scholarly journals Effects of a Phosphorus Flame Retardant System on the Mechanical and Fire Behavior of Microcellular ABS

Polymers ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Realinho ◽  
David Arencón ◽  
Marcelo Antunes ◽  
José Velasco
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Impact Energy ◽  
Weight Reduction ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Injection Molding Process ◽  
Molding Process ◽  
The Impact

The present work deals with the study of phosphorus flame retardant microcellular acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) parts and the effects of weight reduction on the fire and mechanical performance. Phosphorus-based flame retardant additives (PFR), aluminum diethylphosphinate and ammonium polyphosphate, were used as a more environmentally friendly alternative to halogenated flame retardants. A 25 wt % of such PFR system was added to the polymer using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. Subsequently, microcellular parts with 10, 15, and 20% of nominal weight reduction were prepared using a MuCell® injection-molding process. The results indicate that the presence of PFR particles increased the storage modulus and decreased the impact energy determined by means of dynamic-mechanical-thermal analysis and falling weight impact tests respectively. Nevertheless, the reduction of impact energy was found to be lower in ABS/PFR samples than in neat ABS with increasing weight reduction. This effect was attributed to the lower cell sizes and higher cell densities of the microcellular core of ABS/PFR parts. All ABS/PFR foams showed a self-extinguishing behavior under UL-94 burning vertical tests, independently of the weight reduction. Gradual decreases of the second peak of heat release rate and time of combustion with similar intumescent effect were observed with increasing weight reduction under cone calorimeter tests.

Bioactive poly(etheretherketone) composite containing calcium polyphosphate and multi-walled carbon nanotubes for bone repair: Mechanical property and in vitro biocompatibility

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 543-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianfei Cao ◽  
Yue Lu ◽  
Hechun Chen ◽  
Lifang Zhang ◽  
Chengdong Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Property ◽  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Bone Repair ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Injection Molding Process ◽  
Molding Process ◽  
Calcium Polyphosphate ◽  
Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Poly(etheretherketone) exhibits good biocompatibility, excellent mechanical properties, and bone-like stiffness. However, the natural bio-inertness of pure poly(etheretherketone) hinders its applications in biomedical field, especially when direct bone-implant osteo-integration is desired. For developing an alternative biomaterial for load-bearing orthopedic application, combination of bioactive fillers with poly(etheretherketone) matrix is a feasible approach. In this study, a bioactive multi-walled carbon nanotubes/calcium polyphosphate/poly(etheretherketone) composite was prepared through a compounding and injection-molding process for the first time. Bioactive calcium polyphosphate was added to polymer matrix to enhance the bioactivity of the composite, and incorporation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes to composite was aimed to improve both the mechanical property and biocompatibility. Furthermore, the microstructures, surface hydrophilicity, and mechanical property of multi-walled carbon nanotubes/calcium polyphosphate/poly(etheretherketone) composite, as well as the cellular responses of MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cells to this material were investigated. The mechanical testing revealed that mechanical performance of the resulting ternary composite was significantly enhanced by adding the multi-walled carbon nanotubes and the mechanical values obtained were close to or higher than those of human cortical bone. More importantly, cell culture tests showed that initial cell adhesion, cell viability, and osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells were significantly promoted on the multi-walled carbon nanotubes/calcium polyphosphate/poly(etheretherketone) composite. Accordingly, the multi-walled carbon nanotubes/calcium polyphosphate/poly(etheretherketone) composite may be used as a promising bone repair material in dental and orthopedic applications.

Study of the Influence of Surface Mold Deposits on the Demolding Stage of the Injection Molding Process of Thermoplastics

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikae¨l Chailly ◽  
Vincent Gilbert ◽  
Jean-Yves Charmeau ◽  
Yves Bereaux
Keyword(s):  
Amorphous Polymer ◽  
Infrared Camera ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Injection Molding Process ◽  
Mold Surface ◽  
Molding Process ◽  
Injection Process ◽  
Molded Parts ◽  
Styrene Acrylonitrile ◽  
Thermal Influence

Due to increasing expectings from the market, the aspect of molded parts has to be improved. Some of the defects observed such as scratches on these parts is related to the demolding stage. To limit this, we investigated the influence on demolding forces using various surface deposits on the mold surface, mainly PVD and PACVD deposits : Chromium nitrium (CrN), Titane nitrium (TiN), Diamond like Carbon (DLC), glassy deposit (SiOx), Chromium and polished steel on an cube-shaped insert in an instrumented mold (with force sensors). Injection campaign was led on three polymers which differ in terms of nature : an amorphous polymer (polycarbonate), a semi-crystalline one (polybutylene terephatalate) and one mix of copolymers (styrene acrylonitrile/ acrylonitrile butadiene styrene). We studied the evolution of these forces through the demolding stage. This allowed us to evaluate the work energy necessary to eject the part from the insert, and to correlate those data to shrinkage of the polymer part, adhesion between polymer and mold surface and friction coefficient between those surfaces during the demolding stage. We also measured the influence the surface temperature of the part just before the demolding stage thanks to an infrared camera to investigate the thermal influence of these deposits in the injection process. Our results show an influence of deposits on demolding forces which is strongly dependent on nature of the polymer (of course) but also on its chemical nature. They also have a slight influence on temperature of the part even if they are only a few microns thick. We therefore developped a method to evaluate surface deposits and their impact on demolding forces, in terms of adhesion polymer/treament and friction.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Novel Polymeric Acrylate-Based Flame Retardants Containing Two Phosphorus Groups in Different Chemical Environments and Their Influence on the Flammability of Poly (Lactic Acid)

