospira serovars. Dominant serovars were Canicola (8.9%), Grippotyphosa (2.2%), and Pomona (2.2%), respectively. The antibody titer against more than one serovar was observed only in one dog. The sero-prevalence was 11.1% in household dogs and 2.2% in stray dogs. Since 4 pet dogs had been vaccinated recently, it seems that the actual percentage of infection in household dogs must be just 2.2% and actual infection in dogs including stray dogs is approximately 4.4% in Tabriz. Conclusion: Fortunately, the rate of infection in Tabriz is low and this can be due to special geographical and climatic conditions, regular and annual vaccination of household dogs against this disease, and lack of suitable conditions for the growth and survival of such micro-organisms in the environment

Successful Treatment of Primary Central Nervous System Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder (PCNS-PTLD) with Zidovudine (AZT), Ganciclovir (GCV), Rituximab and Dexamethasone: A Single-Institution Case Series

Blood ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 118 (21) ◽  
pp. 3067-3067 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludmila Katherine Martin ◽  
Mark E Lustberg ◽  
Fengting Yan ◽  
John T. Patton ◽  
Pierluigi Porcu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maintenance Therapy ◽  
Median Duration ◽  
Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Solid Organ Transplantation ◽  
B Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Complete Response ◽  
Solid Organ ◽  
Inter Quartile Range ◽  
Quartile Range ◽  
Disease Free

Abstract Abstract 3067 BACKGROUND: Primary central nervous system post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PCNS PTLD) is a rare complication of solid organ transplantation, with no standard therapy. Most PCNS PTLDs are associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, thus EBV could serve as a potentially attractive therapeutic target. For EBV-targeted antiviral therapy to be effective, antiviral agents must be phosphorylated by lytic-phase EBV kinases BXLF1/vTK and BGLF4. We hypothesized that PCNS-PTLDs would express viral kinases and that antiviral therapy would prove an attractive therapeutic alternative to high dose methotrexate-based chemotherapy for patients who often have impaired organ function and poor performance status. METHODS: We investigated the safety and efficacy of EBV-targeted therapy with zidovudine (AZT), ganciclovir (GCV), rituximab, and dexamethasone in patients with PCNS PTLD, as well as the relationship of viral protein kinase expression with response to therapy. Patients with biopsy-proven PCNS PTLD following solid organ transplantation were eligible for treatment. Induction therapy consisted of AZT 1500 mg IV, and GCV 5 mg/kg IV, dexamethasone 10 mg IV, twice daily on days 1–14 and 4 weekly doses of rituximab 375 mg/m2 on days 1, 8, 15, and 22. Maintenance therapy was initiated on day 15 with valganciclovir 500 mg twice daily, and AZT 300 mg twice daily until disease progression or intolerable toxicity. Treatment was adjusted for hematologic toxicity and impaired liver and kidney function. Responses were evaluated by serial brain MRIs beginning 4 weeks after initiation of treatment. Brain biopsy specimens were evaluated for expression of viral kinases BGLF4 and BXLF1/vTK by in situ hybridization. RESULTS: Eight patients (5 M, 3 F) with a median age of 49 were treated at our institution from 1999–2011. Transplant history included kidney (N=7), and kidney + pancreas (N=1). Pathology data was available for all patients and included diffuse-large B-cell lymphoma (N=4), grade III lymphomatoid granulomatosis (N=2), and B-cell lymphoma, not further classifiable (N=2). EBV positivity (EBER) and CD20 expression was documented in all cases. Evaluation of BXLF1/vTK and BGLF4 was completed in 4 patients and found to be positive. Areas of tumor expressing viral kinases did not express LMP1. Immune suppression was reduced in all patients prior to treatment. All patients completed induction therapy. Median duration of maintenance therapy was 16.6 months. At the time of analysis, 6 patients were still alive and disease free (median duration of follow-up = 19.6 months, inter-quartile range = 10.6 – 28.3). All 8 patients achieved a complete response by MRI criteria with a median duration to response of 2 months (inter-quartile range = 1.5 – 4 months). Two patients died with survival times of 3 and 143 months after diagnosis. No patients had documented disease progression. Thus far, median duration of progression free survival has been 17.1 months (inter-quartile range = 7 – 31 months). Patient 1 was disease-free for 141 months but developed and died from complications of colon cancer. Patient 8 died of multi-organ failure related to pneumonia and septic shock, which was considered non-treatment-related, 3 months after initiation of therapy. At that time, a brain MRI showed evidence of complete response. Grade 3–4 toxicity was primarily hematologic, including anemia (N=4), thrombocytopenia (N=3), leukopenia (N=5) and neutropenia (N=4). Toxicity in the maintenance phase was generally reversible within 7 days of holding therapy. One patient required discontinuation of AZT during maintenance treatment for persistent, transfusion-dependent anemia. CONCLUSIONS: EBV-targeted therapy with AZT, GCV, rituximab and dexamethasone appears to be safe for the treatment of EBV+ PCNS PTLD, with promising evidence of activity. Responses were generally rapid and durable. Expression of BXLF1/vTK and BGLF4 kinases provides mechanistic rationale for an antiviral approach for this disease. Given the lack of effective standard therapy for these patients, this regimen deserves further investigation. Unanswered questions include the optimum length of maintenance therapy that is still effective while minimizing toxicity, and whether rituximab is necessary to achieve the responses observed. A multi-center phase II trial is in development to further investigate this regimen. Disclosures: Off Label Use: We will discuss the use of zidovudine and ganciclovir to treat primary CNS lymphoma in transplant patients.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Serovars of Leptospira Involved in Equine Abortions in Central Kentucky during the 1990 Foaling Season

