scholarly journals Predominance of Human Bocavirus Genotype 1 and 3 in Outpatient Children with Diarrhea from Rural Communities in South Africa, 2017–2018

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 245
Author(s):  
Mpumelelo Casper Rikhotso ◽  
Ronewa Khumela ◽  
Jean Pierre Kabue ◽  
Afsatou Ndama Traoré-Hoffman ◽  
Natasha Potgieter
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Human Bocavirus ◽  
Pcr Targeting

Human bocavirus (HBoV) is an emerging virus globally associated with diarrhea in young children. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of HBoV genotypes in children (≤5 years) from rural communities in South Africa (SA) suffering from acute gastroenteritis (AGE). A total of 141 fecal samples of children ≤5 years with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) were collected from rural primary health care facilities in the Vhembe district of SA between June 2017 and July 2018. Clinical symptoms and demographic data were also recorded. A total of 102 (72%) were outpatients, and 39 (28%) were hospitalized patients. Human bocavirus (HBoV) genotypes were determined using real-time multiplex PCR. DNA extracts of positive samples were confirmed by conventional PCR targeting the NS1 gene. Co-infection with other enteric viruses were determined in HBoV-positive samples using real-time PCR. HBoV was detected in eight (5.7%) children with AGE, of which three (37.5%) were HBoV1, three (37.5%) were HBoV3, and two (25%) were HBoV2. The majority of positive cases were identified in outpatients (62%) between the ages of 1 and 24 months. Co-infection in HBoV-positive samples with other enteric viruses included rotavirus (37.5%), adenovirus (37.5%), norovirus (25%), and astrovirus (12.5%). HBoV infections could be seen as a potential emerging diarrheal pathogen in South Africa. However, more studies are needed to understand the role of HBoV infections in children with AGE.

scholarly journals Human Bocavirus Prevalence In Children With Acute Gastroenteritis From Rural Communities In The Northen Region Of South Africa

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mpumelelo Casper Rikhotso ◽  
Ronewa Khumela ◽  
Jean Pierre Kabue ◽  
Afsatou Ndama Traoré ◽  
Natasha Potgieter
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Human Bocavirus ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Pcr Targeting

AbstractBACKGROUNDAcute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in young children worldwide. Human Bocavirus (HBoV) is an emerging virus globally associated with diarrhea. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the prevalence of HBoV genotypes in children (≤5 years) from rural communities in South Africa (SA) suffering from AGE.MATERIAL AND METHODA total of 141 fecal samples of children ≤5 years with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) were collected from rural Primary Health Care facilities in the Vhembe district of SA between June 2017 and July 2018. Clinical symptoms and demographic data were also recorded. A total of 102 (72%) were outpatients and 39 (28%) were hospitalized patients. Human Bocavirus (HBoV) genotypes were determined using Real-Time Multiplex PCR. DNA extracts of positive samples were confirmed by conventional PCR targeting the NS1 gene. Co-infection with other enteric viruses were determined in HBoV positive samples using Real-Time PCR.RESULTSHBoV was detected in 8 (5.7%) children with AGE. Children were in the age group between 1-24 months. HBoV1 and HBoV3 genotypes were each detected in 3 (37.5%) stool samples and HBoV2 in 2 (25%) stool samples. Co-infection with other enteric viruses included Rotavirus (37.5%); Adenovirus (37.5%); Norovirus (25%) and Astrovirus (12.5%).CONCLUSIONHBoV infections could be seen as a potential emerging diarrheal pathogen in South Africa. Further studies are required to understand the role of HBoV infections in children and adults with acute gastroenteritis.Author summaryAcute gastroenteritis (AGE) is recognized as a major cause for mortality in children ≤5 years of age in Africa and other developing countries. Viruses known to be involved in AGE includes Rotavirus, Norovirus, Astrovirus and Adenovirus and have been reported globally. Recently the Human Bocavirus (HBoV) have been reported in numerous studies globally as a potential cause of diarrhea. In this study, the prevalence and genetic diversity of human Bocavirus in children with AGE from rural communities in Limpopo, South Africa were investigated. In total, 141 stool samples from children ≤ 5 years with AGE were assessed for the presence of HBoV using Real-Time PCR. HBoV were detected in 8 (5.7%) patients and included 3 positive samples for HBoV1 and HBoV3 respectively and 2 positive for HBoV2. No HBoV4 were detected. Among the 8 positive HBoV samples, co-infection with other enteric viruses were found in 7 (87.5%) samples, while mono infection with HBoV alone was detected in 1 (12.5%) patient. HBoV mixed infection with Rotavirus (3/8; 37.5%); Adenovirus (3/8; 37.5%); Norovirus (2/8; 25%) and Astrovirus (1/8; 12.5%) were observed in this study. This study reported for the first time on the prevalence of human Bocavirus in children with AGE from rural communities in South Africa.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Genetic Characterisation of Human Sapovirus from Children with Diarrhoea in the Rural Areas of Vhembe District, South Africa, 2017–2020

