scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of In Vitro Responses and Regeneration between Diverse Bioenergy Sorghum Genotypes

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 248
Author(s):  
Barry Flinn ◽  
Savanah Dale ◽  
Andrew Disharoon ◽  
Stephen Kresovich
Keyword(s):  
Plantlet Regeneration ◽  
Induction Phase ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Response Profiles ◽  
The Common ◽  
Parental Lines ◽  
Sorghum Genotypes ◽  
Better Than

Sorghum has been considered a recalcitrant plant in vitro and suffers from a lack of regeneration protocols that function broadly and efficiently across a range of genotypes. This study was initiated to identify differential genotype-in vitro protocol responses across a range of bioenergy sorghum parental lines and the common grain sorghum genotype Tx430 in order to characterize response profiles for use in future genetic studies. Two different in vitro protocols, LG and WU, were used for comparisons. Distinct genotype-protocol responses were observed, and the WU protocol performed significantly better for plantlet regeneration. Most bioenergy genotypes performed as well, if not better than Tx430, with Rio and PI329311 as the top regenerating lines. Genotypes displayed protocol-dependent, differential phenolic exudation responses, as indicated by medium browning. During the callus induction phase, genotypes prone to medium browning exhibited a response on WU medium which was either equal or greater than on LG medium. Genotype- and protocol-dependent albino plantlet regeneration was also noted, with three of the bioenergy genotypes showing albino plantlet regeneration. Grassl, Rio and Pink Kafir were susceptible to albino plantlet regeneration, with the response strongly associated with the WU protocol. These bioenergy parental genotypes, and their differential responses under two in vitro protocols, provide tools to further explore and assess the role of genetic loci, candidate genes, and allelic variants in the regulation of in vitro responsiveness in sorghum.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of In Vitro Responses and Regeneration Between Diverse Bioenergy Sorghum Genotypes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry S. Flinn ◽  
Savanah Dale ◽  
Andrew Disharoon ◽  
Stephen Kresovich
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Regeneration ◽  
Plantlet Regeneration ◽  
Induction Phase ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Response Profiles ◽  
The Common ◽  
Parental Lines ◽  
Sorghum Genotypes ◽  
Better Than

AbstractSorghum has been considered a recalcitrant plant in vitro, and suffers from a lack of regeneration protocols that function broadly and efficiently across a range of genotypes. This study was initiated to identify differential genotype-in vitro protocol responses across a range of bioenergy sorghum bioenergy parental lines, in order to characterize response profiles for use in future genetic studies. Seven bioenergy sorghum genotypes were compared, along with the common grain sorghum genotype Tx430, for their in vitro regeneration responses using two different in vitro protocols, LG and WU. All genotypes displayed some level of response during in vitro culture with both protocols. Distinct genotype-protocol responses were observed, with the WU protocol significantly better for plantlet regeneration. All bioenergy genotypes, with the exception of Chinese Amber, performed as well, if not better than Tx430, with Rio and PI329311 the top regenerating lines. Genotypes displayed protocol-dependent, differential phenolic exudation responses, as indicated by medium browning. During the callus induction phase, genotypes prone to medium browning exhibited a response on WU medium which was either equal or greater than on LG medium, with Pink Kafir and PI329311 the most prone to medium browning. Genotype- and protocol-dependent albino plantlet regeneration was also noted, with three of the bioenergy genotypes showing albino plantlet regeneration. Grassl, Rio and Pink Kafir were susceptible to albino plantlet regeneration, with the response strongly associated with the WU protocol. Pink Kafir displayed the highest albino formation, with close to 25% of regenerating explants forming albino plantlets.

scholarly journals A Wolf in Another Wolf’s Clothing: Post-Genomic Regulation Dictates Venom Profiles of Medically-Important Cryptic Kraits in India

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kartik Sunagar ◽  
Suyog Khochare ◽  
R. R. Senji Laxme ◽  
Saurabh Attarde ◽  
Paulomi Dam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Clinical Effectiveness ◽  
Venom Gland ◽  
Western India ◽  
The Common ◽  
Genomic Regulation

