Investigation of Bufavirus and Parvovirus 4 in Patients with Gastro-Enteritis from the South-East of France

Bufavirus (BuV) and human parvovirus 4 (PARV4) belong to the Parvoviridae family. We assessed BuV and PARV4 DNA presence by real-time PCR analysis in stool, blood and respiratory samples collected in patients from Marseille and Nice, two large cities in the South-East of France. Bu-V DNA was detected in diarrheic stool samples from 92 patients (3.6% of 2583 patients), particularly men and adults, and patients from the nephrology and the infectious disease departments. Among the patients with a BuV-positive stool sample and for whom at least one blood sample was available (n = 30 patients), BuV DNA was detected also in 3 blood samples. In contrast, BuV DNA was not detected in any of the respiratory samples from 23 patients with BuV-positive stool. BuV detection rate was comparable in stool samples from patients with and without diarrhea. We did not detect PARV4 DNA in any of the stool specimens (n = 2583 patients). Our results suggest that PARV4 fecal–oral transmission is rare or non-existent in the South-East of France while BuV circulates with a relatively high rate in this area.

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Use of a Perianal Swab Compared With a Stool Sample to Detect Symptomatic Clostridium difficile Infection

Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology ◽

10.1017/ice.2017.47 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 38 (06) ◽

pp. 658-662 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Marisa A. Montecalvo ◽

Emnet Sisay ◽

Donna McKenna ◽

Guiqing Wang ◽

Paul Visintainer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stool Sample ◽

Bacterial Load ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Simple Method ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Positive Stool ◽

Skin Colonization ◽

Stool Samples ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Positive Stool Sample

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the use of a perianal swab to detect CDI. METHODS A perianal swab was collected from each inpatient with a positive stool sample for C. difficile (by polymerase chain reaction [PCR] test) and was tested for C. difficile by PCR and by culture. The variables evaluated included demographics, CDI severity, bathing before perianal swab collection, hours between stool sample and perianal swab, cycle threshold (Ct) to PCR positivity, and doses of CDI treatment before stool sample and before perianal swab. RESULTS Of 83 perianal swabs, 59 (71.1%) tested positive for C. difficile by PCR when perianal swabs were collected an average of 21 hours after the stool sample. Compared with the respective stool sample, the perianal sample was less likely to grow C. difficile (P=.005) and had a higher PCR Ct (P<.001). A direct, significant but weak correlation was detected between the Ct for a positive perianal sample and the respective stool sample (r=0.36; P=.006). An inverse dose relationship was detected between PCR positivity and CDI treatment doses before perianal swab collection (P=.27). CONCLUSION Perianal swabs are a simple method to detect C. difficile tcdB gene by PCR, with a sensitivity of 71%. These data were limited because stool samples and perianal swabs were not collected simultaneously. Compared with stool samples, the perianal Ct values and culture results were consistent with a lower bacterial load on the perianal sample due to the receipt of more CDI treatment before collection or unknown factors affecting perianal skin colonization. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:658–662

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Genetic Diversity of Astrovirus in Children From a Birth Cohort in Nepal

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2020.588707 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Sanjaya Kumar Shrestha ◽

Jasmin Shrestha ◽

Ashild K. Andreassen ◽

Tor A. Strand ◽

Susanne Dudman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Young Children ◽

Birth Cohort ◽

Pcr Analysis ◽

Classical Type ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Positive Stool ◽