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 393
Author(s):  
Mpho Magwalivha ◽  
Jean-Pierre Kabue Ngandu ◽  
Afsatou Ndama Traore ◽  
Natasha Potgieter
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rna Extraction ◽  
Diarrhoeal Disease ◽  
Positive Sample ◽  
Prevalent Strain ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Vhembe District ◽  
Pcr Targeting

Diarrhoeal disease is considered an important cause of morbidity and mortality in developing areas, and a large contributor to the burden of disease in children younger than five years of age. This study investigated the prevalence and genogroups of human sapovirus (SV) in children ≤5 years of age in rural communities of Vhembe district, South Africa. Between 2017 and 2020, a total of 284 stool samples were collected from children suffering with diarrhoea (n = 228) and from children without diarrhoea (n = 56). RNA extraction using Boom extraction method, and screening for SV using real-time PCR were done in the lab. Positive samples were subjected to conventional RT-PCR targeting the capsid fragment. Positive sample isolates were genotyped using Sanger sequencing. Overall SV were detected in 14.1% (40/284) of the stool samples (16.7% (38/228) of diarrhoeal and 3.6% (2/56) of non-diarrhoeal samples). Significant correlation between SV positive cases and water sources was noted. Genogroup-I was identified as the most prevalent strain comprising 81.3% (13/16), followed by SV-GII 12.5% (2/16) and SV-GIV 6.2% (1/16). This study provides valuable data on prevalence of SV amongst outpatients in rural and underdeveloped communities, and highlights the necessity for further monitoring of SV circulating strains as potential emerging strains.

Molecular epidemiology of human bocavirus infection in hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis in South Africa, 2009‐2015

2019 ◽  
Vol 92 (8) ◽  
pp. 1124-1132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rembuluwani Netshikweta ◽  
Lizyben Chidamba ◽  
Sandrama Nadan ◽  
Maureen B. Taylor ◽  
Nicola A. Page
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Human Bocavirus ◽  
Hospitalized Children

scholarly journals Etiologic Involvement of Enterovirus and Human Bocavirus in Acute Flaccid Paralysis Cases in India

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S313-S313
Author(s):  
Manjari Baluni ◽  
Dharamveer Singh ◽  
Sneha Ghildiyal ◽  
Tanzeem Fatima ◽  
Amreen Zia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Acute Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Clinical Specimen ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Human Bocavirus ◽  
Stool Specimens ◽  
Pcr Targeting