The Common Krait (Bungarus caeruleus) shares a distribution range with many other ‘phenotypically-similar’ kraits across the Indian subcontinent. Despite several reports of fatal envenomings by other Bungarus species, commercial Indian antivenoms are only manufactured against B. caeruleus. It is, therefore, imperative to understand the distribution of genetically distinct lineages of kraits, the compositional differences in their venoms, and the consequent impact of venom variation on the (pre)clinical effectiveness of antivenom therapy. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted phylogenetic and comparative venomics investigations of kraits in Southern and Western India. Phylogenetic reconstructions using mitochondrial markers revealed a new species of krait, Romulus’ krait (Bungarus romulusi sp. nov.), in Southern India. Additionally, we found that kraits with 17 mid-body dorsal scale rows in Western India do not represent a subspecies of the Sind Krait (B. sindanus walli) as previously believed, but are genetically very similar to B. sindanus in Pakistan. Furthermore, venom proteomics and comparative transcriptomics revealed completely contrasting venom profiles. While the venom gland transcriptomes of all three species were highly similar, venom proteomes and toxicity profiles differed significantly, suggesting the prominent role of post-genomic regulatory mechanisms in shaping the venoms of these cryptic kraits. In vitro venom recognition and in vivo neutralisation experiments revealed a strong negative impact of venom variability on the preclinical performance of commercial antivenoms. While the venom of B. caeruleus was neutralised as per the manufacturer’s claim, performance against the venoms of B. sindanus and B. romulusi was poor, highlighting the need for regionally-effective antivenoms in India.

Safflower Yellow Prevents Pulmonary Metastasis of Breast Cancer by Inhibiting Tumor Cell Invadopodia

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (07) ◽  
pp. 1491-1506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huiying Fu ◽  
Renjie Wu ◽  
Yuanyuan Li ◽  
Lizong Zhang ◽  
Xiaofang Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Pulmonary Metastasis ◽  
Breast Cancer Cells ◽  
Dependent Cell ◽  
Response Profiles ◽  
Dose Dependent

Carthamus tinctorius L. is a traditional Chinese medicine that activates blood circulation and dissipates blood stasis, and has been extensively used as antitumor treatment in a clinical setting in single or in compound preparation form. However, empirical evidence and a better understanding of the possible mechanisms involved are still required. Here, we investigated the role of safflower yellow (SY), the active ingredient of C. tinctorius, in the pulmonary metastasis of breast cancer, and the underlying mechanism of action. EGF-meditated time- and dose-dependent cell response profiles were applied to screen for the activity of SY in vitro, while orthotopic lung metastasis and intravenous injection were used to evaluate the antimetastatic role of SY in vivo. SY could dose-dependently inhibit EGF-mediated time- and dose-dependent cell response profiles by inhibiting cytoskeletal rearrangement. We also found that SY significantly inhibited the migration of breast cancer cells in vitro and pulmonary metastasis of breast cancer cells in vivo. Consistent with these phenotypes, formation of invadopodia and the expression of MMP-9 and p-Src proteins were decreased after EGF stimulation in MBA-MD-231 cells treat with SY, as well as in lung metastatic foci. Additionally, circulating tumor cells retained in lung capillaries were also reduced. These results suggest that the antimetastatic effect of SY is due to its inhibition of invadopodia formation, which occurs mainly through Src-dependent cytoskeleton rearrangement. We suggest that SY should be considered as a potential novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of breast cancer.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF COMPLEMENT IN RESISTANCE TO ENDOGENOUS AND EXOGENOUS INFECTION WITH A COMMON MOUSE PATHOGEN, CORYNEBACTERIUM KUTSCHERI

1966 ◽  
Vol 124 (4) ◽  
pp. 689-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda D. Caren ◽  
L. T. Rosenberg
Keyword(s):  
Survival Advantage ◽  
Mouse Serum ◽  
Equal Frequency ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Immune Hemolysis ◽  
The Common ◽  
Deficient Mice ◽  
Normal Laboratory ◽  
Better Than

In mice, the presence or absence of a single complement (C') component, called hc1, is controlled by two alleles at the Hc locus. The sera of mice which lack this C' component do not manifest C'-mediated immune hemolysis. When challenged with the common mouse pathogen, Corynebacterium kutscheri, mice possessing hemolytic C' fare slightly better than C'-deficient mice. When mice harboring latent C. kutscheri are administered hydrocortisone, which depresses mouse serum C' levels, pseudotuberculosis is activated with equal frequency in mice of both C' types. These data suggest that in at least one situation the presence of the complete hemolytic C' system may be advantageous to the mouse. In contrast, evidence is presented which shows that under normal laboratory conditions, C'-deficient B10.D2 "old line" mice (Hc0/Hc0) have a survival advantage over C'-positive B10.D2 "new line" mice (Hc1/Hic1) during the first 3 wk of life. It is therefore concluded that mouse hemolytic C' has a balanced survival value—that is, under one set of conditions it may be advantageous, whereas in another situation, it may be disadvantageous.

