scholarly journals The Influence of Neem Oil and Its Glyceride on the Structure and Characterization of Castor Oil-Based Polyurethane Foam

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2020
Author(s):  
Yi-Han Liao ◽  
You-Lin Su ◽  
Yi-Chun Chen
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Hexamethylene Diisocyanate ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Neem Oil ◽  
Solvent Resistance ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Pu Foam ◽  
Pu Foams

Neem (Azadirachta indica) oil is a non-edible oil that contains azadirachtin, which can be used as a biopesticide. This study synthesizes bio-based polyurethane (PU) foam from neem and castor (Ricinus communis L.) oil at normal temperature and pressure. Neem oil can be reacted to narrow-distribution polyol by transesterification of oil and glycerol. Neem oil glyceride (NOG) can be used as polyol for bio-based PU foams and can be blended with castor oil homogeneously to reduce the cost of production. The composition of polyol was castor oil and 0 to 20% molar ratios of NOG. Hexamethylene diisocyanate trimer (Desmodur N) was used as isocyanate. The molar ratios of NCO/OH were set as 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0. The average hydroxyl contents of castor oil, neem oil and NOG were 2.7 mmol/g, 0.1 mmol/g and 5.1 mmol/g, respectively. The reaction time of bio-based PU foam could be adjusted between 5 to 10 min, which is acceptable for manufacturing. The densities of PU foams were between 49.7 and 116.2 kg/m3 and decreased with increasing NCO/OH and NOG ratios and decreasing neem oil. The ranges of specific compressive strength of foams were from 0.0056 to 0.0795 kPa·m3/kg. Increasing the NOG and neem oil ratio significantly enhanced the specific compressive strength in the low NCO/OH ratio. The solvent resistance and thermogravimetric (TG) results showed that the foams have high water and thermal stability. NOG can help to increase solvent resistance. Adding neem oil reduces the solvent resistance. The results indicated that increasing NCO/OH and NOG ratios increases the cross-linking density and hard segment content of PU foams. This investigation demonstrated that castor oil-based PU foams are improved by adding NOG to the polyol mixture. PU foam has excellent properties. Neem oil can be used in manufacturing processes to produce high-performance foams via a green synthesis process.

Compression Test and Energy Absorption of Polyurethane/Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes Foam Composites

2015 ◽  
Vol 819 ◽  
pp. 246-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.A. Sinar ◽  
Zainuddin Firuz ◽  
M.A. Nur Azni ◽  
A.Z. Nur Hidayah ◽  
Md Akil Hazizan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Energy Absorption ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Pu Foam ◽  
Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate ◽  
Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Walled Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Pu Foams

This paper describes the effect of multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the properties, especially the strength properties of rigid polyurethane (PU) foams produced from palm oil based polyol (POP) and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI). The foam composites in the ratio of 1:1.1 (wt. %) mixed at speed 2000 rpm. The addition of MWCNTs into PU foam are varies from 0 wt. % to 3 wt. %. The properties evaluated were compressive strength, density and energy absorption. Compressive strength of PU foam composites with 0.5% of MWCNTs showed the highest value 1.162 MPa of compressive strength compared to other foam composites. It was proved by modeling displacement nodal magnitude using NX Software (version 8.5). The density was increased 15.69 % with addition of 0.5 % MWCNTs into the PU foam. Increasing the amount of MWCNTs in PU foam was found to improve the energy absorption from 22.89 J for pure PU to 24.53 J for foam composites with 3 % MWCNTs.

Development of Rigid Biocomposite Polyurethane Foam for Load Bearing Application

2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Haziq Dzulkifli ◽  
Mohd Yazid Yahya ◽  
Farhana Shakira Md Akhir ◽  
Rohah Abd Majid
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Scanning Electron Micrographs ◽  
Composite Foam ◽  
Load Bearing ◽  
Polyurethane Composite ◽  
Pu Foam ◽  
Foam Production ◽  
Pu Foams

Polyurethane (PU) foams are widely used today in automotive and as insulation system. Due to environmental issues, efforts have been made to replace petrochemical polyol with natural-based polyol in PU foam production, without sacrificing any properties. This study aims as to produce palm oil-based polyurethane composite foam for load bearing purposes. Palm oil-based polyol (POP) was reacted with polymeric 4,4-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (p-MDI) with water as blowing agent and silicone surfactant to produce rigid PU foams. The foams obtained were varied by NCO:OH ratios and water content and characterized for their morphology and compressive strength. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) indicated the cells within the obtained foams are closed cells. Compressive strength of obtained foams shows considerable improvement but only up to NCO:OH ratio of 1:1.35. 

One-Part Geopolymer Synthesis of Greek Fly Ash

2021 ◽  
Vol 894 ◽  
pp. 135-142
Author(s):  
Olga Andriana Panitsa ◽  
Dimitrios Kioupis ◽  
Glykeria Kakali
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Silica Content ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Global Emissions

With the OPC industry being responsible for the 8% of CO2 global emissions, alternative, eco-friendly building materials, called geopolymers, have been in the center of research interest. Their broader use is limited due to the concentrated alkali solution that is involved in the synthesis process. In this study, a wide range of solid reagents are tested for the development of solid mixtures with suitable alkali and silica content that will substitute the corrosive activation solution. One-part geopolymers were synthesized using Greek fly ash as the aluminosilicate precursor. The produced samples were appropriately characterized by XRD, FTIR and SEM analytical techniques while the mechanical performance was evaluated through uniaxial compressive strength measurements. One-part geopolymers using anhydrous sodium silicates with molar ratios SiO2/Na2O ≤ 2 as solid activators, can successfully substitute the activation solution since they achieve identical mechanical performance to that of the two-part geopolymers (≥ 60 MPa).

scholarly journals Effect of Plant Oils on the Infestation of Rhyzopertha Dominica (Fab.) in Wheat, Triticum Aestivum Linn.

