scholarly journals Precipitation before Flowering Determined Effectiveness of Leaf Removal Timing and Irrigation on Wine Composition of Merlot Grapevine

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1865
Author(s):  
Runze Yu ◽  
Matthew W. Fidelibus ◽  
James A. Kennedy ◽  
Sahap Kaan Kurtural
Keyword(s):  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Bud Break ◽  
Leaf Removal ◽  
Spring Precipitation ◽  
Area Index

Grapevine productivity, and berry and wine flavonoid concentration, depend on the interactions of cultivar, environment, and applied cultural practices. We characterized the effects that mechanical leaf removal and irrigation treatments had on the flavonoid concentration of ‘Merlot’ (Vitis vinifera, L.) grape berries and wines in a hot climate over two growing seasons with contrasting precipitation patterns. Leaves were removed by machine, either at prebloom (PBLR), or at post-fruit-set (PFLR), or not removed (control) and irrigation was either applied as sustained deficit irrigation (SDI) at 0.8 of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) from budbreak to fruit set, or regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) at 0.8 ETc from bud break to fruit set, 0.5 ETc from fruit set to veraison, and 0.8 ETc from veraison to harvest, of ETc In 2014, PFLR reduced the leaf area index (LAI) compared to control. The RDI decreased season-long leaf water potential (ΨInt) compared to SDI. However, in 2015, none of the treatments affected LAI or ΨInt. In 2014, berry flavonoid concentrations were reduced by PBLR as well as SDI. SDI increased the flavonoid concentrations in wine, and PFLR increased some wine flavonols in one season. No factor affected the concentrations of wine proanthocyanidins or mean degree of polymerization. Thus, mechanical PFLR and RDI may increase berry flavonoid accumulation without yield reduction, in red wine grapes cultivars grown in hot climates when precipitation after bud break is lacking. However, spring precipitation may influence the effectiveness of these practices as evidenced by this work in a changing climate.

scholarly journals Effects of timing of leaf removal on yield, berry maturity, wine composition and sensory properties of cv. Grenache grown under non irrigated conditions

OENO One ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Tardáguila ◽  
María Paz Diago ◽  
Fernando Martínez de Toda ◽  
Stefano Poni ◽  
Mar Vilanova
Keyword(s):  
Yield Components ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Sensory Properties ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Leaf Removal ◽  
Alcohol Content ◽  
Total Polyphenol ◽  
Wine Composition ◽  
Defoliation Treatment

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aims</strong>: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of timing of leaf removal on yield components, berry sensory characteristics, composition and sensory properties of Vitis vinifera L. Grenache wines under non-irrigated conditions.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results</strong>: The effects of timing of defoliation (fruit set and veraison) on yield components, berry maturity, wine composition and sensory properties of head trained, non irrigated, Grenache vines grown in Rioja appellation were studied. Leaf removal did not significantly modify total leaf area per vine as well as yield components. Grenache berries from early defoliated vines achieved the highest skin and technological maturity. Wine parameters, such as alcohol content, pH, titratable acidity, tartaric acid and total polyphenol index were unaffected by defoliation. Conversely, early leaf removal carried out at fruit set, significantly reduced the malic acid content of the wine and enhanced its colour intensity. Aroma complexity, mouthfeel, tannin quality and persistence were found to be significantly higher in the wine corresponding to the early leaf removal treatment. This was also the most preferred wine in terms of overall value.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusion</strong>: This article shows that timing of leaf removal had a marked effect on berry maturity, wine composition and sensory properties of Grenache wines made from grapes grown under dry-farmed conditions.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of study</strong>: The results suggest that the timing of defoliation induces significant changes in Grenache wine composition and its sensory attributes. Late leaf removal was much less effective than early leaf removal in affecting final wine composition and quality. Grenache wine from the early defoliation treatment was rated the most preferred as of global value.</p>

Soil temperature moderates grapevine carbohydrate reserves after bud break and conditions fruit set responses to photoassimilatory stress

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzy Y. Rogiers ◽  
Jason P. Smith ◽  
Bruno P. Holzapfel ◽  
W. James Hardie
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Bud Break ◽  
Inflorescence Development ◽  
Carbohydrate Reserves ◽  
Carbohydrate Reserve ◽  
Fruit Setting

In cultivated grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.), suboptimal photoassimilatory conditions during flowering can lead to inflorescence necrosis and shedding of flowers and young ovaries and, consequently, poor fruit set. However, before this study it was not known whether carbohydrate reserves augment fruit set when concurrent photoassimilation is limited. Carbohydrate reserves are most abundant in grapevine roots and soil temperature moderates their mobilisation. Accordingly, we grew potted Chardonnay grapevines in soil at 15°C (cool) or 26°C (warm) from bud break to the onset of flowering to manipulate root carbohydrate reserve status. Then to induce photoassimilatory responses we subjected the plants to low (94 µmol mol–1) CO2 or ambient (336 µmol mol–1) CO2 atmospheres during fruit setting. Analyses of photoassimilation and biomass and carbohydrate reserve distribution confirmed that fruit set was limited by concurrent photoassimilation. Furthermore, the availability of current photoassimilates for inflorescence development and fruit set was conditioned by the simultaneous demands for shoot and root growth, as well as the restoration of root carbohydrate reserves. Results indicate that great seasonal variability in grapevine fruit set is a likely response of cultivated grapevines to photoassimilatory stresses, such as shading, defoliation and air temperature and to variations in carbohydrate reserve status before flowering.

