Literature Review: Coinfection in Young Ruminant Livestock—Cryptosporidium spp. and Its Companions

The protozoan Cryptosporidium parvum is one of the major causative pathogens of diarrhoea in young ruminants; therefore, it causes economic losses and impairs animal welfare. Besides C. parvum, there are many other non-infectious and infectious factors, such as rotavirus, Escherichia coli, and Giardia duodenalis, which may lead to diarrhoeic disease in young livestock. Often, more than one infectious agent is detected in affected animals. Little is known about the interactions bet-ween simultaneously occurring pathogens and their potential effects on the course of disease. In this review, a brief overview about pathogens associated with diarrhoea in young ruminants is presented. Furthermore, information about coinfections involving Cryptosporidium is provided.

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A novel multiplex PCR coupled with Luminex assay for the simultaneous detection of Cryptosporidium spp., Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia duodenalis

Veterinary Parasitology ◽

10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.05.024 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 173 (1-2) ◽

pp. 11-18 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Wei Li ◽

Nan Zhang ◽

Pengtao Gong ◽

Lili Cao ◽

Jianhua Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Multiplex Pcr ◽

Cryptosporidium Parvum ◽

Simultaneous Detection ◽

Giardia Duodenalis ◽

Luminex Assay ◽

Cryptosporidium Spp

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Fecal shedding of Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium parvum, Salmonella organisms, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 from llamas in California

American Journal of Veterinary Research ◽

10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.637 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 62 (4) ◽

pp. 637-642 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Franz C. Rulofson ◽

Edward R. Atwill ◽

Charles A. Holmberg

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Cryptosporidium Parvum ◽

Giardia Duodenalis ◽

Escherichia Coli O157 ◽

Fecal Shedding

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Opportunistic Protozoan Infections of Carnivores

Folia Veterinaria ◽

10.1515/fv-2017-0037 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 61 (4) ◽

pp. 40-43

Author(s):

K. Mravcová ◽

M. Ferko ◽

G. Štrkolcová ◽

M. Goldová

Keyword(s):

Staining Method ◽

Sandwich Elisa ◽

Giardia Duodenalis ◽

Chronic Diarrhoea ◽

Course Of Disease ◽

Cryptosporidium Spp ◽

Total Prevalence ◽

Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽

Protozoan Infections ◽

Flotation Method

AbstractGiardiasis and cryptosporidiosis are protozoan infections of the digestive tract and one of the most frequent causes of enteritis in dogs and cats, associated with acute and chronic diarrhoea. Generally, the risk of infection is higher for younger individuals in which the overall clinical picture and the course of disease are more serious. In this study we investigated the prevalence of giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis in dogs in Košice district of eastern Slovakia. From September 2015 until November 2016, we examined samples of faeces from 100 dogs from two shelters. Giardia duodenalis was diagnosed by the flotation method according to Faust, and by the molecular biologic method (Nested PCR). For the diagnosis of cryptosporidium oocysts, we used a staining method according to Kinyoun, and for detection of the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. a sandwich ELISA method. The total prevalence of these protozoan infections were 22 % (22/100), and of that, 19 % of the samples (19/100) were positive for Giardia duodenalis and 3 % (3/100) for the Cryptosporidium spp. In the shelter in Haniska, the giardia cysts were present in 9/54 samples (16.6 %) and cryptosporidia oocysts in 1/54 (1.85 %) samples of the faeces. In the Malá Farma shelter, 10/46 (21.73 %) samples were positive for G. duodenalis and 2/46 (4.34 %) showed positivity for Cryptosporidium spp.

