scholarly journals A Systematic Review: Is Aedes albopictus an Efficient Bridge Vector for Zoonotic Arboviruses?

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taissa Pereira-dos-Santos ◽  
David Roiz ◽  
Ricardo Lourenço-de-Oliveira ◽  
Christophe Paupy
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Human Disturbances ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Bibliographic Search ◽  
Natural Settings ◽  
Mosquito Communities

Mosquito-borne arboviruses are increasing due to human disturbances of natural ecosystems and globalization of trade and travel. These anthropic changes may affect mosquito communities by modulating ecological traits that influence the “spill-over” dynamics of zoonotic pathogens, especially at the interface between natural and human environments. Particularly, the global invasion of Aedes albopictus is observed not only across urban and peri-urban settings, but also in newly invaded areas in natural settings. This could foster the interaction of Ae. albopictus with wildlife, including local reservoirs of enzootic arboviruses, with implications for the potential zoonotic transfer of pathogens. To evaluate the potential of Ae. albopictus as a bridge vector of arboviruses between wildlife and humans, we performed a bibliographic search and analysis focusing on three components: (1) The capacity of Ae. albopictus to exploit natural larval breeding sites, (2) the blood-feeding behaviour of Ae. albopictus, and (3) Ae. albopictus’ vector competence for arboviruses. Our analysis confirms the potential of Ae. albopictus as a bridge vector based on its colonization of natural breeding sites in newly invaded areas, its opportunistic feeding behaviour together with the preference for human blood, and the competence to transmit 14 arboviruses.

scholarly journals The influence of feeding behaviour and temperature on the capacity of mosquitoes to transmit malaria

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eunho Suh ◽  
Marissa K. Grossman ◽  
Jessica L. Waite ◽  
Nina L. Dennington ◽  
Ellie Sherrard-Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Thermal Sensitivity ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Parasite Development ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Behavioural Resistance ◽  
Epidemiological Impact ◽  
Insecticide Treated Bed Nets

AbstractInsecticide-treated bed nets reduce malaria transmission by limiting contact between mosquito vectors and human hosts when mosquitoes feed during the night. However, malaria vectors can also feed in the early evening and in the morning when people are not protected. Here, we explored how timing of blood feeding interacts with environmental temperature to influence the capacity of Anopheles mosquitoes to transmit the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. We found no effect of biting time itself on the proportion of mosquitoes that became infectious (vector competence) at constant temperature. However, when mosquitoes were maintained under more realistic fluctuating temperatures there was a significant increase in competence for mosquitoes feeding in the evening, and a significant reduction in competence for those feeding in the morning, relative to those feeding at midnight. These effects appear to be due to thermal sensitivity of malaria parasites during the initial stages of parasite development within the mosquito, and the fact that mosquitoes feeding in the evening experience cooling temperatures during the night, whereas mosquitoes feeding in the morning quickly experience warming temperatures that are inhibitory to parasite establishment. A transmission dynamics model illustrates that such differences in competence could have important implications for disease endemicity, the extent of transmission that persists in the presence of bed nets, and the epidemiological impact of behavioural resistance. These results indicate the interaction of temperature and feeding behaviour to be a major ecological determinant of the vectorial capacity of malaria mosquitoes.

scholarly journals Increased temperatures reduce the vectorial capacity of Aedes mosquitoes for Zika virus

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Onyango Maria Gorreti ◽  
Bialosuknia Sean ◽  
Payne Ann ◽  
Mathias Nicholas ◽  
Kuo Lilli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Transmission Efficiency ◽  
Vectorial Capacity ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Transmission Potential

AbstractRapid and significant range expansion of both ZIKV and its Aedes host species has resulted in ZIKV being declared a global health threat. Mean temperatures are projected to increase globally, likely resulting in alterations of the transmission potential of mosquito-borne pathogens. The relationship between temperature and ZIKV transmission has not been well characterised for Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus.To understand the effect of diurnal temperature range on the vectorial capacity of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus for ZIKV, factors contributing to transmission potential were measured at different temperature regimens. Their longevity and blood feeding rates were assessed, and vector competence was determined following feeding on blood meals with 8.3 log10 PFU/ml ZIKV.Higher temperature resulted in decreased longevity of Ae. aegypti [Log-rank (Mantel-Cox) Test, Chi-square, df 35.66, 5 P (<0.0001)] and a significant decrease in blood feeding rates across groups [Z score (−5.8478) P (0.0444)]. Temperature had a population and species-specific impact on ZIKV infection rates. Overall, Ae. albopictus reared at the lowest temperature regimen demonstrated the highest vectorial capacity (1.63) and the highest transmission efficiency (57%). Temperature increases decreased vectorial capacity across groups, yet the largest decreases were measured for Ae. aegypti.The results of this study suggest that future climate change could significantly impact vector competence, blood feeding behavior and longevity, and therefore decrease the overall vectorial capacity of Aedes mosquitoes. It is also clear that this impact is likely to be both species and population-specific.

scholarly journals Experimental Infection of Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) With Bourbon Virus (Orthomyxoviridae: Thogotovirus)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marvin S Godsey ◽  
Dominic Rose ◽  
Kristin L Burkhalter ◽  
Nicole Breuner ◽  
Angela M Bosco-Lauth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Virus ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Human Case ◽  
Amblyomma Americanum ◽  
Live Virus ◽  
Active Life ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Transstadial Transmission ◽  
Very High

