scholarly journals A New Sesquiterpene Essential Oil from the Native Andean Species Jungia rugosa Less (Asteraceae): Chemical Analysis, Enantiomeric Evaluation, and Cholinergic Activity

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2102
Author(s):  
Karyna Calvopiña ◽  
Omar Malagón ◽  
Francesca Capetti ◽  
Barbara Sgorbini ◽  
Verónica Verdugo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Minor Component ◽  
Volatile Fraction ◽  
Response Factors ◽  
Phytochemical Study ◽  
Combustion Enthalpy ◽  
Ache Inhibitors ◽  
Polar Column ◽  
A Minor

As part of a project devoted to the phytochemical study of Ecuadorian biodiversity, new essential oils are systematically distilled and analysed. In the present work, Jungia rugosa Less (Asteraceae) has been selected and some wild specimens collected to investigate the volatile fraction. The essential oil, obtained from fresh leaves, was analysed for the first time in the present study. The chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography, coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for qualitative analysis, and to flame ionization detector (GC-FID) for quantitation. The calculation of relative response factors (RRF), based on combustion enthalpy, was carried out for each quantified component. Fifty-six compounds were identified and quantified in a 5% phenyl-polydimethylsiloxane non-polar column and 53 compounds in a polyethylene glycol polar column, including four undetermined compounds. The main feature of this essential oil was the exclusive sesquiterpenes content, both hydrocarbons (74.7% and 80.4%) and oxygenated (8.3% and 9.6%). Major constituents were: γ-curcumene (47.1% and 49.7%) and β-sesquiphellandrene (17.0% and 17.9%), together with two abundant undetermined oxygenated sesquiterpenes, whose abundance was 6.7–7.2% and 4.7–3.3%, respectively. In addition, the essential oil was submitted to enantioselective evaluation in two β-cyclodextrin-based enantioselective columns, determining the enantiomeric purity of a minor component (1S,2R,6R,7R,8R)-(+)-α-copaene. Finally, the AChE inhibition activity of the EO was evaluated in vitro. In conclusion, this volatile fraction is suitable for further investigation, according to two main lines: (a) the purification and structure elucidation of the major undetermined compounds, (b) a bio-guided fractionation, intended to investigate the presence of new sesquiterpene AChE inhibitors among the minor components.

scholarly journals Species pattern of phosphatidylinositol from lung surfactant and a comparison of the species pattern of phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylglycerol synthesized de novo in lung microsomal fractions

1988 ◽  
Vol 254 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Rüstow ◽  
Y Nakagawa ◽  
H Rabe ◽  
K Waku ◽  
D Kunze
Keyword(s):  
Lung Function ◽  
Molecular Species ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Lung Surfactant ◽  
Minor Component ◽  
Main Species ◽  
Surfactant Phospholipids ◽  
Species Pattern ◽  
A Minor

1. Phosphatidylinositol (PI) is a minor component of lung surfactant which may be able to replace the functionally important phosphatidylglycerol (PG) [Beppu, Clements & Goerke (1983) J. Appl. Physiol. 55, 496-502] without disturbing lung function. The dipalmitoyl species is one of the main species for both PI (14.4%) and PG (16.9%). Besides the C16:0--C16:0 species, the C16:0--C18:0, C16:0--C18:1, C16:0--C18:2 and C18:0--C18:1 species showed comparable proportions in the PG and PI fractions. These similarities of the species patterns and the acidic character of both phospholipids could explain why surfactant PG may be replaced by PI. 2. PI and PG were radiolabelled by incubation of microsomal fractions with [14C]glycerol 3-phosphate (Gro3P). For 11 out of 14 molecular species of PI and PG we measured comparable proportions of radioactivity. The radioactivity of these 11 species accounted together for more than 80% of the total. The addition of inositol to the incubation system decreased the incorporation in vitro of Gro3P into PG and CDP-DG (diacylglycerol) of lung microsomes (microsomal fractions), but did not change the distribution of radioactivity among the molecular species of PG. These results supported the idea that both acidic surfactant phospholipids may be synthesized de novo from a common CDP-DG pool in lung microsomes.

scholarly journals Murine B-cell subpopulations responsive to T-dependent and T-independent antigens.

