scholarly journals Proving the Mode of Action of Phytotoxic Phytochemicals

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1756
Author(s):  
Stephen O. Duke ◽  
Zhiqiang Pan ◽  
Joanna Bajsa-Hirschel
Keyword(s):  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Molecular Target ◽  
Target Site ◽  
Target Protein ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Secondary Effects ◽  
Resistant Form ◽  
The Many

Knowledge of the mode of action of an allelochemical can be valuable for several reasons, such as proving and elucidating the role of the compound in nature and evaluating its potential utility as a pesticide. However, discovery of the molecular target site of a natural phytotoxin can be challenging. Because of this, we know little about the molecular targets of relatively few allelochemicals. It is much simpler to describe the secondary effects of these compounds, and, as a result, there is much information about these effects, which usually tell us little about the mode of action. This review describes the many approaches to molecular target site discovery, with an attempt to point out the pitfalls of each approach. Clues from molecular structure, phenotypic effects, physiological effects, omics studies, genetic approaches, and use of artificial intelligence are discussed. All these approaches can be confounded if the phytotoxin has more than one molecular target at similar concentrations or is a prophytotoxin, requiring structural alteration to create an active compound. Unequivocal determination of the molecular target site requires proof of activity on the function of the target protein and proof that a resistant form of the target protein confers resistance to the target organism.

scholarly journals Emerging Roles of SPINK1 in Cancer

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kati Räsänen ◽  
Outi Itkonen ◽  
Hannu Koistinen ◽  
Ulf-Håkan Stenman
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Trypsin Inhibitor ◽  
Acute Phase Reactant ◽  
Normal Tissues ◽  
Trypsin Inhibition ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Peptidase Inhibitor ◽  
The Many

Abstract BACKGROUND Tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI) was originally isolated from the urine of a patient with ovarian cancer. It was later shown to be produced by many other tumors and several normal tissues. It had earlier been isolated from the pancreas and was hence called pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI). It belongs to a family of protease inhibitors presently called serine peptidase inhibitor Kazal type (SPINK). In the SPINK family TATI/PSTI is SPINK1, which is the name used in this review. CONTENT In addition to being a protease inhibitor, SPINK1 also acts as an acute-phase reactant and a growth factor. Furthermore, it has been shown to modulate apoptosis. Overexpression of SPINK1 predicts an unfavorable outcome in several cancers and determination of SPINK1 in serum can be used to identify patients at increased risk of aggressive disease. Thus serum SPINK1 can be used as a prognostic tumor marker. Because SPINK1 acts as a growth factor and an inhibitor of apoptosis in some cancers, it has also been suggested that it can be a therapeutic target in cancer. However, because SPINK1 is the major physiological inhibitor of trypsin, inhibition of SPINK1 may increase the risk of pancreatitis. SUMMARY Taking into account the many functions of SPINK1, assessing the role of SPINK1 in cancer has several potentially important clinical applications ranging from a biomarker to a potential new target for cancer therapy.

scholarly journals ROLE OF NITRIC OXIDE IN EXHALED AIR IN BRONCHIALASTHMA

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-31
Author(s):  
N M Nenasheva ◽  
N M Nenasheva
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Bronchial Asthma ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Exhaled Air

In this review the main physiological effects of nitric oxide in the human body have been considered, as well as its pathophysiologic role in bronchial asthma. Methods for determination of nitric oxide in exhaled air have been described. The importance of determining the level of nitric oxide in patients with bronchial asthma has been analyzed.

scholarly journals Analisa Persespsi Masyarakat Pendatang Terhadap Kearifan Lokal Metode Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) Mamdani

KOMTEKINFO ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-197
Author(s):  
Silky Safira ◽  
Wifra Safitri
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Fuzzy Inference ◽  
Immigrant Communities ◽  
Inference System ◽  
The Public ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
The Many

Fuzzy logic is considered capable of mapping input into output without ignoring existing factors. Fuzzy logic is very flexible and tolerant of existing data. By using fuzzy logic, a model will be produced from a system that is able to estimate the perceptions of immigrants to local wisdom. The factors that influence the determination of immigrants' perceptions of local wisdom with fuzzy logic are the attitude of immigrant communities. Society's socio-cultural life is shown by the many links to other social life, such as ideology, lifestyle, and economy. This means that changes in one socio-cultural life will affect other social and cultural lives. Therefore this system is made so that the public can know, study and examine the variety of local wisdom, examine the role of indigenous and immigrant people in preserving local wisdom and study the strategies of indigenous and immigrant populations in limiting conflict and so on by applying fuzzy mamdani methods that are expected to provide decisions good in responding to the perceptions of immigrants towards local wisdom in West Kinali Pasaman.

scholarly journals THE ASHLAND OIL SPILL OF JANUARY 1988: AN EPA PERSPECTIVE

1989 ◽  
Vol 1989 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley L. Laskowski ◽  
Thomas C. Voltaggio
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Active Role ◽  
The Public ◽  
Governmental Agencies ◽  
Regulatory Aspects ◽  
Response Team ◽  
The Many ◽  
Responsible Party

ABSTRACT The Ashland oil spill of January, 1988 near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, was one of the largest inland releases of oil in U.S. history. The response to this release lasted over a month and involved the combined resources of government, industry, and the public. This paper discusses the spill incident, the response, and the causes of the release; an inquiry into the regulatory aspects of this incident is continuing and is not a focus here. The major issues brought out in the response to the release were the determination of the cause of the release, the role that the responsible party played in the cleanup efforts, the role of the first responders to the release, and the role that governmental agencies played in maintaining adequate water supplies to the many communities which take their drinking water from the Monongahela and Ohio rivers. The response to the release and the methods which were used to track the plume and provide early warning to downstream users, as well as the active role played by the Regional Response Team in coordinating the many governmental entities involved are described.