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Sag ◽  
Philipp Kukla ◽  
Daniela Goedderz ◽  
Hendrik Roch ◽  
Stephan Kabasci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Fire Scenarios ◽  
Physical Phenomena

Novel polymeric acrylate-based flame retardants (FR 1–4) containing two phosphorus groups in different chemical environments were synthesized in three steps and characterized via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and mass spectrometry (MS). Polylactic acid (PLA) formulations with the synthesized compounds were investigated to evaluate the efficiency of these flame retardants and their mode of action by using TGA, UL94, and cone calorimetry. In order to compare the results a flame retardant polyester containing only one phosphorus group (ItaP) was also investigated in PLA regarding its flame inhibiting effect. Since the fire behavior depends not only on the mode of action of the flame retardants but also strongly on physical phenomena like melt dripping, the flame retardants were also incorporated into PLA with higher viscosity. In the UL94 vertical burning test setup, 10% of the novel flame retardants (FR 1–4) is sufficient to reach a V-0 rating in both PLA types, while a loading of 15% of ItaP is not enough to reach the same classification. Despite their different structure, TGA and cone calorimetry results confirmed a gas phase mechanism mainly responsible for the highly efficient flame retardancy for all compounds. Finally, cone calorimetry tests of the flame retardant PLA with two heat fluxes showed different flame inhibiting efficiencies for different fire scenarios.

Functionalized Cellulose Nanocrystals for Improving the Mechanical Properties of Poly(Lactic Acid)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamileh Shojaeiarani ◽  
Dilpreet Bajwa
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Cellulose Nanocrystals ◽  
Mechanical Test ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Injection Molding Process ◽  
Molding Process ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical ◽  
Uniform Dispersion ◽  
The Impact

Biopolymers are emerging materials with numerous capabilities of minimizing the environmental hazards caused by synthetic materials. The competitive mechanical properties of bio-based poly(lactic acid) (PLA) reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have attracted a huge interest in improving the mechanical properties of the corresponding nanocomposites. To obtain optimal properties of PLA-CNC nanocomposites, the compatibility between PLA and CNCs needs to be improved through uniform dispersion of CNCs into PLA. The application of chemical surface functionalization technique is an essential step to improve the interaction between hydrophobic PLA and hydrophilic CNCs. In this study, a combination of a time-efficient esterification technique and masterbatch approach was used to improve the CNCs dispersibility in PLA. Nanocomposites reinforced by 1, 3, and 5 wt% functionalized CNCs were prepared using twin screw extrusion followed by injection molding process. The mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of pure PLA and nanocomposites were studied through tensile, impact and dynamic mechanical analysis. The impact fractured surfaces were characterized using scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical test results exhibited that tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of nanocomposites improved by 70% and 11% upon addition of functionalized CNCs into pure PLA. The elongation at break and impact strength of nanocomposites exhibited 43% and 35% increase as compared to pure PLA. The rough and irregular fracture surface in nanocomposites confirmed the higher ductility in PLA nanocomposites as compared to pure PLA. The incorporation of functionalized CNCs into PLA resulted in an increase in storage modulus and a decrease in tan δ intensity which was more profound in nanocomposites reinforced with 3 wt% functionalized CNCs.

Study of a novel co-rotating non-twin screw extruder in processing flame retardant polymer materials

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 827-835
Author(s):  
Song Zhao ◽  
Baiping Xu ◽  
Liang He ◽  
Huiwen Yu ◽  
Shouzai Tan
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
Twin Screw Extruder ◽  
Screw Extruder ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
Halogen Free

Abstract A thorough study was carried out to investigate the priority of a novel co-rotating non-twin screw extruder (NTSE) over a traditional twin screw extruder (TSE) in the mixing process of halogen-free intumescent flame-retardant acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) composites. The homogeneity of the flame-retardant additives of the composites processed by NTSE and TSE under the same operating conditions was characterized by using mechanical performance properties, limiting oxygen index values, UL-94 tests, and thermogravimetric analysis. All the results suggested that NTSE could achieve better mixing of the flame-retardant additives in the polymer matrix than TSE, which was further clarified by the scanning electron microscope pictures.