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Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) total RNA against ETEC challenge in a mouse model

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-77551-8 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mandi Liu ◽

Yue Zhang ◽

Di Zhang ◽

Yun Bai ◽

Guomei Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Mouse Model ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Protective Efficacy ◽

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Th2 Response ◽

Total Rna ◽

Etec Infection

AbstractEnterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), an essential cause of post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) in piglets, leads to significant economic losses to the pig industry. The present study aims to identify the role of ETEC total RNA in eliciting immune responses to protect animals against ETEC infection. The results showed that the total RNA isolated from pig-derived ETEC K88ac strain effectively stimulated the IL-1β secretion of porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). The mouse model immunized with ETEC total RNA via intramuscular injection (IM) or oral route (OR) was used to evaluate the protective efficiency of the ETEC total RNA. The results suggested that 70 μg ETEC total RNA administered by either route significantly promoted the production of the serum IL-1β and K88ac specific immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, and IgA). Besides, the ETEC RNA administration augmented strong mucosal immunity by elevating K88ac specific IgA level in the intestinal fluid. Intramuscularly administered RNA induced a Th1/Th2 shift toward a Th2 response, while the orally administered RNA did not. The ETEC total RNA efficiently protected the animals against the ETEC challenge either by itself or as an adjuvant. The histology characterization of the small intestines also suggested the ETEC RNA administration protected the small intestinal structure against the ETEC infection. Particularly of note was that the immunity level and protective efficacy caused by ETEC RNA were dose-dependent. These findings will help understand the role of bacterial RNA in eliciting immune responses, and benefit the development of RNA-based vaccines or adjuvants.

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Proper use of Quinolones for canine colitis ambulatory treatment: literature review and REQUEST guidelines

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.2478/pjvs-2013-0028 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 193-197 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

R. Lechowski ◽

J.P. Cotard ◽

H.J. Boulouis ◽

M. Kietzman ◽

A.M. Farca ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ulcerative Colitis ◽

Literature Review ◽

Clinical Manifestation ◽

Infectious Agent ◽

Antimicrobial Treatment ◽

Exclusion Criteria ◽

Ambulatory Treatment ◽

Integral Role ◽

Boxer Dogs

Abstract The literature analysed by REQUEST (REassesing QUinolone European STandard) using inclusion and exclusion criteria allows to make the conclusion that the proper use of fluoroquinolones (FQ) in canine colitis requires rigorously performed qualification to specific antimicrobial treatment. An infectious agent responsive to FQ therapy plays an integral role in the clinical manifestation of canine colitis, especially histiocytic ulcerative colitis (HUC) in young Boxer dogs. This supports the use of FQ in these cases. The Request guidelines for proper use of FQ in canine colitis is established, according to the available literature data.

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Highly sensitive and specific detection of Giardia duodenalis, Entamoeba histolytica, and Cryptosporidium spp. in human stool samples by the BD MAX™ Enteric Parasite Panel

Parasitology Research ◽

10.1007/s00436-017-5720-7 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 117 (2) ◽

pp. 447-451 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Marijo Parčina ◽

Ingrid Reiter-Owona ◽

Frank P. Mockenhaupt ◽

Valerija Vojvoda ◽

Jean Bosco Gahutu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Entamoeba Histolytica ◽

Giardia Duodenalis ◽

Specific Detection ◽

Cryptosporidium Spp ◽

Highly Sensitive ◽

Stool Samples ◽

Human Stool

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Prevalence of Pathogens in Young Children Presenting to Hospital with Diarrhea from Lambaréné, Gabon

American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene ◽

10.4269/ajtmh.20-1290 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 105 (1) ◽

pp. 254-260

Author(s):

Gédéon Prince Manouana ◽

Natalie Byrne ◽

Mirabeau Mbong Ngwese ◽

Alvyn Nguema Moure ◽

Philipp Hofmann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Diarrheal Disease ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Infectious Agent ◽