scholarly journals Metal Complexes Derived of Diosmin with Biological Activities in vitro

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Maéli M. F. Civa ◽  
Dirceu G. de Souza ◽  
Renata G. Silva ◽  
Dayany da S. A. Maciel ◽  
Ricardo L. Tranquilin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metal Complexes ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Coordination Complexes ◽  
Human Leukemia ◽  
Human Leukemia Cells ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Xrd Techniques ◽  
Better Than

The coordination of metal ions with flavonoids is applied to improve its pharmacological properties. To evaluate the role of ions on diosmin new complexes with Fe(II), Cu(II) and Co(II) ions were synthetized and characterized by UV, FT-IR and XRD techniques and surface morphology by SEM. The biological activity of coordination complexes in vitro, the antioxidant (ABTS), antibacterial (disc diffusion and MIC) and antitumoral activities (MTT) were analyzed. Diosmin when reacting with Fe(II) at 50ºC loses the sugar molecule becoming diosmetin (D) coordinated at 1D:1Fe ratio. In presence of Cu(II) and Co(II) at the same conditions besides losing the sugar, diosmin loses the methyl group at C4’ and H at C3’, producing a new ligand and complexes at 1D:2Cu or Co ratio, to produce DCu and DCo, respectively. The coordination of Cu and Fe improve the antioxidant activity of diosmin. DCo was the only presented antibacterial activity. Additionally, a specific antitumor effect of diosmin and metal complexes upon human leukemia cells was demonstrated, suggesting an immune regulatory action. The anti-melanoma activity of DCo is 10 times better than diosmin. Metal coordination could be used to improve drug activity and to give direction to a new possibility of clinical use for diosmin.

scholarly journals Mutagenic Analysis of the Clostridium difficile Flagellar Proteins, FliC and FliD, and Their Contribution to Virulence in Hamsters

2011 ◽  
Vol 79 (10) ◽  
pp. 4061-4067 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanis C. Dingle ◽  
George L. Mulvey ◽  
Glen D. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mutant Strains ◽  
Structural Subunit ◽  
Flagellar Proteins ◽  
Colonization Factors ◽  
Host Tissues ◽  
Better Than

ABSTRACTAlthough toxins A and B are known to be important contributors to the acute phase ofClostridium difficileinfection, the role of colonization and adherence to host tissues in the overall pathogenesis of these organisms remains unclear. Consequently, we used the recently introduced intron-based ClosTron gene interruption system to eliminate the expression of two reportedC. difficilecolonization factors, the major flagellar structural subunit (FliC) and the flagellar cap protein (FliD), to gain greater insight into how flagella and motility contribute toC. difficile's pathogenic strategy. The results demonstrate that interrupting either thefliCor thefliDgene results in a complete loss of flagella, as well as motility, inC. difficile. However, both thefliCandfliDmutant strains adhered better than the wild-type 630Δerm strain to human intestine-derived Caco-2 cells, suggesting that flagella and motility do not contribute to, or may even interfere with,C. difficileadherence to epithelial cell surfacesin vitro. Moreover, we found that the mutant strains were more virulent in hamsters, indicating either that flagella are unnecessary for virulence or that repression of motility may be a pathogenic strategy employed byC. difficilein hamsters.

scholarly journals Potential of Portland pozzolana cement in the stabilization of an expansive soil subjected to alternate cycles of wetting and drying

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-91
Author(s):  
Jijo James ◽  
Anupriya Natesan ◽  
Aswini Manohar ◽  
Vishvaa Subramanian
Keyword(s):  
Blended Cement ◽  
Expansive Soil ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Wetting And Drying ◽  
Stabilized Soil ◽  
Ucs Test ◽  
The Common ◽  
Portland Pozzolana Cement ◽  
Better Than