1992 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M. Donahue ◽  
Barbara J. Smith ◽  
Judy K. Donahoe ◽  
Cindy L. Rigsby ◽  
Robert R. Tramontin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Microscopic Agglutination Test ◽  
Leptospira Interrogans ◽  
Fetal Tissues ◽  
Induced Abortions ◽  
Leptospira Serovars ◽  
Culture Negative ◽  
Fetal Fluids

A study to determine the prevalence of leptospira-induced abortions in the central Kentucky equine population during the 1990 foaling season and to determine the leptospira serovars responsible was conducted. From July 1, 1989 through June 30, 1990, 32 (4.4%) of 726 submissions (fetuses, stillborn foals, and/or placentas) were diagnosed as leptospirosis by the fluorescent antibody test and/or microscopic agglutination test. Attempts were made to isolate leptospires from the fetal tissues and/or the dam's urine in 31 of these cases. Leptospira interrogans serovar kennewicki was isolated from 11 (35.5%) and serovar grippotyphosa from 2 (6.5%) of the 31 cases. Of 12 cases that were culture negative with serologically positive fetal fluids, 8 had titers against serovar pomona, 1 against bratislava, 1 against grippotyphosa, 1 against hardjo, and 1 against both bratislava and pomona.

scholarly journals Frequency of leptospirosis in horses in Manaus and metropolitan region in Amazonas State, Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. e172607
Author(s):  
Isadora Karolina Freitas de Sousa ◽  
Rebeca Larissa Castro Silva ◽  
Rejane dos Santos Sousa ◽  
Claudia Elisa Martins Vieira ◽  
Sérgio de Melo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Climate ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
The State ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Microscopic Agglutination Test ◽  
Metropolitan Regions ◽  
High Rainfall ◽  
Leptospira Spp ◽  
Leptospira Serovars ◽  
Amazonas State

The occurrence of leptospirosis is significantly higher in the tropical climate than in temperate regions, especially in periods with high rainfall levels. In horses, leptospirosis can range from subclinical to asymptomatic but maintains an important role in the transmission of leptospirosis by eliminating the agent in the environment. Regarding horses, the Amazonas herd increased by 30% between 2004 and 2013. Thus, the study aimed to determine the serological prevalence of leptospirosis in horses in Manaus and metropolitan regions, in the State of Amazonas, Brazil as well as to assess the main serogroups involved in the infections of these animals. For this purpose, from August 2018 to July 2019, serum from 198 horses was evaluated through the microscopic agglutination test with a panel of 10 serogroups. As a result, 92 horses (44.46%) were found to be positive for one or more Leptospira serovars, with the highest prevalence of serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae and Pyrogenes. Therefore, with the increase in the equine herd in the region and, consequently, greater interaction between breeders and animals, the identification of reagents to at least one serovar of Leptospira spp. signals the possible existence of reservoirs of pathogenic strains for other animals and man.

scholarly journals Serological prevalence of Leptospira serovars among pigs in Ukraine during the period of 2001–2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
V Ukhovskyi ◽  
A Pyskun ◽  
L Korniienko ◽  
H Aliekseieva ◽  
O Moroz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Microscopic Agglutination Test ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
The World ◽  
Leptospira Serovars

Leptospirosis is a widespread infection among pigs throughout the world. In most cases in Ukraine, only the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) is used for the diagnosis of leptospirosis in animals. In general, during the period of 2001–2019, 2 381 163 samples of blood sera from swine were tested in our country and 85 338 positive reactions were received, which is 3.58% [binomial confidence intervals (BCI), 3.56–3.61%]. It was established that the serovars copenhageni – 33.91% (BCI, 33.59–34.23%), bratislava – 14.14% (BCI, 13.90–14.37%), pomona – 8.58% (BCI, 8.39–8.77%), and tarassovi – 7.12% (BCI, 6.95–7.30%) play a leading role in the aetiological structure of swine leptospirosis. A large number of positive reactions to several serovars was observed – 29.78% (BCI, 29.47–30.09%) of the total number of positive cases. In addition, the article presents data according to a retrospective analysis of the eight serovars circulating among pigs in Ukraine. Thus, during the nineteen year period, there was a decrease in the number of positive reactions to bratislava, pomona, and tarassovi and an increase in the number of positive reactions to copenhageni, polonica, and kabura. Mapping Ukraine’s territory for leptospirosis among pigs was carried out. This allows one to identify zones with a risk of leptospirosis infections among swine. The maps show that the highest incidence rates were identified in the eastern and central parts of Ukraine.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of Leptospira spp in cattle from Monte Negro municipality, western Amazon

