scholarly journals Role of Helicobacter pylori and Other Environmental Factors in the Development of Gastric Dysbiosis

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1203
Author(s):  
Uriel Gomez-Ramirez ◽  
Pedro Valencia-Mayoral ◽  
Sandra Mendoza-Elizalde ◽  
Juan Rafael Murillo-Eliosa ◽  
Fortino Solórzano Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Human Stomach ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Heterogeneous Habitat ◽  
The World ◽  
H Pylori ◽  
Gastric Microbiota

Microbiomes are defined as complex microbial communities, which are mainly composed of bacteria, fungi, and viruses residing in diverse regions of the human body. The human stomach consists of a unique and heterogeneous habitat of microbial communities owing to its anatomical and functional characteristics, that allow the optimal growth of characteristic bacteria in this environment. Gastric dysbiosis, which is defined as compositional and functional alterations of the gastric microbiota, can be induced by multiple environmental factors, such as age, diet, multiple antibiotic therapies, proton pump inhibitor abuse, H. pylori status, among others. Although H. pylori colonization has been reported across the world, chronic H. pylori infection may lead to serious consequences; therefore, the infection must be treated. Multiple antibiotic therapy improvements are not always successful because of the lack of adherence to the prescribed antibiotic treatment. However, the abuse of eradication treatments can generate gastric dysbiotic states. Dysbiosis of the gastric microenvironment induces microbial resilience, due to the loss of relevant commensal bacteria and simultaneous colonization by other pathobiont bacteria, which can generate metabolic and physiological changes or even initiate and develop other gastric disorders by non-H. pylori bacteria. This systematic review opens a discussion on the effects of multiple environmental factors on gastric microbial communities.

scholarly journals Helicobacter pylori Infection and Gastric Dysbiosis: Can Probiotics Administration Be Useful to Treat This Condition?

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Bruno ◽  
Giulia Rocco ◽  
Piera Zaccari ◽  
Barbara Porowska ◽  
Maria Teresa Mascellino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Therapy Resistance ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Pathogenic Agent ◽  
The World ◽  
Gastric Microbiota ◽  
Common Infections

Helicobacter pylori (Hp) is responsible for one of the most common infections in the world. The prevalence exceeds 50% of the population in developing countries, and approximately one-third of the adults are colonized in North Europe and North America. It is considered a major pathogenic agent of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, atrophic gastritis, gastric cancer, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (MALT). Hp colonization modifies the composition of gastric microbiota that could drive the development of gastric disorders. Currently, an emerging problem in Hp treatment is represented by the increasing rate of antimicrobial therapy resistance. In this context, the search for adjuvant agents can be very useful to overcome this issue and probiotics administration can represent a valid option. The aim of this review is to describe the gastric microbiota changes during Hp colonization, the mechanisms of action, and a possible role of probiotics in the treatment of this infection.

scholarly journals Introduction: Evidence for entheogen use in prehistory and world religions

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-62
Author(s):  
Michael Winkelman
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Serotonergic System ◽  
Complex Societies ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
World Religions ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
Serotonergic Receptors ◽  
Hominin Evolution ◽  
The World

This introduction to the special issue reviews research that supports the hypothesis that psychedelics, particularly psilocybin, were central features in the development of religion. The greater response of the human serotonergic system to psychedelics than is the case for chimpanzees’ serotonergic receptors indicates that these substances were environmental factors that affected hominin evolution. These substances also contributed to the evolution of ritual capacities, shamanism, and the associated alterations of consciousness. The role of psilocybin mushrooms in the ancient evolution of human religions is attested to fungiform petroglyphs, rock artifacts, and mythologies from all major regions of the world. This prehistoric mycolatry persisted into the historic era in the major religious traditions of the world, which often left evidence of these practices in sculpture, art, and scriptures. This continuation of entheogenic practices in the historical world is addressed in the articles here. But even through new entheogenic combinations were introduced, complex societies generally removed entheogens from widespread consumption, restricted them in private and exclusive spiritual practices of the leaders, and often carried out repressive punishment of those who engaged in entheogenic practices.

scholarly journals The role of environmental factors for the composition of microbial communities of saline lakes in the Novosibirsk region (Russia)

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alla V. Bryanskaya ◽  
Tatyana K. Malup ◽  
Elena V. Lazareva ◽  
Oxana P. Taran ◽  
Alexey S. Rozanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Saline Lakes ◽  
Novosibirsk Region

OralHelicobacter pylori: Can We Stomach It?