Net carbon exchange in grapevine canopies responds rapidly to timing and extent of regulated deficit irrigation

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie M. Tarara ◽  
Jorge E. Perez Peña ◽  
Markus Keller ◽  
R. Paul Schreiner ◽  
Russell P. Smithyman
Keyword(s):  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Co2 Exchange ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Regulated Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Elapsed Time ◽  
Single Leaf ◽  
Additional Water ◽  
Relative Differences ◽  
Net Carbon Exchange

Whole-canopy net CO2 exchange (NCEC) was measured near key stages of fruit development in grapevines (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) that were managed under three approaches to regulated deficit irrigation (RDI): (1) standard practice (RDIS), or weekly replacement of 60–70% of estimated evapotranspiration for well watered grapevines; (2) early additional deficit (RDIE), or one-half of RDIS applied between fruit set and the onset of ripening (veraison), followed by RDIS; and (3) RDIS followed by late additional deficit (RDIL), or one-half of RDIS applied between veraison and harvest. Summed between fruit set and harvest, nearly 40% less irrigation was applied to RDIE vines and ~20% less to RDIL vines than to those continuously under RDIS. After ~5 weeks of additional deficit, NCEC in RDIE vines was 43–46% less per day than in RDIS vines. After RDIL vines had been under additional water deficit for ~3 weeks, NCEC was ~33% less per day than in RDIS vines. Instantaneous rates of NCEC responded rapidly to irrigation delivery and elapsed time between irrigation sets. Concurrent single-leaf measurements (NCEL) reflected the relative differences in NCEC between irrigation treatments, and were linearly associated with NCEC (r2 = 0.61). Despite halving the water applied under commercial RDI, mid-day stomatal conductance values in RDIE and RDIL of ~50–125 mmol m–2 s–1 indicated that the additional deficit imposed only moderate water stress. There was no effect of additional deficit on yield or berry maturity.

scholarly journals Fruit Zone Leaf Removal Timing and Extent Alters Bunch Rot, Primary Fruit Composition, and Crop Yield in Georgia-grown ‘Chardonnay’ (Vitis vinifera L.)

HortScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 1654-1661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annie R. Vogel ◽  
Rachael S. White ◽  
Clark MacAllister ◽  
Cain C. Hickey
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Leaf Removal ◽  
Fruit Composition ◽  
Bunch Rot ◽  
The U.S

Fruit zone leaf removal is a vineyard management practice used to manage bunch rots, fruit composition, and crop yield. We were interested in evaluating fruit zone leaf removal effects on bunch rot, fruit composition, and crop yield in ‘Chardonnay’ grown in the U.S. state of Georgia. The experiment consisted of seven treatments: no leaf removal (NO); prebloom removal of four or six leaves (PB-4, PB-6), post–fruit set removal of four or six leaves (PFS-4, PFS-6), and prebloom removal of two or three leaves followed by post–fruit set removal of two or three leaves (PB-2/PFS-2, PB-3/PFS-3). Although leaf removal reduced botrytis bunch rot and sour rot compared with NO, effects were inconsistent across the two seasons. Fruit zone leaf removal treatments reduced titratable acidity (TA) and increased soluble solids compared with NO. PB-6 consistently reduced berry number per cluster, cluster weight, and thus crop yield relative to PFS-4. Our results show that post–fruit set fruit zone leaf removal to zero leaf layers aids in rot management, reduces TA, increases soluble solids, and maintains crop yield compared with no leaf removal. We therefore recommend post–fruit set leaf removal to zero leaf layers over no leaf removal if crops characterized by relatively greater soluble solids-to-TA ratio and reduced bunch rot are desirable for winemaking goals.

scholarly journals Vine architecture and production control measures to improve the quality of the wine from Shiraz variety (Vitis vinifera L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. e0908-e0908
Author(s):  
Domingo M. Salazar ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Production Control ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Leaf Removal ◽  
Color Intensity

