scholarly journals Advances in Low-Density Flexible Polyurethane Foams by Optimized Incorporation of High Amount of Recycled Polyol

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1736
Author(s):  
Gabriel Kiss ◽  
Gerlinde Rusu ◽  
Geza Bandur ◽  
Iosif Hulka ◽  
Daniel Romecki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Emission Data ◽  
Polyurethane Waste ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Foam Properties ◽  
Flexible Polyurethane ◽  
First Time

An industrially manufactured recycled polyol, obtained by acidolysis process, was for the first time proved to be a possible replacement of the reference fossil-based polyol in a low-density formulation suitable for industrial production of flexible polyurethane foams. The influence of increasing recycled polyol amounts on the properties of the polyurethane foam has been studied, also performing foam emission tests to evaluate the environmental impact. Using 10 pbw recycled polyol in the standard formulation, significant differences of the physical properties were not observed, but increase of the recycled polyol amount to 30 pbw led to a dramatic decrease of the foam air flow and a very tight foam. To overcome this drawback, N,N′-bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea was selected as tertiary amine catalyst, enabling the preservation of foam properties even at high recycled polyol level (30 pbw). Foam emission data demonstrated that this optimized foam formulation also led to an important reduction of volatile organic compounds. The results open the way for further optimization studies in low-density flexible polyurethane foam formulations, to increase the reutilization of the polyurethane waste and reduce the amount of petroleum-based raw materials.

Absorptive and Biodegraded Polyurethane Foamed Urea

2010 ◽  
Vol 152-153 ◽  
pp. 131-135
Author(s):  
Jian Li ◽  
Xun Zhang Yu ◽  
Kai Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Carrier Material ◽  
Konjac Flour ◽  
Flexible Polyurethane ◽  
Polyether Polyol

In this article, konjac flour, super absorptive resin and pellet urea were added into flexible polyurethane foamed plastic with polyether polyol and isocyanate as the raw materials by a new water-foamed technology to manufacture a kind of absorptive and biodegraded polyurethane foamed fertilizer. Polyurethane foam was used as a carrier material and konjac flour was used as a biodegradable agent. The results showed that the slow-release velocity of urea could be controlled by regulating the densities of polyurethane foams, the content of konjac flour and super absorptive resin. The carrier material could be degraded konjac flour by naturally.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Mechanical Properties and Volatile Organic Extractable to Investigate LLDPE and LDPE Polymers on Final Packaging for Semisolid Formulation

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arianna Cozzi ◽  
Benedetta Briasco ◽  
Enrico Salvarani ◽  
Barbara Mannucci ◽  
Filippo Fangarezzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Manufacturing Process ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Plastic Material ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Performance

Plastic material is used for a wide variety of commercial packaging due to being inexpensive, lightweight, and due to its resistance. In pharmaceutics, container-content compatibility studies are required for product authorization. Many guidelines and publications are available; however, the information is often only related to the raw materials used to produce packaging. During the manufacturing process, substances can be added to improve the product characteristics and performance, resulting in a processed material that is considerably different from the unprocessed material. In this study, the mechanical properties of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) specimens fabricated according to standard ISO 527 and specimens fabricated with the same materials, but obtained from final packaging, were evaluated. Furthermore, we examined the interaction between a semisolid formulation and LLDPE and LDPE as a final packaging, by subjecting two samples to accelerated degradation testing. Then, mechanical properties and volatile organic extractable were evaluated. Simulated solar radiation did not induce changes in the packaging mechanical properties and no extracts were detectable. The thermal shock strongly influenced the mechanical behavior, and interactions between packaging contents were identified. The present work underlines the difference between analyzing the standard ISO specimens versus samples obtained from final packaging in order to evaluate the packaging under real use conditions. An evaluation on the final packaging, instead on standard specimens, can provide information about the plastic material after the manufacturing process and the interaction between packaging and content.

scholarly journals Atmospheric measurements of ratios between CO<sub>2</sub> and co-emitted species from traffic: a tunnel study in the Paris megacity

