scholarly journals Comparison of Coxiella burnetii Excretion between Sheep and Goats Naturally Infected with One Cattle-Associated Genotype

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 652
Author(s):  
Benjamin Bauer ◽  
Louise Prüfer ◽  
Mathias Walter ◽  
Isabel Ganter ◽  
Dimitrios Frangoulidis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Infected Sheep ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Typing Method ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Rectal Route ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
Species Specific

The main reservoir of Coxiella (C.) burnetii are ruminants. They shed the pathogen through birth products, vaginal mucus, faeces and milk. A direct comparison of C. burnetii excretions between naturally infected sheep and goats was performed on the same farm to investigate species-specific differences. The animals were vaccinated with an inactivated C. burnetii phase I vaccine at the beginning of the study period for public health reasons. Vaginal and rectal swabs along with milk specimens were taken monthly during the lambing period and once again at the next lambing season. To estimate the environmental contamination of the animals’ housings, nasal swabs from every animal were taken simultaneously. Moreover, dust samples from the windowsills and straw beddings were collected. All samples were examined by qPCR targeting the IS1111 gene and the MLVA/VNTR typing method was performed. Whole genome sequencing was applied to determine the number of IS1111 copies followed by a calculation of C. burnetii genome equivalents of each sample. The cattle-associated genotype C7 was detected containing 29 IS1111 copies. Overall, goats seem to shed more C. burnetii through vaginal mucus and in particular shed more and for longer via the rectal route than sheep. This is supported by the larger quantities of C. burnetii DNA detected in caprine nasal swabs and environmental samples compared to the ovine ones. Transmission of C. burnetii from cattle to small ruminants must also be considered.

scholarly journals Whole-Genome Multilocus Sequence Typing of Extended-Spectrum-Beta-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (12) ◽  
pp. 2919-2927 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjolein F. Q. Kluytmans-van den Bergh ◽  
John W. A. Rossen ◽  
Patricia C. J. Bruijning-Verhagen ◽  
Marc J. M. Bonten ◽  
Alexander W. Friedrich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multilocus Sequence Typing ◽  
Klebsiella Oxytoca ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Typing Method ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Species Specific

Molecular typing has become indispensable in the detection of nosocomial transmission of bacterial pathogens and the identification of sources and routes of transmission in outbreak settings, but current methods are labor-intensive, are difficult to standardize, or have limited resolution. Whole-genome multilocus sequence typing (wgMLST) has emerged as a whole-genome sequencing (WGS)-based gene-by-gene typing method that may overcome these limitations and has been applied successfully for several species in outbreak settings. In this study, genus-, genetic-complex-, and species-specific wgMLST schemes were developed forCitrobacterspp., theEnterobacter cloacaecomplex,Escherichia coli,Klebsiella oxytoca, andKlebsiella pneumoniaeand used to type a national collection of 1,798 extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producingEnterobacteriaceae(ESBL-E) isolates obtained from patients in Dutch hospitals. Genus-, genetic-complex-, and species-specific thresholds for genetic distance that accurately distinguish between epidemiologically related and unrelated isolates were defined forCitrobacterspp., theE. cloacaecomplex,E. coli, andK. pneumoniae. wgMLST was shown to have higher discriminatory power and typeability thanin silicoMLST. In conclusion, the wgMLST schemes developed in this study facilitate high-resolution WGS-based typing of the most prevalent ESBL-producing species in clinical practice and may contribute to further elucidation of the complex epidemiology of antimicrobial-resistantEnterobacteriaceae. wgMLST opens up possibilities for the creation of a Web-accessible database for the global surveillance of ESBL-producing bacterial clones.

scholarly journals Identification and typing of Salmonella for public health surveillance using whole genome sequencing

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip M Ashton ◽  
Satheesh Nair ◽  
Tansy Peters ◽  
Janet Bale ◽  
David G Powell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Whole Genome Sequencing ◽  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Public Health Surveillance ◽  
Health Surveillance ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Mlst Database ◽  
Typing Method ◽  
Process Error