Human Astroviruses ◽

Human Astrovirus ◽

Stool Samples

Objective: This study describes the types of Human astroviruses detected in stool samples collected from a birth cohort of children in Nepal.Methods: Using a commercial kit (ProSpecT), a total of 5,224 diarrheal and non-diarrheal stool samples were screened for Human astrovirus by ELISA. RT-PCR was performed on ELISA positive samples (2.8%) for further confirmation. The primary RT-PCR assay used targets the ORF2 region and detects human astrovirus type 1–8. Samples that were negative in this assay were further analyzed using primers that target the ORF1b region of human astrovirus which detect both classical type (HAstV 1–8) and novel types (MLB1–5, VA 1–5). PCR positive samples were analyzed by Sanger sequencing to determine the genotype.Results: A total of 148 available ELISA positive stool samples were analyzed by RT-PCR and further genotyped. RT-PCR analysis of these samples using the ORF2 and ORF1b assay revealed that 124 (84%) were positive for classical human types (HAstV 1–8). Seven different classical HAstV genotypes based on ORF2 and ORF1a were identified (HAstV 1- HAstV 8) with the greatest prevalence of HAstV 5 genotype (42.2%), followed by HAstV 1 (34.7%), HAstV 2 and HAstV 8 (7.4%), HAstV 4 (4.1%), HAstV 3 (3.3%), and HAstV 6 (0.8%). Non-classical types were not detected in our study.Conclusion: A high diversity of circulating Astrovirus strains were detected in young children, both with and without symptoms of gastroenteritis. HAstV 5 and HAstV 1 were the most common genotypes in young children in Nepal.

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IDENTIFIKASI TELUR CACING NEMATODA USUS SOIL TRANSMITTED HELMINTH (STH) PADA MASYARAKAT DI PULAU LAE-LAE KOTA MAKASSAR

Lontara ◽

10.53861/lontarariset.v2i1.188 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 42-48

Author(s):

Anita Anita Anita ◽

Tuty Widyanti ◽

Effendy Rasiyanto ◽

Budiawan S.HI. Karim

Keyword(s):

Stool Sample ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

The Other ◽

Laboratory Observation ◽

Intestinal Nematode ◽

Positive Stool ◽

Faecal Samples ◽

Stool Samples ◽

Positive Stool Sample ◽

Nematode Worm

ABSTRACT Communities on Lae-Lae Island, Makassar City have sanitation facilities that are still poor and very limited with quality far from health standards. This causes people who live in these islands to face various health problems, one of which is the risk of being infected with eggs of intestinal nematode worms Soil-Transmitted Helminths (STH). This study aims to identify the eggs of the intestinal nematode worm Soil Transmitted Helminthes in the feces of people on Lae-Lae Island, Makassar City. This type of research is a laboratory observation with a purposive sampling technique of 10 stool samples. Based on the results of research that has been carried out on 10 faecal samples, it was found 1 positive stool sample for Trichuris trichura worm eggs with distinctive egg-shaped characteristics such as the shape of crock worm eggs or wine barrels and at both ends there are two mucoid plugs. The egg wall is brown from the color of the bile at both ends, it is clear, while the other 9 stool samples are negative the type of worm Trichuris trichura and 9 other samples were negative.

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Intrafamilial Transmission of Parechovirus A and Enteroviruses in Neonates and Young Infants

Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society ◽

10.1093/jpids/piy079 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 501-506 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ryohei Izumita ◽

Kazuki Deuchi ◽

Yuta Aizawa ◽

Rie Habuka ◽

Kanako Watanabe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Asymptomatic Patient ◽

Family Members ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Young Infants ◽

Positive Stool ◽

Stool Samples ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Positive Stool Sample ◽

Viral Diagnosis ◽

Neonates And Infants

Abstract Background Parechovirus A (PeV-A) is an important cause of sepsis and meningoencephalitis in neonates and young infants. Thus, identifying the source of PeV-A is essential for prevention; however, little is known regarding the spread of PeV-A among family members of PeV-A–infected neonates and young infants. Methods In this prospective study, we evaluated stool samples from family members of PeV-A–infected neonates and infants younger than 4 months who presented with sepsis, meningoencephalitis, or both in Niigata, Japan, in 2016. Because of a simultaneous outbreak, enteroviruses (EVs) were also evaluated during this period. Real-time polymerase chain reaction followed by sequence analysis was used for viral diagnosis using serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid samples. Results Among 54 febrile patients, the stool samples of 14 (26%) and 12 (22%) patients tested positive for PeV-A and EV, respectively. Stool samples from 54 family members (38 adults and 16 children) of 12 PeV-A–infected patients were available. The rate of PeV-A positivity in these samples was higher among the children (88% [14 of 16]) than the adults (34% [13 of 38]). Among family members with a PeV-A–positive stool sample, 29% (4 of 14) of the children and 77% (10 of 13) of the adults were asymptomatic. Similarly, among 53 stool samples from family members (31 adults and 22 children) of 11 EV-infected patients, the rate of EV positivity in the stool samples was higher among the children (91% [20 of 22]) than among the adults (42% [13 of 31]). The asymptomatic-patient rates were 45% (9 of 20) among the children and 85% (11 of 13) among the adults in family members with EV-positive stool. Conclusions Similar to EVs, PeV-A was detected frequently in stool samples from family members of PeV-A–infected patients. Among family members with PeV-A–positive stool, adults were more likely than children to be asymptomatic and therefore could be an important source of PeV-A infection.