Diagnostic Tools ◽

African Countries ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

Preventative Interventions ◽

Pathogenic Agents ◽

Multiple Pathogens

Abstract.Diarrheal disease is the second most frequent cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years worldwide, causing more than half a million deaths each year. Our knowledge of the epidemiology of potentially pathogenic agents found in children suffering from diarrhea in sub-Saharan African countries is still patchy, and thereby hinders implementation of effective preventative interventions. The lack of cheap, easy-to-use diagnostic tools leads to mostly symptomatic and empirical case management. An observational study with a total of 241 participants was conducted from February 2017 to August 2018 among children younger than 5 years with diarrhea in Lambaréné, Gabon. Clinical and demographic data were recorded, and a stool sample was collected. The samples were examined using a commercial rapid immunoassay to detect Rotavirus/adenovirus, conventional bacterial culture for Salmonella spp., and multiplex real-time PCR for Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia lamblia, Cyclospora cayetanensis, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC)/Shigella. At least one infectious agent was present in 121 of 241 (50%) samples. The most frequently isolated pathogens were EIEC/Shigella and ETEC (54/179; 30.2% and 44/179; 24.6%, respectively), followed by G. lamblia (33/241; 13.7%), Cryptosporidium spp. (31/241; 12.9%), and Rotavirus (23/241; 9.5%). Coinfection with multiple pathogens was observed in 33% (40/121) of the positive cases with EIEC/Shigella, ETEC, and Cryptosporidium spp. most frequently identified. Our results provide new insight into the possible causes of diarrheal disease in the Moyen-Ogooué region of Gabon and motivate further research on possible modes of infection and targeted preventive measures.

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Primer reporte de parásitos gastrointestinales en Jirafas (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata) de cautiverio, Guanacaste, Costa Rica

Revista Ciencias Veterinarias ◽

10.15359/rcv.36-1.3 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 27

Author(s):

Esteban Palacios Quirós ◽

Ana Eugenia Jiménez Rocha ◽

Tania Pivovarova

Keyword(s):

Costa Rica ◽

Cryptosporidium Parvum ◽

Giardia Duodenalis ◽

Giraffa Camelopardalis ◽

Para Determinar ◽

De Medicina

La jirafa (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata), es una especie de ungulado poligástrico, originario del continente africano cuyas poblaciones en cautiverio han aumentado de manera exponencial. Las enfermedades parasitarias se catalogan como una de las principales causas de mortalidad en esta especie. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar las especies y géneros de parásitos gastrointestinales (PGI) en jirafas de cautiverio en Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Se analizó en total 37 muestras de heces de 10 jirafas procedentes de un centro turístico. Las cuales se recolectaron de enero a mayo del 2017 en cuatro muestreos, excepto a una de ellas, nacida durante el estudio. El muestreo se realizó al momento de la defecación. Las heces fueron transportadas en frío a una temperatura de ≈4 oC, y remitidas al Laboratorio de Parasitología de la Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria de la Universidad Nacional. Las muestras fueron procesadas por técnicas coprológicas (Sheather, y sedimentación) para determinar la presencia de huevos de nematodos, trematodos y cestodos; inmunológicas (FasTest® Crypto-Giardia Strip), para detectar parásitos zoonóticos como Cryptosporidium parvum y Giardia duodenalis; McMaster para determinar la carga parasitaria (huevos por gramos de heces= HPG) del grupo Strongylida y el coprocultivo para determinar el porcentaje de larvas infectantes (L3). El 100 % de las jirafas analizadas fueron positivas a PGI, teniendo toda la población parásitos del grupo Strongylida. Las L3 identificadas correspondieron a 100 % Haemonchus spp., 10 % Cooperia spp. y 20 % Strongyloides papillosus. No se encontraron PGI zoonóticos. El rango de HPG fluctuó de < 50 a 625. El porcentaje de larvas infectantes del grupo Strongylida identificadas por coprocultivo fue 100 % (10/10) de Haemonchus spp. y 10 % (1/10) de Cooperia spp. Únicamente una jirafa tuvo infección mixta por Haemonchus y Cooperia. Este estudio representa el primer reporte de la presencia de PGI en jirafas de Costa Rica, y es el primero que identifica Cooperia spp. y Strongyloides papillosus en el nivel mundial.

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