In April 2015, Public Health England implemented whole genome sequencing (WGS) as a routine typing tool for public health surveillance of Salmonella, adopting a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) approach as a replacement for traditional serotyping. The WGS derived sequence type (ST) was compared to the phenotypic serotype for 6887 isolates of S. enterica subspecies I, and of these, 6616 (96%) were concordant. Of the 4% (n=271) of isolates of subspecies I exhibiting a mismatch, 119 were due to a process error in the laboratory, 26 were likely caused by the serotype designation in the MLST database being incorrect and 126 occurred when two different serovars belonged to the same ST. The population structure of S. enterica subspecies II-IV differs markedly from that of subspecies I and, based on current data, defining the serovar from the clonal complex may be less appropriate for the classification of this group. Novel sequence types that were not present in the MLST database were identified in 8.6% of the total number of samples tested (including S. enterica subspecies I-IV and S. bongori) and these 654 isolates belonged to 326 novel STs. For S. enterica subspecies I, WGS MLST derived serotyping is a high throughput, accurate, robust, reliable typing method, well suited to routine public health surveillance. The combined output of ST and serovar supports the maintenance of traditional serovar nomenclature while providing additional insight on the true phylogenetic relationship between isolates.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Risk Factors for Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus in Sheep and Goats at the Wildlife-Livestock Interface in Punjab Province, Pakistan

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aziz-ul-Rahman ◽  
Muhammad Abubakar ◽  
Muhammad Hidayat Rasool ◽  
Shumaila Manzoor ◽  
Muhammad Saqalein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
N Gene ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Wild Ruminants ◽  
Nasal Swabs

Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is causing infectious disease with high morbidity and mortality rate in domestic and wild small ruminants of Pakistan with valuable economical losses. The present study was carried out to investigate risk factors of PPRV in domestic small ruminants which were present in the vicinity of wildlife parks. A total of 265 sera samples (27 wild ruminants and 238 domesticated small ruminants) from apparently healthy animals from two different wildlife parks were collected and analysed for PPRV antibodies. Also, 20 nasal swabs from domestic small ruminants showing respiratory signs were collected to check for presence of PPRV antigen. Competitive ELISA revealed highest proportions of anti-PPRV antibodies in domestic small ruminants around the Wildlife Park at Lahore (35%) as compared to Faisalabad (13%), with no existence of PPRV antibodies in tested serum of wild ruminants at these parks. Higher seropositivity was observed in females (25.6%) than in males (5.1%) and in goats (34.5%) compared to sheep (11.2%). The results of N-gene based RT-PCR highlight the absence of PPRV due to lack of current PPR outbreak in the region during study period. Even though grazing was not a significant risk factor, there is still a possibility of wildlife-livestock interactions for feed and water reservoirs, resulting in spillover of PPR to wildlife. Keeping in view the high seropositivity and risk of PPR, vaccination should be adopted to avoid circulation of PPRV among wild and domestic small ruminants (sheep and goats).

scholarly journals Seroprevalence and Public Health Significance of Toxoplasmosis in Small Ruminants of Pastoral Community in Yabello District, Borana Zone, Southern Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Kula Jilo ◽  
Dechassa Tegegne ◽  
Sadik Kasim ◽  
Golo Dabasa ◽  
Wubishet Zewdei
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
History Of ◽  
Borana Zone

Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic protozoan disease. Data on seroepidemiology of toxoplasmosis in Ethiopia is scarce, almost null in the pastoral area of the Borana zone. The study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence, to identify risk factors of toxoplasmosis in sheep and goats, and to assess the awareness level of pastoralists about toxoplasmosis in the Yabello district of Borana zone, Southern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2016 to April 2017 in six peasant associations of the Yabello district of Borana zone, Southern Ethiopia. A total of 400 serum samples of randomly selected small ruminants owned by pastoralists were examined to detect antibodies specific to Toxoplasma gondii using Latex Agglutination Test (SPINREACT, Girona, Spain). A semistructured questionnaire survey was used to conduct a face-to-face interview with owners (n = 100) of sampled flocks. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association of hypothesized risk factors. The overall seroprevalence was 52.8% of which 57.8 and 47.8% were sheep and goats, respectively. Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed a higher seroprevalence ratio of T. gondii infection in sheep than goats (COR: 1.95, 95% CI: 1.226–3.112; P  = 0.005). Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated significantly higher odds of acquiring T. gondii infection in adult animals (sheep: (AOR = 2.26, 95% CI: 1.323–3.874; P  = 0.003), goats: (AOR = 2.15; 95% CI: 1.009–4.579; P  = 0.047)), female sheep (AOR = 2.45; CI: 1.313–4.568; P  = 0.005), animals from lowland areas (sheep: (AOR = 2.28; CI: 1.190–4.356; P  = 0.013), goat: (AOR = 3.27; CI: 1.386–7.723; P  = 0.007)), animal drinking lake water (sheep: (AOR = 1.93; CI: 1.011–3.698; P  = 0.046), goat: (AOR = 2.96; CI: 1.297–6.771; P  = 0.010)), and goats with history of abortion (AOR = 2.42; CI: 1.242–4.711; P  = 0.009) than young animals, male (sheep), animals from midland areas, animals drinking wells water, and flock with no history of abortion (goat), respectively. Among respondents, 97.0% had no knowledge about toxoplasmosis and 75.0% drink raw milk and consume the meat of sheep and goats. 80.0% of respondents had no knowledge about the risk of cats to human and animal health while 70.0% of them had domestic cats and practice improper fetal body handling. Highly prevailing toxoplasmosis in small ruminants of the Yabello district might pose a serious economic loss and be a potential public health threat to the extremely vulnerable pastoralists. Therefore, awareness and further studies are warranted to tackle the economic and public health consequences of T. gondii infection.