Cement/lime stabilization of soils is one of the common techniques adopted for improving its geotechnical properties. Lately, the focus of investigation has shifted to blended stabilization with industrial wastes as auxiliary additives. However, the role of blended cement in stabilization of soil has been studied insufficiently despite the fact that it is manufactured under controlled conditions. This investigation deals with the use of Portland pozzolana cement (PPC) instead of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in the stabilization of an expansive soil subjected to alternate cycles of wetting and drying. Unconfined compression strength (UCS) test specimens of dimensions 38mm x 76mm were cast and cured for periods of 7, 14 and 21 days. Then, the specimens were subjected to 1, 2 and 3 cycles of wetting and drying and the UCS of the specimens were determined. Based on the results of the investigation, it was found that OPC performed significantly better than PPC under normal conditions. However, under conditions of wetting and drying, PPC stabilized soil performed much better than OPC stabilized soil when sufficient binder content was available.

scholarly journals Role of Borneol Induced Autophagy in Enhancing Radiosensitivity of Malignant Glioma

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qinglin Li ◽  
Liang Xia ◽  
Caixing Sun ◽  
Huangjie Zhang ◽  
Mengying Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glioma Cells ◽  
Beclin 1 ◽  
Tumor Cell Proliferation ◽  
Therapeutic Outcomes ◽  
Primary Glioma ◽  
The Common ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Glioma is the common primary craniocerebral malignancy with unfavorable prognosis. It is currently treated by surgical resection supplemented by radiotherapy, although the resistance of glioma cells to radiation limits the therapeutic outcomes. The aim of the present study was to determine the potential radiosensitizing effects of borneol and the underlying mechanisms. We found that borneol administration along with radiotherapy significantly inhibited the growth of primary glioma cells in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, borneol markedly increased the number of autophagosomes in the glioma cells, which coincided with increased expression of beclin-1 and LC3. And the combination of borneol and radiation exposure significantly decreased the expression levels of HIF-1α, mTORC1 and eIF4E. In addition, silencing mTORC1 and eIF4E upregulated Beclin-1 and LC3 and decreased the expression of HIF-1α, thereby inhibiting tumor cell proliferation. Our findings suggest that borneol sensitizes glioma cells to radiation by inducing autophagy via inhibition of the mTORC1/eIF4E/HIF-1α regulatory axis.

Implications of genetics for the epidemiology and control of leprosy

1988 ◽  
Vol 321 (1207) ◽  
pp. 365-376 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Disease Clusters ◽  
Hla Dr ◽  
History Of ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Specific Reactions ◽  
And Control

This paper reviews the rationale and history of genetic studies related to leprosy, and considers their implications for the epidemiology and control of the disease. A long tradition of genetic studies in leprosy was initiated by early impressions that the disease clusters within families. Investigations were first motivated by an attempt to understand population patterns, and the focus shifted from investigations of racial differences to investigations of families, of twins and ultimately of genetic markers. The strongest evidence for genetic influence has come from studies of HLA segregation patterns within families, and this has led to elegant in vitro work demonstrating the role of HLA-DR alleles in mediating T-cell reactions in conjunction with antigens of Mycobacterium leprae . The epidemiological implications of this work are not yet clear. The emphasis on family-segregation studies may have given a biased impression because of their requirement for multi-case families. There is evidence that the genetic mechanisms underlying leprosy differ within and between populations. One possible application of the current work would be the use of HLA-DR-specific reactions to identify epitopes of M. leprae which should be excluded from future vaccine preparations.

scholarly journals Function-Based Selection and Characterization of Base-Pair Polymorphisms in a Promoter of Escherichia coli RNA Polymerase-ς70

2001 ◽  
Vol 183 (9) ◽  
pp. 2866-2873 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Xu ◽  
Barbara C. McCabe ◽  
Gerald B. Koudelka
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Rna Polymerase ◽  
Promoter Sequence ◽  
Kinetic Properties ◽  
Optimal Sequence ◽  
Sequence Requirements ◽  
Better Than

ABSTRACT We performed two sets of in vitro selections to dissect the role of the −10 base sequence in determining the rate and efficiency with which Escherichia coli RNA polymerase-ς70forms stable complexes with a promoter. We identified sequences that (i) rapidly form heparin-resistant complexes with RNA polymerase or (ii) form heparin-resistant complexes at very low RNA polymerase concentrations. The sequences selected under the two conditions differ from each other and from the consensus −10 sequence. The selected promoters have the expected enhanced binding and kinetic properties and are functionally better than the consensus promoter sequence in directing RNA synthesis in vitro. Detailed analysis of the selected promoter functions shows that each step in this multistep pathway may have different sequence requirements, meaning that the sequence of a strong promoter does not contain the optimal sequence for each step but instead is a compromise sequence that allows all steps to proceed with minimal constraint.

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