2003 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.A. Dowsett ◽  
M.J. Kowolik
Keyword(s):  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Dental Plaque ◽  
Human Stomach ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Gastric Disease ◽  
Transmission Process ◽  
Dental Profession ◽  
H Pylori

Helicobacter pylori infection is one of the most common in man. The bacterium primarily resides in the human stomach, where it plays a significant role in gastric disease. If the spread of H. pylori is to be prevented, an understanding of the transmission process is essential. The oral cavity has been proposed as a reservoir for gastric H. pylori, which has been detected by culture and PCR in both dental plaque and saliva. This review will discuss the evidence for the role of the oral cavity in the transmission of gastric H. pylori. Moreover, the difficulties encountered in addressing this topic, possible directions for future research, and the implications for the dental profession are discussed.

scholarly journals Functional dyspepsia and the role of digestive enzymes supplement in its therapy

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 1035 ◽  
Author(s):  
Onkar C. Swami ◽  
Neel J. Shah
Keyword(s):  
Functional Dyspepsia ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Motor Dysfunction ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽  
The World ◽  
Dyspeptic Symptoms ◽  
H Pylori ◽  
Upper Abdominal

Functional dyspepsia represents a heterogeneous group of gastrointestinal disorders marked by the presence of upper abdominal pain or discomfort. Reported prevalence of dyspepsia in the world varies from 11-30%. Basic Pathophysiology of functional dyspeptic symptoms is unclear and is considered to occur due to a combination of visceral hypersensitivity, gastric motor dysfunction and psychological factors. Strategies such as acid suppression, prokinetics and H. pylori eradication have been used with some success. Transient deficiency in digestive enzymes is one of the contributors for functional dyspepsia. The primary digestive enzymes are proteases, amylases and lipases. A commonly used therapeutic approach in its treatment is the use of oral enzymes supplementation therapy. Commercially, digestive enzymes are obtained from plant, animal and microbial sources. This review summarizes the pathophysiology of functional dyspepsia, different pharmacological approaches and focuses on the safety and efficacy of digestive enzymes in managing dyspepsia. Keywords including functional dyspepsia, digestive enzymes, lipase, diastase, papain, pepsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin were searched in databases such as Google, Google Scholar, PubMed, pharmacopoeia and textbooks.

scholarly journals Effects of Proton Pump Inhibitors on the Gastric Mucosa-Associated Microbiota in Dyspeptic Patients

2016 ◽  
Vol 82 (22) ◽  
pp. 6633-6644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Paroni Sterbini ◽  
Alessandra Palladini ◽  
Luca Masucci ◽  
Carlo Vittorio Cannistraci ◽  
Roberta Pastorino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Proton Pump Inhibitors ◽  
Proton Pump ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
H Pylori ◽  
Content Status ◽  
Gastric Microbiota

ABSTRACTBesides being part of anti-Helicobacter pyloritreatment regimens, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are increasingly being used to treat dyspepsia. However, little is known about the effects of PPIs on the human gastric microbiota, especially those related toH. pyloriinfection. The goal of this study was to characterize the stomach microbial communities in patients with dyspepsia and to investigate their relationships with PPI use andH. pyloristatus. Using 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing, we analyzed the mucosa-associated microbial populations of 24 patients, of whom 12 were treated with the PPI omeprazole and 9 (5 treated and 4 untreated) were positive forH. pyloriinfection. TheProteobacteria,Firmicutes,Bacteroidetes,Fusobacteria, andActinobacteriaphyla accounted for 98% of all of the sequences, withHelicobacter,Streptococcus, andPrevotellaranking among the 10 most abundant genera.H. pyloriinfection or PPI treatment did not significantly influence gastric microbial species composition in dyspeptic patients. Principal-coordinate analysis of weighted UniFrac distances in these communities revealed clear but significant separation according toH. pyloristatus only. However, in PPI-treated patients,Firmicutes, particularlyStreptococcaceae, were significantly increased in relative abundance compared to those in untreated patients. Consistently,Streptococcuswas also found to significantly increase in relation to PPI treatment, and this increase seemed to occur independently ofH. pyloriinfection. Our results suggest thatStreptococcusmay be a key indicator of PPI-induced gastric microbial composition changes in dyspeptic patients. Whether the gastric microbiota alteration contributes to dyspepsia needs further investigation.IMPORTANCEAlthough PPIs have become a popular treatment choice, a growing number of dyspeptic patients may be treated unnecessarily. We found that patients treated with omeprazole showed gastric microbial communities that were different from those of untreated patients. These differences regarded the abundances of specific taxa. By understanding the relationships between PPIs and members of the gastric microbiota, it will be possible to envisage new strategies for better managing patients with dyspepsia.

scholarly journals Responses of Endoscopy Patients in Ladakh, India, to Helicobacter pylori Whole-Cell and CagA Antigens

2002 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1313-1317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Romero-Gallo ◽  
Guillermo I. Pérez-Pérez ◽  
Richard P. Novick ◽  
Patrick Kamath ◽  
Tsering Norbu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Immunoglobulin G ◽  
Human Stomach ◽  
Remote Area ◽  
Serum Immunoglobulin ◽  
Specific Enzyme ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
Cell Antigen ◽  
The World ◽  
H Pylori