Effect of Powder Loading and Binder Materials on Mechanical Properties in Iron-ABS Injection Molding Process

2013 ◽  
Vol 315 ◽  
pp. 582-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasuha Sa'ude ◽  
M. Ibrahim ◽  
Wahab Saidin
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Injection Molding ◽  
Iron Powder ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Injection Molding Process ◽  
Molding Machine ◽  
Molding Process ◽  
Injection Molding Machine ◽  
Feedstock Material ◽  
Butadiene Styrene

This paper presents the development of a new polymer matrix composite (PMC) feedstock material by the injection molding machine. The material consists of iron powder filled in an acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and surfactant powder (binder) material. In this study, the effect of powder loading and binder content on the mechanical properties was investigated experimentally. The detailed formulations of compounding ratio by Brabender Mixer and injection molding machine of the sample specimen was used with various combinations of the new PMC material. Based on the result obtained, it was found that, higher powder loading of iron filler affected the hardness, tensile and flexural strength of PMC material. With 32% iron powder loading in ABS composites increase the flexural force, maximum stress and force of PMC material through an injection molding process.

Rice Husk/High Density Polyethylene Bio-Composite: Effect of Rice Husk Filler Size and Composition on Injection Molding Processability with Respect to Impact Property

2009 ◽  
Vol 83-86 ◽  
pp. 367-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan Aizan Wan Abd. Rahman ◽  
N.M. Isa ◽  
A.R. Rahmat ◽  
N. Adenan ◽  
R.R. Ali
Keyword(s):  
Impact Strength ◽  
Injection Molding ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
High Density Polyethylene ◽  
Injection Molding Process ◽  
Melt Flow ◽  
Molding Process ◽  
Melt Flow Rate ◽  
Filler Size ◽  
The Impact

The compounding of rice husk and high density polyethylene (HDPE) was undertaken on a Sino PSM 30 co-rotating twin screw extruder. Four sizes of rice husk were studied at various compositions. The size ranged from 500 μm and below (coded A, B, C and D) while the content of rice husk in the composite varies from 30, 40 and 50 percent of weight. A fixed amount of Ultra-Plast TP10 as a compatibilizer and Ultra-Plast TP 01 as lubricant, were added into the bio-composite compound. The injection molding process ability of the bio-composite was studied through flow behavior on melt flow indexer and analyzed on JSW N100 B11 Injection Molding. Size A which has the largest particle is the most appropriate size as the bio-composite filler based on thermal stability test. The melt flow rate of rice husk/HDPE (RHPE) decreases with the increased in rice husk compositions and apparent viscosity also increases with composition for all filler size. Melt flow rate above 4g/10 min was found to be the lower limit for injection molding process. The smaller the filler size, the lower is the impact strength and the increased in the filler composition lowers the impact strength. A bio-composite at 30 weight percent rice husk size A (RH30PEA) was found to have optimum rheological properties with respect to impact strength.

A Study on Contact Angle and Surface Tension on Copper-ABS for FDM Feedstock

2014 ◽  
Vol 607 ◽  
pp. 747-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasuha Sa'ude ◽  
N.M.A. Isa ◽  
M. Ibrahim ◽  
Mohd Halim Irwan Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Contact Angle ◽  
Injection Molding ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Injection Molding Process ◽  
Molding Process ◽  
Volume Percentage ◽  
Surfactant Material ◽  
Feedstock Material ◽  
Butadiene Styrene

This paper presents the development of a new Copper-ABS feedstock material by the injection molding machine. The material consists of copper powder filled in an acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) binder and surfactant material. In this study, the effect of metal filled ABS and binder content on the contact angle and surface tension was investigated experimentally. The detailed formulations of compounding ratio with various combinations of a new Copper-ABS feedstock was done by volume percentage (vol. %). Based on the result obtained, an increment by vol. % of copper filler in ABS effected on contact angle and surface tension results. With highly filled copper content in ABS composites increase the surface tension value. It can be observed that, the tendency of the liquid surface that allow to resist an external force in PMC material through an injection molding process.

Study on the Properties and Mechanism of Flame Retarded Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyamide 6 with Microcapsulated Aluminum Hypophosphite

2014 ◽  
Vol 1033-1034 ◽  
pp. 916-920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hai Shan Tang ◽  
Yi Lun Tan ◽  
Ning Ping Wang ◽  
Lang Ping Xia ◽  
Jie Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glass Fiber ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Polyamide 6 ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Glass Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Flame Retarded ◽  
Aluminum Hypophosphite

Aluminum hypophosphite can be used to flame retard glass fiber reinforced polyamide 6 (GFPA6). TGIC microcapsulated AlHP (T-AlHP) and epoxy resin microcapsulated AlHP (E-AlHP) were made and put into GFPA6. The vertical burning tests and mechanical tests were taken to study the flame retardant performance and mechanical properties of the corresponding composites. Addition of either T-AlHP or E-AlHP resulted in an increased UL-94 rating and a decreased comprehensive mechanical performance. T-AlHP endowed GFPA6 a better flame retardancy than E-AlHP did. TG showed the decomposition behaviors of T-AlHP, E-AlHP, and the corresponding composites. From Py-GC/MS, the detailed pyrolysis products of flame retardants and the flame-retardant composites were identified. Finally, the properties and mechanism of flame retarded GFPA6 with these two kinds of microcapsulated Aluminum Phosphate were summarized.

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