scholarly journals Isolation and molecular characterization of Mycoplasma spp. in sheep and goats in Egypt

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 664-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mounier M. Abdel Halium ◽  
Fayez A. Salib ◽  
S. A. Marouf ◽  
Emil S. Abdel Massieh
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Mycoplasma Species ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Pcr Product ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
Bronchial Wash

Background and Aim: Different species of Mycoplasma are associated with many pathological problems in small ruminants including respiratory manifestation, this problem results in significant losses, especially in African countries. This study aimed to (I) study some epidemiological aspects of Mycoplasma species infections in Egyptian sheep and goats at Giza Governorate, (II) diagnosis of Mycoplasma species affections using bacterial isolation and identification, (III) apply the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for typing of different Mycoplasma species, and (IV) illustrate the phylogenetic tree for the isolated Mycoplasma species and other species from GenBank using the purified PCR product. Materials and Methods: A total of 335 samples were collected from sheep and goats from Giza Governorate in Egypt as 142 nasal swabs from clinically affected animals, 167 pneumonic lungs, 18 samples from tracheal bifurcation, and 8 samples by bronchial wash were cultured on pleuropneumonia-like organisms (PPLOs) media for cultivation of Mycoplasma species. PCR and sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were adopted to identify and classify the isolated Mycoplasma species. Results: A total of 24 Mycoplasma isolates were isolated on PPLO media, identified by biochemical tests, and confirmed and typed by PCR using specific primers. 10 isolates were confirmed as Mycoplasma arginini, four isolates as Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae by PCR, and 10 isolates as undifferentiated Mycoplasma species. A purified isolate of M. arginini and M. ovipneumoniae was sequenced and phylogenetic analysis was illustrated. Conclusion: M. arginini and M. ovipneumoniae are prevalent in Egyptian sheep and goats. Further studies on M. arginini are required due to its high frequency of isolation from pneumonic sheep and goats and also from animals suffer from different respiratory manifestations.

scholarly journals Identification and typing of Salmonella for public health surveillance using whole genome sequencing

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip M Ashton ◽  
Satheesh Nair ◽  
Tansy Peters ◽  
Janet Bale ◽  
David G Powell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Whole Genome Sequencing ◽  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Public Health Surveillance ◽  
Health Surveillance ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Mlst Database ◽  
Typing Method ◽  
Process Error

In April 2015, Public Health England implemented whole genome sequencing (WGS) as a routine typing tool for public health surveillance of Salmonella, adopting a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) approach as a replacement for traditional serotyping. The WGS derived sequence type (ST) was compared to the phenotypic serotype for 6887 isolates of S. enterica subspecies I, and of these, 6616 (96%) were concordant. Of the 4% (n=271) of isolates of subspecies I exhibiting a mismatch, 119 were due to a process error in the laboratory, 26 were likely caused by the serotype designation in the MLST database being incorrect and 126 occurred when two different serovars belonged to the same ST. The population structure of S. enterica subspecies II-IV differs markedly from that of subspecies I and, based on current data, defining the serovar from the clonal complex may be less appropriate for the classification of this group. Novel sequence types that were not present in the MLST database were identified in 8.6% of the total number of samples tested (including S. enterica subspecies I-IV and S. bongori) and these 654 isolates belonged to 326 novel STs. For S. enterica subspecies I, WGS MLST derived serotyping is a high throughput, accurate, robust, reliable typing method, well suited to routine public health surveillance. The combined output of ST and serovar supports the maintenance of traditional serovar nomenclature while providing additional insight on the true phylogenetic relationship between isolates.

scholarly journals High seroprevalence of pathogenic Yersinia spp. in sheep and goats across nine government farms in the Pakistani Punjab

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (09) ◽  
pp. 843-846
Author(s):  
Qudrat Ullah ◽  
Tariq Jamil ◽  
Muhammad H Hussain ◽  
Huma Jamil ◽  
Muhammad Saqib ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Recombinant Antigen ◽  
High Seroprevalence ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Primary Survey ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Pathogenic Yersinia