ABSTRACT Although Helicobacter pylori is a cosmopolitan colonizer of the human stomach, the responses among persons in remote populations from whom H. pylori was cultured have not been studied. We report on studies of 189 persons in the Ladakh region of India in whom serum immunoglobulin G responses to H. pylori whole-cell and CagA antigens were measured. H. pylori was isolated from 68 of these patients. An H. pylori whole-cell antigen derived from Ladakhi strains outperformed a similar antigen from U.S. strains, as determined by antigen-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. In total, 95% of the population was seropositive, including individuals responding only to the CagA antigen. Correlation with culture results showed that these were true positives and, therefore, that the H. pylori whole-cell serology was falsely negative in some cases. In addition to establishing a collection of H. pylori isolates from a remote area in the world, we show that use of H. pylori whole-cell and CagA serology together increases the sensitivity for the detection of colonization.

scholarly journals Helicobacter Pylori Infection And Gastric Cancer: Is It Our National Problem?

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Mizanur Rahman ◽  
Shahjadul Alam ◽  
Abu Mohammad Khaled Iqbal ◽  
Md Monoar Hossain ◽  
Abu Mohammad Kawser Sarker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Large Body ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
The World ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
The Common ◽  
H Pylori

Gastric cancer is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. In Bangladesh it ranks a leading position among the cancers patients. A large body of evidence supports a causal role of Helicobacter pylori in the majority of gastric malignancies. Scientists throughout the world explored and reached to the understanding about the pathogenesis of their relationship, but much remains to be learned. Moreover, because of the high prevalence of infection, the lack of definitive trials, and the challenges of H. pylori treatment, there remains a debate regarding the consensus on the role of routine screening and treatment of this infection to prevent cancer. This article reviews the current knowledge on H. pylori and its role for gastric cancer, present status of Bangladesh and a recommendation for reduction of the infectivity among the common population.J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2018; 36(2): 70-76

scholarly journals Can Nuts Mitigate Malnutrition in Older Adults? A Conceptual Framework

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1448
Author(s):  
Sze-Yen Tan ◽  
Siew Tey ◽  
Rachel Brown
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Physical Form ◽  
The World ◽  
Macro And Micronutrients

The proportion of adults aged over 60 years in the world is expected to reach 20% by the year 2050. Ageing is associated with several physiological changes that increase the risk of malnutrition among this population. Malnutrition is characterized by deficiencies or insufficiencies of macro- and micronutrients. Malnutrition has detrimental effects on the health, wellbeing, and quality of life in older adults. Nuts are rich in energy, unsaturated fats, and protein, as well as other nutrients that provide a range of health benefits. While the effects of nuts on overnutrition have been studied extensively, very few studies have been specifically designed to understand the role of nuts in mitigating undernutrition in the elderly. Therefore, this review explores the potential role of nuts in improving the nutritional status of older adults who are at risk of undernutrition. Several properties of whole nuts, some of which appear important for addressing overnutrition, (e.g., hardness, lower-than-expected nutrient availability, satiety-enhancing effects) may limit their effectiveness as a food to combat undernutrition. However, we propose that modifications such as transforming the physical form of nuts, addressing the timing of nut ingestion, and introducing variety may overcome these barriers. This review also discusses the feasibility of using nuts to prevent and reverse undernutrition among older adults. We conclude with a recommendation to conduct clinical studies in the future to test this conceptual framework.

scholarly journals Gut microbiome transition across a lifestyle gradient in Himalaya

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aashish R Jha ◽  
Emily R Davenport ◽  
Yoshina Gautam ◽  
Dinesh Bhandari ◽  
Sarmila Tandukar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Bacterial Composition ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
The World

The composition of the gut microbiome in industrialized populations differs from those living traditional lifestyles. However, it has been difficult to separate the contributions of human genetic and geographic factors from lifestyle/modernization. Here, we characterize the stool bacterial composition of four Himalayan populations to investigate how the gut community changes in response to shifts in human lifestyles. These groups led seminomadic hunting-gathering lifestyles until transitioning to varying dependence upon farming. The Tharu began farming 250-300 years ago, the Raute and Raji transitioned 30-40 years ago, and the Chepang retain many aspects of a foraging lifestyle. We assess the contributions of dietary and environmental factors on their gut microbiota and find that the gut microbiome composition is significantly associated with lifestyle. The Chepang foragers harbor elevated abundance of taxa associated with foragers around the world. Conversely, the gut microbiomes of populations that have transitioned to farming are more similar to those of Americans, with agricultural dependence and several associated lifestyle and environmental factors correlating with the extent of microbiome divergence from the foraging population. For example, our results show that drinking water source and solid cooking fuel are significantly associated with the gut microbiome. Despite the pronounced differences in gut bacterial composition across populations, we found little differences in alpha diversity across populations. These findings in genetically similar populations living in the same geographical region establish the key role of lifestyle in determining human gut microbiome composition and point to the next challenging steps of isolating dietary effects from other factors that change during modernization.

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