2006 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel M. Aguiar ◽  
Solange M. Gennari ◽  
Guacyara T. Cavalcante ◽  
Marcelo B. Labruna ◽  
Silvio A. Vasconcellos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Microscopic Agglutination Test ◽  
Leptospira Spp ◽  
Leptospira Serovars ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Female Cattle ◽  
Sera Samples

The prevalence of anti-Leptospira spp antibodies was investigated in 2,109 female cattle from 86 herds of Monte Negro municipality, Rondônia, Brazil. Sera samples were evaluated by Microscopic Agglutination Test against 24 leptospira serovars. Titers =100 for at least one of 24 leptospira serovars were detected in 1,114 cows (52.8%) from 82 (95.3%) herds. The adjusted overall prevalence for Monte Negro municipality was 53.9% (49-58.7%; CI: 95%). The most prevalent serovars were Hardjo (14.5%), Wolffi (12.3%), Shermani (10.8%), Patoc (7.9%), and Hebdomadis (6.1%). Other serovars worldwidely reported like Bratislava, Pomona and Grippotyphosa were detected in low levels.

scholarly journals Clinical and serological evaluation of Leptospirosis in Puducherry, India

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (03) ◽  
pp. 139-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Smita Benjamin Shekatkar ◽  
Belgode Narasimha Harish ◽  
Godfred Antony Menezes ◽  
Subhash Chandra Parija
Keyword(s):  
Zoonotic Disease ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
The Other ◽  
Microscopic Agglutination Test ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
Seropositivity Rate ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Igm Elisa ◽  
Leptospira Serovars

Background: Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease with a worldwide distribution. There is a paucity of available data about prevalence of this disease in Pondicherry. Our aim was to investigate the seropositivity rate of leptospirosis in suspected cases and also to identify the predominant serogroups present by performing Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT). The other aim of this study was to compare the results of a commercially available IgM ELISA with that of MAT. Methodology: A total of 110 blood samples from patients suspected of leptospirosis were sent for diagnosis. These samples were subjected to IgM ELISA and the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). MAT was done using a panel of 12 Leptospira serovars. Results: MAT analysis of the 110 samples showed 40 (36%) to be positive. Antibodies were predominantly seen against serogroup Leptospira Icterohemorrhagiae (27%), followed by Pomona (17%), and Pyrogenes (12%). IgM ELISA done on these samples showed a positivity of 37% compared to MAT. Conclusion: This study reveals that the MAT test can be standardized in a diagnostic laboratory and used in conjunction with an IgM ELISA.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence and distribution of serogroup-specific pathogenic Leptospira antibodies in cattle and buffaloes in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1212-1217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anusha Alamuri ◽  
Sushma R. A. Thirumalesh ◽  
S. Sowjanya Kumari ◽  
K. Vinod Kumar ◽  
Parimal Roy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Microscopic Agglutination Test ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Pathogenic Leptospira ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Indian State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Leptospira Serovars

Aim: In this study, the prevalence and the distribution status of Leptospira serogroup-specific antibodies among cattle and buffaloes in enzootic districts of Andhra Pradesh, a South Indian state was carried out. Materials and Methods: A total of 426 serum samples were randomly sampled from various villages from Prakasam, Kurnool, Guntur, Chittoor, Srikakulam, Visakhapatnam, and Godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh between 2016 and 2017. Serum samples from cattle (n=106) and buffaloes (n=320) having a history of pyrexia, and reproductive problems such as agalactia, infertility, abortions, and stillbirth. The serum samples were screened for Leptospira-specific antibodies by microscopic agglutination test using a reference panel of 18 live cultures of pathogenic Leptospira serovars. Results: The overall seropositivity of 68.08% (290/426) was observed with 70.8% (75/106) in cattle and 67.18% (215/320) in buffaloes. The frequency distribution of predominant serogroup-specific Leptospira antibodies in the sampled areas was determined against the employed serovars as follows: Icterohaemorrhagiae - 21.38%, Hebdomadis - 18.97%, Australis - 18.62%, Pomona - 17.24%, Sejroe - 15.86%, Tarassovi - 15.86%, Autumnalis - 15.52%, Panama - 14.83%, Shermani - 12.07%, Javanica - 11.38%, Hurstbridge - 11.03%, and Pyrogenes - 10.69%. Conclusion: It was evident that bovines had a role in maintaining several predominant Leptospira serovars with the change in the trend over a period. The results from this study would also help in strategizing and mitigating the disease burden in cattle and buffaloes of the enzootic area. Keywords: buffaloes, cattle, distribution of serovars, leptospirosis, microscopic agglutination test, seroprevalence.

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