1976 ◽  
Vol 144 (2) ◽  
pp. 382-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
G K Lewis ◽  
R Ranken ◽  
D E Nitecki ◽  
J W Goodman
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Minor Component ◽  
Memory Cell ◽  
Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Cell Mitogen ◽  
A Minor

Strain A/J mice made secondary indirect plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses to azobenzenearsonate (ABA) conjugates of giant keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), a thymic-dependent antigen, but not to conjugates of Ficoll, a T-independent antigen. ABA-Ficoll was also unable to elicit a response in animals primed with ABA-KLH, which have an expanded anti-ABA memory cell pool. On the other hand, ABA-Ficoll rendered mice unresponsive to ABA-KLH when administered before priming or boosting with the T-dependent immunogen. Hence, the T-independent antigen was able to tolerize but unable to trigger B-memory cells responsive to the T-dependent antigen. A/J mice immunized with dinitrophenyl conjugates of Ficoll or bovine IgG (BGG) made vigorous IgM and IgG PFC responses. PFC responses to ABA-KLH and 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-BGG were abrogated by depleting mice of C3 with cobra venom factor, whereas the IgM and IgG PFC responses to DNP-Ficoll were unaffected. B lymphocytes were fractionated on the basis of receptors for C3 and the subpopulations were assayed for in vitro PFC responses to DNP-Ficoll. Very little response was obtained from complement receptor lymphocyte [CRL(+)] B cells, whereas CRL(-) cells were more responsive than unfractionated B cells. Both populations responded to a polyclonal B-cell mitogen (lipopolysaccharide). On the other hand, the in vitro PFC response to a T-dependent antigen (sheep erythrocytes) correlated with the presence of CRL(+) B cells in the cultures. However, a minor component of this response, sensitive to anti-Thy-1 serum, was made by CRL(-) B cells, indicating the existence of subpopulations of T-dependent B cells with different signalling requirements. The results suggest that most B cells responsive to T-dependent antigens possess receptors for C3 and that C3 plays an obligatory role in the response of these cells. A distinct subpopulation of B cells which lack C3 receptors respond to T-independent antigens. The precursors of PFC for the ABA epitope reside largely or exclusively in the CRL(+) compartment in A/J mice, whereas precursors for the DNP determinant are found in both compartments.

scholarly journals MAP 1C is a microtubule-activated ATPase which translocates microtubules in vitro and has dynein-like properties.

1987 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 1273-1282 ◽  
Author(s):  
B M Paschal ◽  
H S Shpetner ◽  
R B Vallee
Keyword(s):  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Heavy Chain ◽  
Sedimentation Coefficient ◽  
Minor Component ◽  
High Molecular Mass ◽  
Microtubule Associated Proteins ◽  
Associated Proteins ◽  
Axonemal Dynein ◽  
A Minor

We observe that one of the high molecular mass microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) from brain exhibits nucleotide-dependent binding to microtubules. We identify the protein as MAP IC, which was previously described in this laboratory as a minor component of standard microtubule preparations (Bloom, G.S., T. Schoenfeld, and R.B. Vallee, 1984, J. Cell Biol., 98:320-330). We find that MAP 1C is enriched in microtubules prepared in the absence of nucleotide. Kinesin is also found in these preparations, but can be specifically extracted with GTP. A fraction highly enriched in MAP 1C can be prepared by subsequent extraction of the microtubules with ATP. Two activities cofractionate with MAP 1C upon further purification, a microtubule-activated ATPase activity and a microtubule-translocating activity. These activities indicate a role for the protein in cytoplasmic motility. MAP 1C coelectrophoreses with the beta heavy chain of Chlamydomonas flagellar dynein, and has a sedimentation coefficient of 20S. Exposure to ultraviolet light in the presence of vanadate and ATP results in the production of two large fragments of MAP 1C. These characteristics suggest that MAP 1C may be a cytoplasmic analogue of axonemal dynein.

scholarly journals Chemical Composition and Possible in vitro Antigermination Activity of Three Hypericum Essential Oils

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1100601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurelio Marandino ◽  
Laura De Martino ◽  
Emilia Mancini ◽  
Luigi Milella ◽  
Vincenzo De Feo
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Hypericum Perforatum ◽  
Lepidium Sativum ◽  
Radicle Elongation ◽  
Phytotoxic Activity ◽  
Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbons ◽  
Total Oil ◽  
A Minor

The essential oils of Hypericum perforatum, H. perfoliatum and H. hircinum, growing in Southern Italy, were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. In the three oils, 111 compounds in all were identified: 53 for the oil of H. hircinum (93.7% of the total oil), 55 for H. perforatum (96.5% of the total oil) and 63 for H. perfoliatum (98.7% of the total oil). The major fraction of the essential oils of H. perforatum and H. hircinum was represented by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, while the monoterpene α-pinene, and the phenol thymol were the most abundant compounds in the essential oil of H. perfoliatum. The oils were evaluated for their potential in vitro phytotoxic activity against germination and early radicle elongation of Raphanus sativus and Lepidium sativum. The germination of this latter was significantly inhibited by the essential oil of H. hircinum, at the highest doses tested, whereas radicle elongation of garden cress was significantly inhibited by the essential oils of H. perfoliatum and H. hircinum. The radicle elongation of radish was inhibited by the essential oil of H. hircinum to a major extent and by H. perforatum and perfoliatum in a minor measure.