Abstract Following the recent discovery of Bourbon virus (BRBV) as a human pathogen, and the isolation of the virus from Amblyomma americanum (L.) collected near the location of a fatal human case, we undertook a series of experiments to assess the laboratory vector competence of this tick species for BRBV. Larval ticks were infected using an immersion technique, and transstadial transmission of virus to the nymphal and then to the adult stages was demonstrated. Transstadially infected nymphs transmitted virus to adult ticks at very high rates during cofeeding, indicating the presence of infectious virus in the saliva of engorging ticks. Vertical transmission by transstadially infected females to their progeny occurred, but at a low rate. Rabbits fed on by infected ticks of all active life stages developed high titers of antibody to the virus, demonstrating host exposure to BRBV antigens/live virus during tick blood feeding. These results demonstrate that A. americanum is a competent vector of BRBV and indicate that cofeeding could be critical for enzootic maintenance.

scholarly journals Effects of insemination and blood-feeding on locomotor activity of Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) females under laboratory conditions

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Lima-Camara ◽  
José Bento Lima ◽  
Rafaela Bruno ◽  
Alexandre Peixoto
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Laboratory Conditions

scholarly journals Does natural selection organize ecosystems for the maintenance of high productivity and diversity?

2002 ◽  
Vol 357 (1421) ◽  
pp. 709-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Egbert Giles Leigh ◽  
Geerat Jacobus Vermeij
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Natural Ecosystem ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Human Disturbances ◽  
Natural Soils ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Biotic Crisis ◽  
High Production ◽  
Ways Of Life

Three types of evidence suggest that natural ecosystems are organized for high productivity and diversity: (i) changes not previously experienced by a natural ecosystem, such as novel human disturbances, tend to diminish its productivity and/or diversity, just as ‘random’ changes in a machine designed for a function usually impair its execution of that function; (ii) humans strive to recreate properties of natural ecosystems to enhance productivity of artificial ones, as farmers try to recreate properties of natural soils in their fields; and (iii) productivity and diversity have increased during the Earth's history as a whole, and after every major biotic crisis. Natural selection results in ecosystems organized to maintain high productivity of organic matter and diversity of species, just as competition among individuals in Adam Smith's ideal economy favours high production of wealth and diversity of occupations. In nature, poorly exploited energy attracts more efficient users. This circumstance favours the opening of new ways of life and more efficient recycling of resources, and eliminates most productivity–reducing ‘ecological monopolies’. Ecological dominants tend to be replaced by successors with higher metabolism, which respond to more stimuli and engage in more varied interactions. Finally, increasingly efficient predators and herbivores favour faster turnover of resources.

scholarly journals Vector competence of Malaysian Aedes albopictus with and without Wolbachia to four dengue virus serotypes

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 1154-1165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia Joanne ◽  
Indra Vythilingam ◽  
Boon-Teong Teoh ◽  
Cherng-Shii Leong ◽  
Kim-Kee Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Dengue Virus Serotypes

scholarly journals Risk of dengue in Central Africa: Vector competence studies with Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) populations and dengue 2 virus

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. e0007985 ◽  
Author(s):  
Basile Kamgang ◽  
Marie Vazeille ◽  
Armel N. Tedjou ◽  
Theodel A. Wilson-Bahun ◽  
Aurélie P. Yougang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Central Africa

scholarly journals Tick-Borne Pathogens Shape the Native Microbiome Within Tick Vectors

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1299
Author(s):  
Abdulsalam Adegoke ◽  
Deepak Kumar ◽  
Cailyn Bobo ◽  
Muhammad Imran Rashid ◽  
Aneela Zameer Durrani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vector Competence ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Alpha And Beta Diversity ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
Diverse Community ◽  
Tick Vectors ◽  
Validation Experiments

Ticks are blood-feeding arthropods and transmit a variety of medically important viral, bacterial, protozoan pathogens to animals and humans. Ticks also harbor a diverse community of microbes linked to their biological processes, such as hematophagy, and hence affect vector competence. The interactions between bacterial and/or protozoan pathogens and the tick microbiome is a black-box, and therefore we tested the hypothesis that the presence of a protozoan or bacterial pathogen will alter the microbial composition within a tick. Hence, this study was designed to define the microbial composition of two tick species, Hyalomma (H.) anatolicum and Rhipicephalus (R.) microplus. We used a combination of PCR based pathogen (Anaplasma marginale and Theileria species) and symbiont (Wolbachia species) identification followed by metagenomic sequencing and comparison of the microbial communities in PCR positive and negative ticks. A total of 1786 operational taxonomic units was identified representing 25 phyla, 50 classes, and 342 genera. The phylum Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteriota, and Bacteroidota were the most represented bacteria group. Alpha and beta diversity were not significantly affected in the presence or absence of Theileria sp. and A. marginale as see with H. anatolicum ticks. Interestingly, bacterial communities were significantly reduced in Theileria sp. infected R. microplus ticks, while also exhibiting a significant reduction in microbial richness and evenness. Putting these observations together, we referred to the effect the presence of Theileria sp. has on R. microplus a “pathogen-induced dysbiosis”. We also identify the presence of Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of human malaria from the microbiome of both H. anatolicum and R. microplus ticks. These findings support the presence of a “pathogen-induced dysbiosis” within the tick and further validation experiments are required to investigate how they are important in the vector competence of ticks. Understanding the mechanism of “pathogen-induced dysbiosis” on tick microbial composition may aid the discovery of intervention strategies for the control of emerging tick-borne infections.

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