On Future Directions in Pathology

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 274-277
Author(s):  
Benjamin F. Trump ◽  
Irene K. Berezesky ◽  
Raymond T. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Diagnostic Pathology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The Many

The role of electron microscopy and associated techniques is assured in diagnostic pathology. At the present time, most of the progress has been made on tissues examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and correlated with light microscopy (LM) and by cytochemistry using both plastic and paraffin-embedded materials. As mentioned elsewhere in this symposium, this has revolutionized many fields of pathology including diagnostic, anatomic and clinical pathology. It began with the kidney; however, it has now been extended to most other organ systems and to tumor diagnosis in general. The results of the past few years tend to indicate the future directions and needs of this expanding field. Now, in addition to routine EM, pathologists have access to the many newly developed methods and instruments mentioned below which should aid considerably not only in diagnostic pathology but in investigative pathology as well.

The many faces of STEM in materials science

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 440-441
Author(s):  
John Silcox
Keyword(s):  
Materials Science ◽  
Auger Spectroscopy ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
High Tc Superconductors ◽  
High Tc ◽  
Acoustic Environment ◽  
Electromagnetic Vibration ◽  
The Many ◽  
Serial Mode

Determination of the microstructure and microchemistry of small features often provides the insight needed for the understanding of processes in real materials. In many cases, it is not adequate to use microscopy alone. Microdiffraction and microspectroscopic information such as EELS, X-ray microprobe analysis and Auger spectroscopy can all contribute vital parts of the picture. For a number of reasons, dedicated STEM offers considerable promise as a quantitative instrument. In this paper, we review progress towards effective quantitative use of STEM with illustrations drawn from studies of high Tc superconductors, compound semiconductors and metallization of H-terminated silicon.Intrinsically, STEM is a quantitative instrument. Images are acquired directly by detectors in serial mode which is particularly convenient for digital image acquisition, control and display. The VG HB501A at Cornell has been installed in a particularly stable electromagnetic, vibration and acoustic environment. Care has been paid to achieving UHV conditions (i.e., 10-10 Torr). Finally, it has been interfaced with a VAX 3200 work station by Kirkland. This permits, for example, the acquisition of bright field (or energy loss) images and dark field images simultaneously as quantitative arrays in perfect registration.

Enhanced information from biological materials through technological improvements in cryo-electron microscopy

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 788-789
Author(s):  
Marc J.C. de Jong ◽  
Wim M. Busing ◽  
Max T. Otten
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Biological Materials ◽  
Electron Crystallography ◽  
Cryo Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
The Many ◽  
Technological Improvements ◽  
Beam Damage

Biological materials damage rapidly in the electron beam, limiting the amount of information that can be obtained in the transmission electron microscope. The discovery that observation at cryo temperatures strongly reduces beam damage (in addition to making it unnecessaiy to use chemical fixatives, dehydration agents and stains, which introduce artefacts) has given an important step forward to preserving the ‘live’ situation and makes it possible to study the relation between function, chemical composition and morphology.Among the many cryo-applications, the most challenging is perhaps the determination of the atomic structure. Henderson and co-workers were able to determine the structure of the purple membrane by electron crystallography, providing an understanding of the membrane's working as a proton pump. As far as understood at present, the main stumbling block in achieving high resolution appears to be a random movement of atoms or molecules in the specimen within a fraction of a second after exposure to the electron beam, which destroys the highest-resolution detail sought.

The Collaborative Medical and Behavioral Management of Chronic Cough

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-57
Author(s):  
Brian E. Petty ◽  
Seth H. Dailey
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
Chronic Cough ◽  
Therapeutic Management ◽  
Ambulatory Setting ◽  
Behavioral Management ◽  
Speech Language Pathologists ◽  
Speech Language Pathologist ◽  
The Many ◽  
Frequent Reason

Abstract Chronic cough is the most frequent reason cited by patients for seeking medical care in an ambulatory setting and may account for 10% to 38% of a pulmonologist's practice. Because chronic cough can be caused by or correlated with a wide array of disorders and behaviors, the diagnosis of etiologic factors and determination of appropriate therapeutic management in these cases can prove to be daunting for the physician and speech-language pathologist alike. This article will describe the phenomenon of chronic cough, discuss the many etiologic factors to consider, and review some of the more common ways in which speech-language pathologists and physicians collaborate to treat this challenging condition.

A Molecular Approach to Immunoscintigraphy: A Study of the T-Antigen Conformation on the Surface of Tumors

1987 ◽  
Vol 26 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Selvaraj ◽  
M. R. Suresh ◽  
G. McLean ◽  
D. Willans ◽  
C. Turner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Tumor Cell ◽  
T Antigen ◽  
Human Carcinomas ◽  
Animal Tumor ◽  
Synthetic Antigens

The role of glycoconjugates in tumor cell differentiation has been well documented. We have examined the expression of the two anomers of the Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen on the surface of human, canine and murine tumor cell membranes both in vitro and in vivo. This has been accomplished through the synthesis of the disaccharide terminal residues in both a and ß configuration. Both entities were used to generate murine monoclonal antibodies which recognized the carbohydrate determinants. The determination of fine specificities of these antibodies was effected by means of cellular uptake, immunohistopathology and immunoscintigraphy. Examination of pathological specimens of human and canine tumor tissue indicated that the expressed antigen was in the β configuration. More than 89% of all human carcinomas tested expressed the antigen in the above anomeric form. The combination of synthetic antigens and monoclonal antibodies raised specifically against them provide us with invaluable tools for the study of tumor marker expression in humans and their respective animal tumor models.

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