scholarly journals Escherichia coli as a platform for the study of phosphoinositide biology

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. eaat4872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Botero ◽  
Rachel Chiaroni-Clarke ◽  
Sanford M. Simon
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Minor Component ◽  
Signaling Cascades ◽  
Membrane Biology ◽  
E Coli ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Phosphatidylinositol 4

Despite being a minor component of cells, phosphoinositides are essential for eukaryotic membrane biology, serving as markers of organelle identity and involved in several signaling cascades. Their many functions, combined with alternative synthesis pathways, make in vivo study very difficult. In vitro studies are limited by their inability to fully recapitulate the complexities of membranes in living cells. We engineered the biosynthetic pathway for the most abundant phosphoinositides into the bacterium Escherichia coli, which is naturally devoid of this class of phospholipids. These modified E. coli, when grown in the presence of myo-inositol, incorporate phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI4P), phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), and phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) into their plasma membrane. We tested models of biophysical mechanisms with these phosphoinositides in a living membrane, using our system to evaluate the role of PIP2 in nonconventional protein export of human basic fibroblast growth factor 2. We found that PI alone is sufficient for the process.

Osteonectin is a minor component of mineralized connective tissues in rat

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 356-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Zung ◽  
Carmelo Domenicucci ◽  
Safia Wasi ◽  
Fumiyuki Kuwata ◽  
Jaro Sodek
Keyword(s):  
Minor Component ◽  
Crystal Formation ◽  
Connective Tissues ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Virtual Absence ◽  
Mineralized Tissues ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
A Minor

Osteonectin is a major glycoprotein of porcine and bovine bones and teeth that is found associated with hydroxylapatite crystal surfaces. From the ability of osteonectin to bind calcium ions, it has been proposed as a possible nucleator of hydroxylapatite crystal formation. Analysis of hydroxylapatite-bound proteins of rat bone and dentine, however, has revealed that osteonectin represents only 2.5 ± 1.5% of the hydroxylapatite-bound protein in long bones, 0.9 ± 0.5% in calvariae, and < 0.1% in incisor dentine of animals of different ages. Further, in vivo pulse–chase studies carried out in young adult rats have shown osteonectin to be synthesized at low levels in these tissues. Similarly, low levels of osteonectin were synthesized by rat calvarial cells in vitro. In contrast, fibroblastic cells from periodontal ligament and gingiva synthesized significantly greater amounts of osteonectin. These studies indicate that the low quantities of osteonectin in rat mineralized tissues are a consequence of low rates of formation rather than being due to rapid turnover. The virtual absence of osteonectin in incisor dentine correlates with the lack of peritubular dentine in rat, whereas the low osteonectin content of rat bones may reflect differences in their structure and biophysical properties compared with bones of larger mammals.

scholarly journals Separation of Volatile Metabolites from the Leaf-Derived Essential Oil of Piper mollicomum Kunth (Piperaceae) by High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 3064 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Marques ◽  
Ana Peixoto ◽  
D. Provance ◽  
Maria Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Minor Component ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Bornyl Acetate ◽  
Countercurrent Chromatography ◽  
Volatile Metabolites ◽  
The One ◽  
A Minor

The technique of high-speed countercurrent chromatography was applied to the isolation of compounds in essential oil derived from the leaves of Piper mollicomum species. Plant leaves (200.0 g) were submitted to hydrodistillation in a modified Clevenger apparatus. The resulting crude leaf essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine the profile of the components. The purified fractions were composed of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes such as camphor (85.0 mg at 98.5% purity), (E)-nerolidol (100.0 mg at 92.8% purity), and camphene (150.0 mg at 82.0% purity). A minor component of the essential oil, bornyl acetate (16.2 mg at 91.2% purity) was also isolated in the one-step separation protocol in 2 h. The countercurrent chromatography technique proved to be a fast and efficient method for the separation of volatile metabolites that conserved the solvent while delivering various fractions of high purity.