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Parasitic infections in Swiss children: Are we overtesting?

BMC Gastroenterology ◽

10.1186/s12876-021-01619-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Corinne Légeret ◽

Céline Rüttimann ◽

Hans Fankhauser ◽

Henrik Köhler

Keyword(s):

Retrospective Study ◽

Positive Result ◽

Pediatric Patients ◽

Intestinal Parasites ◽

Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽

International Travel ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Stool Samples ◽

Stool Specimens

Abstract Background A wide variation of causes can lead to gastrointestinal symptoms in children- an infection with parasites is one of them. The expansion of international travel might lead to an increase in testing children for a correspondent infection. Currently there are no guidelines available, which patients should be tested for a possible parasitical infection. The aim of the study was to characterize Swiss children suffering from intestinal parasites, in order to provide more knowledge for the clinician who should be tested. Methods This is a retrospective study of Swiss pediatric patients, whose stools have been tested for parasites and helminths. Results A total of 1855 stool samples, belonging to 572 different children with an average age of 7.9 years, were tested within a 10-year period. The prevalence of a positive result was 4.2%, of which all were positive for Blastocystis, and 12.5% had a co-infection with Endolimax nana. Conclusion Immigrants, immune compromised children with diarrhea and pediatric patients with bloody or protracted diarrhea should have 2 different stool specimens examined for a possible parasitical infection.

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Phenotypic Characterization and Molecular Identification of Intestinal Candida Spp. in Tunisia

Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.5812/jjm.113800 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Khouloud Ben-Rhouma ◽

Salma Feki Ben-Salah ◽

Nada Boulehmi ◽

Aida Bouratbine

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Antifungal Susceptibility ◽

Resistance Rate ◽

Phenotypic Characterization ◽

Its2 Region ◽

Candida Spp ◽

Health And Disease ◽

Stool Samples ◽

Stool Specimens

Background: Yeast naturally colonize the mammalian digestive tract and play an important role in health and disease. This community is composed of commensal yeasts, mostly Candida and Saccharomyces described as a part of the intestinal mycobiome and could be associated with resident or transient flora. Objectives: The aim of our study was to perform the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of culturable Candida isolates present in stool specimens of healthy Tunisian individuals and to evaluate their antifungal susceptibility. Methods: Yeasts were recovered from 46 stool samples cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar at 37°C. Species were identified using conventional methods and ITS-PCR sequencing. Candida isolates were tested by exploring their tolerance to oxidative stress and extreme acidic conditions. In addition, their biofilm formation ability and in vitro resistance to antifungals was determined by the VITEK 2 system. Results: The identification by sequencing the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of the 56 yeast strains isolated from 37 stool samples revealed that Candida was the dominant genus and was represented by Candida albicans (n = 21), C. parapsilosis (n = 10), C. glabrata (n = 9), and C. krusei (n = 9). In contrast, the other genera, including trichosporon, geotrichum, and rhodotorula, were sporadically occurring. We found that most Candida strains were able to form biofilms under oxidative stress and extreme pH conditions. Regarding antifungal susceptibility, a higher resistance rate to fluconazole was revealed in comparison to caspofungin and micafungin. However, nonresistance was revealed against voriconazole, amphotericin B, and 5-flucytosine. Conclusions: This is the first work-generated data on cultivable yeasts from stool specimens of healthy individuals in Tunisia. Further metagenomic studies with a larger sample size are needed to better characterize the intestinal mycobiota.