Abstract Background Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP), characterized by the rapid onset of asymmetric paralysis, can be caused by a variety of viral infections or coinfections. Besides wild-type and revertant vaccine strains of polioviruses, several nonpolio enteroviruses, have also been associated with AFP. Enteroviruses (EVs) are RNA viruses in the family Picornaviridae comprising more than 100 serotypes that are divided into four species, human enteroviruses A to D. The clinical manifestations of EVs range from conjunctivitis, respiratory tract infection, myocarditis, meningitis, encephalitis, and neonatal sepsis, like illness. Human Bocavirus (HBoV), a newly classified member of the Parvoviridae family, has been detected frequently in feces of diarrhoeic children suggesting its possible etiological involvement in the disease. Methods Total 586 stool specimens were collected in 2016 from children suspected for AFP. Molecular method for targeting 5’ untranslated region (UTR) and VP1 capsid region was used for detection of human enteroviruses (HEV), human boca viruses (HBoV) and saffold viruses in direct clinical specimen. Results EV RNA was detected in 103 (17.6%) of 586 stool specimens by real-time RT-PCR targeting the highly conserved 5’ UTR region. Out of them, 71 (12.11%) were NPEV, partially sequenced by VP1 which revealed the prevalence of echovirus (ECV) 19 (n = 6), ECV 11 (n = 7), ECV 18 (n = 4), ECV 33 (n = 5), ECV 29 (n = 1), ECV 25 (n = 2), ECV 24 (n = 3), ECV 3 (n = 3), ECV 14 (n = 2), ECV 13 (n = 1), ECV 2 (n = 1), ECV 20 (n = 2), ECV 27 (n = 4), ECV 6 (n = 2), CV A10 (n = 2), CV A9 (n = 1), CV A6 (n = 2), CV B4 (n = 1), CV B5 (n = 3), CV B6 (n = 3), EV 80 (n = 1), EV 83 (n = 1), EV 97 (n = 2). Total 63 (10.75%) HBoVs were detected by real-time PCR which were further sequenced by VP1, consists of HBoV-1 (n = 8), HBoV-2 (n = 15), HBoV-3 (n = 9) and HBoV-4 (n = 5). Out of them 9 (1.5%) were detected as co infection with NPEVs. Phylogenetic analysis showed 0.9 - 5.6% divergence at nucleotide level among HBoVs. Total 9 (1.5%) saffold viruses was detected and characterized by VP1 sequencing. Conclusion ECV and HBoV were found the main etiologic agent in children suspected with AFP. Molecular typing of these viruses is useful for characterizing emerging serotypes and their epidemiological investigation. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

scholarly journals Fear of stigma, beliefs, and knowledge about HIV are barriers to early access to HIV testing and disclosure for perinatally infected children and adolescents in rural communities in South Africa

2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Sphiwe Madiba ◽  
Mathildah Mokgatle
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Hiv Diagnosis ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mpumalanga Province ◽  
Perinatally Infected

Background: The majority of HIV-infected children in resource-limited countries are not aware of their HIV status because of the various reasons responsible for the delay in seeking HIV testing for children. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and barriers to testing and disclosing the HIV status of children aged between 5 and 18 years. Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey involving 405 caregivers of HIV perinatally infected children receiving anti-retroviral treatment (ART) in primary health care facilities in a rural district of Mpumalanga province in South Africa. Results: The prevalence of disclosure was 27%, and disclosure was done to promote adherence (26%) or because it was the child’s right to know his/her status (43%). Children’s age was significantly associated with disclosure (AOR = 2.81, p < 0.000, CI 1.64–4.81). Concerns that children were too young and would not understand the implications of HIV diagnosis (74.5%) or would not keep the diagnosis secret (7%) were reasons for non-disclosure. Over half of the caregivers intended to disclose status when the child was aged between 12 and 15 years. In response to children’s questions about medication, caregivers substituted HIV with other less stigmatising conditions (32%). Conclusion: The prevalence of disclosure was low and delayed till the child was above 10 years of age. The main barrier to disclosure was fear of stigma, or fears of the child telling others about their HIV status with consequences of stigma. The need for guidelines to provide caregivers with disclosure skills, to overcome the barriers that prevent disclosure, is crucial. (Full text of the research articles are available online at www.medpharm.tandfonline.com/ojfp) S Afr Fam Pract 2017; DOI: 10.1080/20786190.2017.1329489

scholarly journals Novel Human Astroviruses: Prevalence and Association with Common Enteric Viruses in Undiagnosed Gastroenteritis Cases in Spain

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diem-Lan Vu ◽  
Aurora Sabrià ◽  
Nuria Aregall ◽  
Kristina Michl ◽  
Virginia Rodriguez Garrido ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Routine Diagnostics ◽  
Human Astroviruses ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Pcr Assays