Degradation of Fibrinogen by Proteolytic Enzymes

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (03/04) ◽  
pp. 499-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Sanchez-Avalos ◽  
S. P Miller
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Degradation ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Slow Component ◽  
Minor Component ◽  
Fast Component ◽  
Initial Action ◽  
Main Components ◽  
A Minor

SummaryFibrinogen was subjected to enzymatic degradation by streptokinase-activated plasminogen (plasmin). There was a rapid split of the molecule into large polypeptide components. Four components were seen by electrophoresis in acrylamide gel. Two major components (D and E) were identified by Immunoelectrophoresis and immune diffusion. In addition, a minor component which arose from the slow component and is called D’ was seen.Fibrin degradation yielded a slow component that was identical with the slow component of fibrinogen, but the fast component (E) of fibrin was different from that of fibrinogen.Degradation of fibrinogen by trypsin, chymotrypsin and papain was not mediated through the plasminogen-plasmin system. The initial action of these enzymes yielded fragments which were immunologically identical and electrophoretically similar to those of plasmin, but subsequent action of chymotrypsin led to further degradation of the slow component, while the fast component was subsequently destroyed by papain.The two main components (D and E) could be identified in the plasma and serum of patients suffering from fibrinolytic disorders. The components were immunologically identical with the components produced in vitro by proteolytic enzymes.

scholarly journals Integration in or Near Oncogenes Plays Only a Minor Role in Determining the in Vivo Distribution of HIV Integration Sites Before or During Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Coffin ◽  
Michael J. Bale ◽  
Daria Wells ◽  
Shuang Guo ◽  
Brian Luke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Minor Component ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Integration Sites ◽  
Highly Expressed Genes ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
A Minor

AbstractHIV persists during antiretroviral therapy (ART) as integrated proviruses in cells descended from a small fraction of the CD4+ T cells infected prior to the initiation of ART. To better understand what controls HIV persistence and the distribution of integration sites (IS), we compared about 16,000 and 54,000 IS from individuals pre-ART and on ART, respectively, with approximately 385,000 IS from PBMC infected in vitro. The distribution of IS in vivo is quite similar to the distribution in PBMC, modified by selection against proviruses in expressed genes, by selection for proviruses integrated into one of 6 specific genes, and by clonal expansion. The clones in which a provirus integrated in an oncogene contributed to the survival of the clone comprise only a small fraction of the clones that persist in HIV-infected individuals on ART. Mechanisms that do not involve the provirus, or its location in the host genome, are more important in determining which clones expand and persist.Author SummaryIn HIV-infected individuals, a small fraction of the infected cells persist and divide. This reservoir persists on ART and can rekindle the infection if ART is discontinued. Because the number of possible sites of HIV DNA integration is very large, each infected cell, and all of its descendants, can be identified by the site where the provirus is integrated (IS). To understand the selective forces that determine the fates of infected cells in vivo, we compared the distribution of HIV IS in freshly-infected cells to cells from HIV-infected donors sampled both before and during ART. We found that, as has been previously reported, integration favors highly-expressed genes. However, over time the fraction of cells with proviruses integrated in highly-expressed genes decreases, implying that they grow less well. There are exceptions to this broad negative selection. When a provirus is integrated in a specific region in one of six genes, the proviruses affect the expression of the target gene, promoting growth and/or survival of the cell. Although this effect is striking, it is only a minor component of the forces that promote the growth and survival of the population of infected cells during ART.

scholarly journals Two Distinct Mechanisms Ensure Transcriptional Polarity in Double-Stranded RNA Bacteriophages

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 1195-1203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongyan Yang ◽  
Eugene V. Makeyev ◽  
Sarah J. Butcher ◽  
Aušra Gaidelytė ◽  
Dennis H. Bamford
Keyword(s):  
Minor Component ◽  
Rna Transcription ◽  
Double Stranded Rna ◽  
Complex Particle ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dsrna Viruses ◽  
Strand Initiation ◽  
A Minor

ABSTRACT In most double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses, RNA transcription occurs inside a polymerase (Pol) complex particle, which contains an RNA-dependent RNA Pol subunit as a minor component. Only plus- but not minus-sense copies of genomic segments are produced during this reaction. In the case of φ6, a dsRNA bacteriophage from the Cystoviridae family, isolated Pol synthesizes predominantly plus strands using virus-specific dsRNAs in vitro, thus suggesting that Pol template preferences determine the transcriptional polarity. Here, we dissect transcription reactions catalyzed by Pol complexes and Pol subunits of two other cystoviruses, φ8 and φ13. While both Pol complexes synthesize exclusively plus strands over a wide range of conditions, isolated Pol subunits can be stimulated by Mn2+ to produce minus-sense copies on φ13 dsRNA templates. Importantly, all three Pol subunits become more prone to the native-like plus-strand synthesis when the dsRNA templates (including φ13 dsRNA) are activated by denaturation before the reaction. Based on these and earlier observations, we propose a model of transcriptional polarity in Cystoviridae controlled on two independent levels: Pol affinity to plus-strand initiation sites and accessibility of these sites to the Pol in a single-stranded form.

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