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The clinical features of COVID-19 patients with positive viral RNA stool test results and possibility of fecal-oral transmission : A Systematic Review

The Indonesian Journal of Gastroenterology Hepatology and Digestive Endoscopy ◽

10.24871/221202142-51 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 42-51

Author(s):

Selina Natalia ◽

Felicia Imanuella Thorion ◽

Luky Adlino ◽

Clifford Eltin John ◽

Andree Kurniawan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Viral Rna ◽

World Health ◽

Test Results ◽

Oral Transmission ◽

Positive Stool ◽

Health Organization

Objective : Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been declared as an international public health emergency by the World Health Organization (WHO), with outbreaks in over 200 countries and causing over 390,000 deaths globally. ACE-2 receptors are highly expressed in the upper and lower gastrointestinal system, providing a prerequisite for SARS-CoV-2 infection in the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, over half of the COVID-19 patients have viral nucleic acid detected in their feces and almost one-quarter of the cases, the stool samples test positive even when respiratory samples are negative. The aim of this systematic review is to summarize literature and to evaluate the clinical characteristics of patients with positive viral RNA stool test for COVID-19 and if there is a possibility of fecal-oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2 virus.Method : This systematic review has been registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020183049). A systematic search of the literature for observational study and randomized control trial was conducted in PubMed central and Google Scholar through May 5th, 2020. Three reviewers independently searched and selected. The risk of bias was evaluated using Newcastle-Ottawa Quality assessment tool.Results : 340 articles were screened, then from which eight articles were selected. Of eight articles that were included in this study, we sought for three main categories of the clinical manifestation; gastrointestinal, respiratory, and others. Each study was reviewed systematically to gain demographic data and evidence regarding the possibility of fecal oral transmission in SARS-CoV-2. Two studies reported prolongation of positive stool test results after the respiratory specimen conversion to negative which support the theory of fecal oral transmission.Conclusion : In conclusion, diarrhea, cough, and fever are the most common clinical manifestations in COVID-19 patients with positive RNA stool test results. Fecal oral transmission may be possible due to the ACE-2 receptors in the lining of the gastrointestinal tract. RNA stool test should be used as addition in discharging COVID-19 patients.

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Investigation of Giardia intestinalis Genotypes among the Food Handlers of Qazvin, Iran

Iranian Journal of Parasitology ◽

10.18502/ijpa.v14i4.2095 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Mojtaba SHAHNAZI ◽

Farzaneh NAGHIZADEH ◽

Elham HAJIALILO ◽

Safar Ali ALIZADEH ◽

Mehrzad SARAEI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Giardia Intestinalis ◽

P Value ◽

Giardia Cyst ◽

Food Handlers ◽

Dehydrogenase Gene ◽

Stool Samples ◽

Stool Specimens ◽

The Impact ◽

Concentration Methods

Background: We aimed to investigate the genotypes of Giardia intestinalis among the food handlers in Qazvin, Iran. Methods: Overall, 1530 stool specimens were collected from the food handlers who visited Shahid Bolandian Health Center, Qazvin, Iran during 2016. Specimens were evaluated by microscopic and concentration methods. Twenty specimens with appropriate number of giardia cysts were selected followed by DNA extraction. Determination of giardia genotypes was achieved through PCR and sequencing the glutamate dehydrogenase gene. The phylogenetic tree was drawn using the MEGA7 software. Finally, the data were analyzed statistically with a P-value<0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Twenty stool samples (1.3%) were positive for Giardia cyst. All positive specimens were obtained from male participants with abdominal cramp being their most common symptoms. The mean age for infected individuals was 32 yr. Molecular characterization was successfully performed for 17 isolates and two genotypes A (AII, 65%) and B (BIII, 35%) were identified. Conclusion: The most prevalent giardia genotypes among the food handlers in Qazvin were A (AII) and B (BIII) genotypes with A (AII) genotype as the dominant one in the region. Considering the direct association between the food handlers and public health as well as the impact of geographical and host conditions on dispersion and pathogenicity of various genotypes and their zoonotic aspects, further investigations are necessary.