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 20197-20229 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Ammoura ◽  
I. Xueref-Remy ◽  
V. Gros ◽  
A. Baudic ◽  
B. Bonsang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emission Inventory ◽  
Atmospheric Measurements ◽  
Background Signal ◽  
Emission Data ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Local Emission ◽  
Fuel Evaporation ◽  
First Time ◽  
Traffic Source ◽  
Emission Ratios

Abstract. Measurements of CO2, CO, NOx and selected Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) concentrations have been performed continuously during ten days in the Guy Môquet tunnel in Thiais, in a peri-urban area about 15 km south from the centre of Paris, between 28 September and 8 October 2012. This dataset is used here to identify the characteristics of traffic-emitted CO2 by evaluating its ratios to co-emitted species, for the first time in the Paris region. High coefficients of determination (r2 > 0.7) are observed between CO2 and some compounds which are characteristic of the traffic source (CO, NOx, benzene, xylenes and acetylene). Weak correlations (r2 < 0.2) are found with species such as propane, n-butane, i-butane, that are associated with fuel evaporation, an insignificant source for CO2. To better characterize the traffic signal, we focus only on species that are well correlated with CO2 and rush hour periods characterized by the highest traffic-related concentrations. To those concentrations, we remove the nighttime averaged weekday concentration obtained for each species that we infer to be the most appropriate background signal for our study. Then, we calculate observed Δspecies ΔCO2 ratios that we compare with the ones provided by the 2010 bottom-up high resolved regional emission inventory from Airparif, the association in charge of monitoring the air quality in Île-de-France, focusing on local emission data for the specific road of the tunnel. We find an excellent agreement (2%) between the local inventory emission CO/CO2 ratio with our observed ΔCO / ΔCO2 ratio. Former tunnel experiments carried out elsewhere in the world provided observed ΔCO / ΔCO2 ratios that differ from 49% to 592% to ours. This variability can be related to technological improvement of vehicles, differences in driving conditions and fleet compositions. We also find a satisfactory agreement with the Airparif inventory for n-propylbenzene, n-pentane and xylenes to CO2 ratios. For most of the other species, the ratios obtained from the local emission inventory overestimate the observed ratios to CO2, by 36% to more than 300%. However, the emission ratios of NOx, o-xylene and i-pentane are underestimated by 39% to 79%. One main cause of such high differences between the inventory and our observations is likely the obsolete feature of the VOCs speciation matrix of the inventory that was not updated since 1998, although law regulations on some VOCs occurred since that time. Our study bears important consequences for the characterisation of the urban CO2 plume and for atmospheric inverse modelling of urban CO2 emissions that are discussed in the conclusion.

scholarly journals ESTUDO DA VIABILIDADE TÉCNICA DO PROCESSAMENTO DE RESÍDUOS DE ESPUMA FLEXÍVEL DE POLIURETANO POR UM MOINHO DE FACAS

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 72
Author(s):  
Marcio Eduardo Marquez ◽  
Fabrício Celso
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Material Flow ◽  
Process Capability ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Industrial Scale ◽  
Toilet Seat ◽  
Flexible Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Flexible Polyurethane