Introduction: Seroprevalence of Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis infections in animals and humans is not established in Pakistan. There are only a few reports on the prevalence of pathogenic Yersinia spp. and infections in small ruminants, however, the role of sheep and goats in the transmission of pathogenic Yersinia remains unclear. Methodology: A primary survey investigated the presence of anti-Yersinia antibodies among a small population of ruminants detected by recombinant antigen targets in nine government farms dispersed throughout the Punjab province of Pakistan. Results: Antibodies specific for Y. enterocolitica were detected in 7/9 sheep flocks and in 4/4 goat flocks. Antibodies specific for Y. pseudotuberculosis were detected in 4/9 sheep flocks. Two sheep flocks revealed the presence of both Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis specific antibodies. Conclusion: Due to the high number of the population involved in raising small ruminants the risk to veterinary and public health must be rapidly determined.

scholarly journals Identification ofSalmonellafor public health surveillance using whole genome sequencing

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e1752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip M. Ashton ◽  
Satheesh Nair ◽  
Tansy M. Peters ◽  
Janet A. Bale ◽  
David G. Powell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Whole Genome Sequencing ◽  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Public Health Surveillance ◽  
Health Surveillance ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Mlst Database ◽  
Typing Method ◽  
Process Error

In April 2015, Public Health England implemented whole genome sequencing (WGS) as a routine typing tool for public health surveillance ofSalmonella, adopting a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) approach as a replacement for traditional serotyping. The WGS derived sequence type (ST) was compared to the phenotypic serotype for 6,887 isolates ofS. entericasubspecies I, and of these, 6,616 (96%) were concordant. Of the 4% (n= 271) of isolates of subspecies I exhibiting a mismatch, 119 were due to a process error in the laboratory, 26 were likely caused by the serotype designation in the MLST database being incorrect and 126 occurred when two different serovars belonged to the same ST. The population structure ofS. entericasubspecies II–IV differs markedly from that of subspecies I and, based on current data, defining the serovar from the clonal complex may be less appropriate for the classification of this group. Novel sequence types that were not present in the MLST database were identified in 8.6% of the total number of samples tested (includingS. entericasubspecies I–IV andS. bongori) and these 654 isolates belonged to 326 novel STs. ForS. entericasubspecies I, WGS MLST derived serotyping is a high throughput, accurate, robust, reliable typing method, well suited to routine public health surveillance. The combined output of ST and serovar supports the maintenance of traditional serovar nomenclature while providing additional insight on the true phylogenetic relationship between isolates.

A brief review of diagnosis of small ruminants brucellosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingjing Ren ◽  
Qisheng Peng
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
False Positive ◽  
Brucella Melitensis ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Immunological Tests

: Brucellosis caused by bacteria of the genus of Brucella remains a major zoonosis in the widely world, which is an infectious disease with a severe economic impact on animal husbandry and public health. The genus of Brucella includes ten species and the most prevalent is Brucella melitensis. The diagnosis of Brucella melitensis ruminant brucellosis is based on bacteriological and immunological tests. The use of vaccines and the false-positive serological reactions (FPSR) caused by other cross-reacting bacteria represent the immunological contexts. This complex context results in the development of the large number of diagnosis of Brucella melitensis brucellosis. The aim of this article is to briefly review the detection methods and compare the superiorities of different tests.

Molecular Detection of Bacterial Pathogens Directly from the Nasal Swabs and Lung Tissue of Sheep and Goats

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (02) ◽  
pp. 22-25
Author(s):  
Sunaina Thakur ◽  
Subhash Verma ◽  
Prasenjit Dhar ◽  
Mandeep Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Direct Detection ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Histophilus Somni ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
Mycoplasma Spp

Respiratory infections of sheep and goats cause heavy morbidity and mortality, leading to huge economic losses. Conventional methods of diagnosis that include isolation and identification of incriminating microbes are time-consuming and fraught with logistic challenges. Direct detection of incriminating microbes using molecular tools is gaining popularity in clinical, microbiological settings. In this study, a total of 50 samples (44 nasal swabs and 6 lung tissues) from sheep and goats were screened for the detection of different bacterial species by in vitro amplification of genus or species-specific genes. Histophilus somni was detected in 2% goat samples, Trueperella pyogenes in 20% goat nasal swabs, whereas 22% goat nasal swab samples were found positive for Mycoplasma spp. None of the samples from sheep was detected positive for H. somni, T. pyogenes, Mycoplasma spp. Similarly, all samples, irrespective, whether from sheep or goats, showed negative results for Pasteurella multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica, and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis.

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