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Frequency of Rotavirus, Adenovirus and Astrovirus among Patients with Acute Diarrhea by Chromatographic Immunoassay and Enzyme

Journal of Biotechnology Research Center ◽

10.24126/jobrc.2016.10.2.485 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 58-64

Author(s):

Arwa Mujahid Abdullah Al-Shuwaikh

Keyword(s):

Clinical Settings ◽

City Hospital ◽

Viral Pathogens ◽

Inappropriate Use ◽

Medical City ◽

Elisa Technique ◽

Stool Samples ◽

Infant And Young Children ◽

Stool Specimens ◽

Age Range

Diarrhea is a major cause of illness and death in children worldwide; however, little information exists about the origin of childhood diarrhea in Iraq. Rotavirus, Adenovirus and Astrovirus are the major causes of sever gastroenteritis in infant and young children, pattern also observed in adult. Confirmation of viral infection by laboratory testing is necessary for reliable surveillance and can be useful in clinical settings to avoid inappropriate use of antimicrobial therapy. Methods: A total of 188 patients their age range from 1-19 (Mean=5.57 ± S.D. = 4.81) years old suffering from diarrhea were included in this study. Stool samples were collected and tested for Rotavirus, Adenovirus and Astrovirus antigens by using the rapid chromatographic test and for Rotavirus and Adenovirus Antigens, ELISA also was done. Rotavirus, Adenovirus and Astrovirus antigens were determined by rapid chromatographic immunoassay in 27 specimens (14.36%), 0 (0%) and 0 (0%) of 188 frozen stool specimens, respectively. Moreover, of these 188 specimens, Rotavirus was found in 35 specimens (18.62%) and Adenovirus in 6 specimens (3.19 %) by using ELISA technique. The present results revealed that Rotaviruses and Adenoviruses have an important role in diarrhea among children especially those less than 5 year’s old and viral pathogens should be investigated routinely in diarrhea stool specimens. This study was aimed to determine the frequency of Rotavirus, Adenovirus and Astrovirus in patients with acute gastroenteritis admitted to Al-Emamain Al-Kadhemain Medical City Hospital in Baghdad-Iraq.

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Prevalence, seasonality and severity of disease caused by pathogenic Escherichia coli in children with diarrhoea in Bolivia

Journal of Medical Microbiology ◽

10.1099/jmm.0.060798-0 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 62 (11) ◽

pp. 1697-1706 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Lucia Gonzales ◽

Enrique Joffre ◽

Rosario Rivera ◽

Åsa Sjöling ◽

Ann-Mari Svennerholm ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Severe Disease ◽

Severe Diarrhoea ◽

E Coli ◽

Number Of Children ◽

Severity Of Disease ◽

Positive Stool ◽

Pathogenic Escherichia Coli ◽

Stool Samples

The prevalence of infection caused by different categories of diarrhoeagenic E. coli (DEC) strains, including enteroaggregative (EAEC), enteropathogenic (EPEC), enterotoxigenic (ETEC), enteroinvasive (EIEC) and enterohaemorrhagic (EHEC) E. coli, in children who suffered from diarrhoea (n = 3943) or did not have diarrhoea (n = 1026) were analysed in two areas in Bolivia over a period of 4 years. We also analysed the seasonality of DEC infections and severity of diarrhoea in children with DEC infection and compared antibiotic resistance in DEC strains isolated from children with and without diarrhoea. Stool samples were analysed for the presence of DEC by culturing followed by PCR. The most prevalent DEC categories in samples from the children were: EAEC (11.2 %); ETEC (6.6 %); EPEC (5.8 %); and EIEC and EHEC (<1 %). DEC strains were isolated significantly more often from diarrhoea cases (21.6 %) than from controls (17.6 %; P = 0.002). The number of children with diarrhoea associated with EAEC, EPEC and ETEC infections peaked in the Bolivian winter (April–September), although the proportion of DEC-positive stool samples was higher during the warm rainy season (October–March). High levels of antibiotic resistance were detected among the DEC strains. In particular, resistance to tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole–trimethoprim was significantly higher in strains isolated from individuals with diarrhoea than in samples from controls. The severity of disease in children infected with EAEC, EPEC and ETEC varied from mild to severe diarrhoea, although disease severity did not differ significantly between the different DEC categories. ETEC, EPEC and EAEC are commonly found in Bolivia and may cause severe disease in children.

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