ResumoA necessidade de encontrar meios para reciclar materiais que até então eram apenas descartados no meio ambiente traz também a necessidade de conhecermos a viabilidade de alguns processos em meio industrial, avaliando-os não apenas financeira, mas também tecnicamente, por meio do uso de equipamentos de fácil acesso, manuseio e manutenção. Pensando nisso, este trabalho busca aplicar o processo de trituração por moinho de facas a espumas flexíveis de poliuretano, nas quais ainda se percebe carência de estudos em se tratando de sua redução de partículas por meio de processos industriais. Com o uso de um moinho de facas, buscou-se moer aparas da fabricação de assentos sanitários, sendo que a capacidade do processo e a granulometria final do material triturado foram quantitativamente avaliados e o fluxo de material bem como a moagem em si, foram avaliados qualitativamente. Com uma capacidade aproximada de 1 kg/h, uma granulometria apresentando 46,3% das partículas com dimensões de 2,01 a 4,00mm, fluxo e moagem insatisfatórios, este processo, tal como estudado neste trabalho, foi considerado ineficiente na busca de trituração da espuma flexível de poliuretano, mantendo a necessidade de buscar ainda, em meio industrial, solucionar um problema de processo de reciclagem deste material.Palavras-chave: Espuma Flexível de Poliuretano. Moinho de facas. Capacidade. Granulometria. ABSTRACTThe need of to find ways to recycle materials those only were leave on the environment, brings the need in to know the viability of some processes in industrial scale, evaluating them not just financially form but technically to, by the use of commun, and cheaps, and easily maintenece equipements.Therefore, this paper aims to apply the grind process by knife mill to flexible polyurethane foams those don’t has a great variety of studys about their reduction particle size by processes in industrial scale. Using a knife mill, some foam burrs from the toilet seat fabrication were grinded, and the process capability, as much as the material granulometry, were quantitatively measured. The material flow into the knife mill and the grinder process were qualitatively evaluated. With a capability around 1 kg/h and a granulometry with 46,3% of the particules size around 2,01 to 4,00mm, and flow, and grind unsatisfactory, this process, in that way, was considerd inefficient in find a form of to grind flexible polyurethane foam, and it takes necessary, in industrial way, to solve a problem for reciclyng these kind of material.Keywords: Flexible polyurethane foam. Knife mill. Capability. Granulometry.

Novel flame retardant flexible polyurethane foam: plasma induced graft-polymerization of phosphonates

RSC Advances ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (78) ◽  
pp. 63853-63865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maude Jimenez ◽  
Nicolas Lesaffre ◽  
Séverine Bellayer ◽  
Renaud Dupretz ◽  
Marianne Vandenbossche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Graft Polymerization ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Flexible Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Flexible Polyurethane

Flame retardancy of flexible polyurethane foams has become an issue due to very severe regulations.

scholarly journals Numerical Studies of the Viscosity of Reacting Polyurethane Foam with Experimental Validation

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Kay Schäfer ◽  
Daisy Nestler ◽  
Jürgen Tröltzsch ◽  
Ikenna Ireka ◽  
Dariusz Niedziela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Mathematical Framework ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Transfer Processes ◽  
Linear Partial Differential Equations ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Numerical Studies

Products made of polyurethane foam are manufactured by the chemical reaction of various low-viscosity raw materials and additives. The diversity of different formulations to meet the requirements of the market makes the characterization of their processing and flow properties important for a simple and error-free production. The modeling and simulation of such processes are equally of great importance. This provides additional findings without the expense of real tests and makes it easier to design components. The work described in this paper was carried out against this background. An experimental setup using a rheometer was developed to determine the flow and curing properties of reacting polyurethane foam reproducibly with comparable expansion conditions to industrial processes. The experiment was mathematically modelled to investigate the rheology of reacting polyurethane foams. The mathematical framework consists of coupled, non-linear, partial differential equations for the dynamics and the heat transfer processes in the system. These are solved numerically in 3D using finite volume techniques under adequate physical conditions. The accuracy of two viscosity laws according to the state of the art and their novel combination were investigated in this context. The proposed viscosity model of this study provides accurate results compared to the experiment.

Moisture Absorption and Shock Cushioning Behavior of Flexible Polyurethane Foam Filled with Saw Dust

2012 ◽  
Vol 626 ◽  
pp. 677-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syahidah M. Rum ◽  
Mohd Azlan ◽  
N.V. David
Keyword(s):  
Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Moisture Absorption ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Absorption Test ◽  
Saw Dust ◽  
Foam Filled ◽  
Diffusion Rates ◽  
Flexible Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Flexible Polyurethane

This paper presents the moisture absorption and shock cushioning properties of flexible polyurethane foams (PU) filled with saw dust fibers at 10, 15 and 20wt%. The compositeswere fabricated using open molded method from a two-part liquid foamsystem consisting of part-A (Isocyanate) and part-B (Polyol).The diffusion rates from the moisture absorption test is calculated using Ficks second law equation. Thesample with 10 wt% filler shows the highest diffusion ratewhile the lowest rateis sample with15wt% filler. The shock cushioning properties was determined via drop test where an 11.48-kg weight is dropped, from a height of 610 cm on the composites. The average Gvalue that represents product fragility was found to be 55.45.

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