A remarkable percentage of acute gastroenteritis cases remain etiologically undiagnosed. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of common and emerging enteric viruses, such as novel human astroviruses, among undiagnosed samples from children with acute gastroenteritis. Epidemiological studies for novel human astroviruses are still scarce. Stool samples collected over two consecutive winter seasons (2016–2017) from children with gastroenteritis in Spain, which were negative for bacteria, rotavirus, and adenovirus by routine diagnostics were screened by real-time RT-PCR assays for the presence of classical and novel astrovirus, rotavirus, norovirus GI and GII, sapovirus, and adenovirus. Overall, 220/384 stool samples (57.3%) were positive for at least one virus. Co-infections were identified in 21% of cases. Among a total of 315 viruses identified, adenovirus was the most prevalent (n = 103), followed by rotavirus (n = 51), sapovirus (n = 50), classical astrovirus (n = 43), novel astroviruses (n = 42), and norovirus (n = 26). Novel astroviruses were present in 13.3% of virus-positive cases. Most novel astroviruses were found in children <2-year-old (30/39 children, 77%, p = 0.01) and were found in co-infection (66%). Only classical astroviruses demonstrated significant differences in the Cq values during mono-infections compared to co-infections. In conclusion, common enteric viruses may be frequently found in children with undiagnosed gastroenteritis, indicating the need to implement more sensitive diagnostic methods. Novel astroviruses circulate in the community and could be the cause of gastroenteritis among young children.

Assessment of PCR real time for quantification of human enterovirus in children with acute gastroenteritis in Italy

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Daprà ◽  
Ilaria Galliano ◽  
Cristina Calvi ◽  
Paola Montanari ◽  
Massimiliano Bergallo
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Human Enterovirus

Proposal for Improving Records Management Practices of Traditional Institutions in Ga Molepo, South Africa

Mousaion ◽  
10.25159/2054 ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-67
Author(s):  
Mahlaga Johannes Molepo ◽  
Linda M. Cloete
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Records Management ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Record Keeping ◽  
Local Municipalities ◽  
Management Procedures ◽  
Traditional Institutions

The way in which an institution treats its records is crucial for its survival in a rapidly changing society. The purpose of the study was to investigate the records management practices and challenges faced by traditional institutions of leadership and governance in Ga Molepo, Limpopo, South Africa. The researcher employed a cross-sectional survey in order to quantitatively examine the challenges faced by members of traditional councils. A researcher administered questionnaire was used as a data collection tool to study a stratified sample of 35 members from an estimated population of 350. The findings revealed patterns and trends of non-compliance with records management standards and guidelines. Although there were sporadic cases of record keeping, a greater number of respondents revealed that traditional institutions lack the facilities, equipment, education and trained/skilled personnel to apply correct records management procedures in their daily administration of their traditional communities. The main value of the study is to create awareness of records management as one of the neglected areas in traditional institutions – which are by current legislative arrangement, the closest form of leadership and governance for rural communities in light of their relationship with local municipalities and the Department of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs.

Experimental Investigations into the Use of Emergent Plants to Treat Sewage in South Africa

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 51-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. V. Alexander ◽  
A. Wood
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Artificial Wetlands ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Emergent Plants ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
High Standards ◽  
Oxidation Ponds

South Africa is a relatively water-short country which has many rural communities with water-borne sewage infrastructures requiring low technology treatment facilities. In order to protect the water resources of the country the authorities have set high standards for effluent quality (COD &lt; 75 mg/l, NH3 &lt; 10 mg/l, E. coli &lt; 1000 and in some areas P &lt; 1 mg/l). Traditionally, oxidation ponds have been used in these applications but have not been able to consistently meet the required standards and recently interest has been shown in artificial wetlands as a low technology means of solving the problem. As a result several experimental projects are at present being initiated in South Africa, both as primary and secondary treatment for domestic sewage and also as a tertiary treatment to remove nitrogen, phosphorus and E. coli from conventional sewage plant effluents. The designs of these experimental projects are described in the paper and it is hoped that data will be available for presentation at the seminar.

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