Aim of study: Ssix thinning treatments were studied to improve the chemical composition and quality of grapes of cv. ‘Shiraz’ under two vine architectures (vase and trellis). Area of study: Spain (from 2015 to 2016). Material and methods: The following thinning treatments were applied during four consecutive crop seasons: T0, control; T1, removal of 33% of the clusters (75 BBCH stage); T2, removal of 33% of the clusters (85 BBCH stage); T3, removal of the leaves at the base of the branches; T4, removal of the leaves at base of the branches together with removal of 33% of the clusters; T5, grouping of green branches; and T6, grouping of green branches and removal of 33% of the clusters. Main results: All the treatments increased the luminosity and degree of polymerization, improving the color intensity and stability in the wines. In the musts, the levels of phenolic compounds (from 48.0 and 46.7 mg L-1 in T0 trellis and vase, respectively, to 66.8 and 68.9 mg L-1 in T6 trellis and vase, respectively), anthocyanins and sugars (from 22.0 and 22.1 mg L-1 in T0 trellis and vase, respectively, to 24.3 mg L-1 in T6 trellis and vase), were considerably improved. Research highlights: Treatments T6 and T4 reported the best results. Branch grouping was more efficient than leaf removal regarding the contents of phenolic compounds. With respect to vine architecture, the results point out small differences, but we recommend the application of the treatments, mainly T4 and T6, under vase architecture. The season effect was mainly observed in the fourth year, probably due to the climatic conditions.

Reproductive Responses of Capsicum annuum to High Temperatures

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 543c-543
Author(s):  
Ami N. Erickson ◽  
Albert H. Markhart
Keyword(s):  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Flower Development ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Bud Size ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Constant Growth

Fruit yield reduction due to high temperatures has been widely observed in Solanaceous crops. Our past experiments have demonstrated that Capsicum annuum cultivars Ace and Bell Boy completely fail to produce fruit when grown at constant 33 °C. However, flowers are produced, continually. To determine which stages of flower development are sensitive to high temperatures, pepper buds, ranging in size from 1 mm to anthesis, were exposed to high temperatures for 6 hr, 48 hr, 5 days, or for the duration of the experiment. Fruit set for each bud size was determined. Exposure to high temperatures at anthesis and at the 2-mm size stage for 2 or more days significantly reduced fruit production. To determine whether inhibition of pollination, inhibition of fertilization, and/or injury to the female or male structures prevents fruit production at high temperatures, flowers from pepper cultivars Ace and Bell Boy were grown until flowers on the 8th or 9th node were 11 mm in length. Plants were divided between 25 °C and 33 °C constant growth chambers for 2 to 4 days until anthesis. At anthesis, flowers from both treatments were cross-pollinated in all combination, and crosses were equally divided between 33 or 25 °C growth chambers until fruit set or flowers abscised. All flower crosses resulted in 80% to 100% fruit set when post-pollination temperatures were 25 °C. However, post-pollination temperatures of 33 °C significantly reduced fruit production. Reduced fruit set by flowers exposed to high temperatures during anthesis and pollination is not a result of inviable pollen or ovule, but an inhibition of fertilization or initial fruit development.

Optimizing deficit irrigation strategies to manage vine performance and fruit composition of field-grown ‘Sangiovese’ (Vitis vinifera L.) grapevines

2014 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 239-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vania Lanari ◽  
Alberto Palliotti ◽  
Paolo Sabbatini ◽  
G. Stanley Howell ◽  
Oriana Silvestroni
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Fruit Composition

scholarly journals WATER MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES UNDER DEFICIT IRRIGATION

2008 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonino Capra ◽  
Simona Consoli ◽  
Baldassare Scicolone
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Economic Aspects ◽  
Optimization Strategy ◽  
Full Irrigation ◽  
Positive Effects

Deficit irrigation (DI) is an optimization strategy whereby net returns are maximized by reducing the amount of irrigation water; crops are deliberated allowed to sustain some degree of water deficit and yield reduction. Although the DI strategy dates back to the 1970s, this technique is not usually adopted as a practical alternative to full irrigation by either academics or practitioners. Furthermore, there is a certain amount of confusion regarding its concept. In fact, a review of recent literature dealing with DI has shown that only a few papers use the concept of DI in its complete sense (e.g. both the agronomic and economic aspects). A number of papers only deal with the physiological and agronomical aspects of DI or concern techniques such as Regulated Deficit Irrigation (RDI) and Partial Root Drying (PRD). The paper includes two main parts: i) a review of the principal water management strategies under deficit conditions (e.g. conventional DI, RDI and PRD); and ii) a description of a recent experimental research conducted by the authors in Sicily (Italy) that integrates agronomic, engineering and economic aspects of DI at farm level. Most of the literature reviewed here showed, in general, quite positive effects from DI application, mostly evidenced when the economics of DI is included in the research approach. With regard to the agronomic effects, total fresh mass and total production is generally reduced under DI, whereas the effects on dry matter and product quality are positive, mainly in crops for which excessive soil water availability can cause significant reductions in fruit size, colour or composition (grapes, tomatoes, mangos, etc.). The experimental trial on a lettuce crop in Sicily, during 2005 and 2006, shows that the highest mean marketable yield of lettuce (55.3 t ha-1 in 2005 and 51.9 t ha-1 in 2006) was recorded in plots which received 100% of ET0-PM (reference evapotranspiration by the Penman- Monteith method) applied water. In the land-limiting case, the estimated optimal economic levels were quite similar to the optimal agronomic levels. In the waterlimiting case DI ranges, at least as profitable as full irrigation, were of 17-49% ET0-PM and of 71-90% ET0-PM in 2005 and 2006 respectively.

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