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kailash Chand Kumawat ◽  
Bhanwar Lal Naga
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Rhyzopertha Dominica ◽  
Plant Oils ◽  
Neem Oil ◽  
Eucalyptus Oil ◽  
Grain Damage ◽  
Untreated Check

Abstract Six oil treatments, viz., Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss), Castor (Ricinus communis), Karanj (Pongamia pinnata), mustard (Brassica juncea), Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus melanophloia) and Taramira (Eruca sativa) were evaluated at three dose levels (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0% v/w) against the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.) infesting wheat, Triticum aestivum Linn. An untreated check (the control) was maintained for comparison. The maximum protection was provided by Neem oil at 1.0 per cent (no adult emerged up to 270 days) followed by castor oil and Taramira oil at 1.0 per cent (no adult emerged up to 90 days of treatment). The maximum number of adults were recorded in the grain treated with Eucalyptus oil used at 0.1 per cent (9.3-22.0), Karanj oil at 0.1 per cent (6.0-20.7), and castor oil at 0.1 per cent (2.0-23.0). The maximum grain damage was recorded with use of Eucalyptus oil at 0.1 per cent (28.7-64.7), Karanj oil at 0.1 per cent (18.7-60.0%), and Eucalyptus at 0.5 per cent (18.0-58.0%). No grain damage was recorded in 1.0 per cent Neem oil-treated grain, for up to 270 days. For up to 90 days of treatment, no grain damage was recorded in 1.0 per cent castor oil treated grain, and no grain damage was recorded in 1.0 per cent Tarmira oil treated grain for up to 90 days of treatment. No adverse effect of plant oils was observed on seed viability for up to 270 days of treatments

scholarly journals Properties of Biobased Rigid Polyurethane Foams Reinforced with Fillers: Microspheres and Nanoclay

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongyu Fan ◽  
Ali Tekeei ◽  
Galen J. Suppes ◽  
Fu-Hung Hsieh
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Matrix Structure ◽  
Foam Density ◽  
Foaming Process ◽  
Pu Foam ◽  
Pu Foams

The effect of incorporating 1–7% microsphere and nanoclay fillers on the physical properties of polyurethane (PU) foams containing 15% soybean oil-based polyol was investigated. Increasing filler percentage reduced the PU foam density. The compressive strength of PU foams decreased slightly when increasing the microsphere content from 1 to 3% and then increased. At 7% microsphere content, the foams displayed the same compressive strength as the control foams made from 100% petroleum polyol. For PU foams reinforced with nanoclay, their compressive strength changed little from 1 to 5%, but decreased at 7% due to a lower density and weaker matrix structure. Foams containing 5 to 7% microspheres or 3 to 7% nanoclay had density-compressive strength comparable or superior to the control. Foams reinforced with fillers had more cells and smaller cell size than foams made from 15% soy-polyol but without fillers. During the foaming process, the maximal temperatures reached by PU foams were not affected by the presence of 1 to 7% of microspheres or nanoclay, but slightly lower than the control. In addition, foams with fillers displayed roughly the same thermal conductivity as soy-polyol based foams without fillers.

scholarly journals Castor Oil-Based Polyurethane Resin for Low-Density Composites with Bamboo Charcoal

Polymers ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Chun Chen ◽  
Wei Tai
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Volume Expansion ◽  
Dibutyltin Dilaurate ◽  
Phyllostachys Pubescens ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Bamboo Charcoal ◽  
Blowing Agent ◽  
Pu Foam ◽  
Pu Foams

Polyurethane (PU) foam adhesives were prepared from castor oil as a polyol with isocyanate poly(4,4’-methylene diphenyl isocyanate) (PMDI) using a solvent-free process. The NCO/OH molar ratio used for the preparation of PU foams was 1.5. Water, organosiloxane and dibutyltin dilaurate were used as the blowing agent, surfactant and catalyst, respectively. The ratio of blowing agent and catalyst were adjusted to optimize the properties. The results show that PU foam prepared with 4 wt % of castor oil catalyst and blowing agent has minimal water absorption and maximal volume expansion in the PU foams. FT-IR analysis shows that a urethane bond was formed by the hydroxyl group of castor oil and the –NCO group of isocyanate PMDI. More blowing agent and catalyst could improve the volume expansion ratio and reduce water retention of PU foams. It was found that Moso bamboo charcoal (Phyllostachys pubescens) and China fir wood particle (Cunninghamia lanceolate) composites with setting densities of 500 and 600 kg/m3 can be prepared from optimized castor oil-based PU foam adhesive at 100 °C for 5 min under a pressure of 1.5 MPa. Increasing the amount of bamboo charcoal decreases the equilibrium moisture content, water absorption and internal bonding strength of the composite. Notably, bamboo charcoal composite exhibits excellent dimensional stability. The optimized density and bamboo charcoal percentages of the composite were 500 kg/m3 and 50–100%, respectively. The castor oil-based PU composites containing bamboo charcoal fulfilled the CNS 2215 standards for particleboard. This dimensionally stable, low-density bamboo charcoal composite has high potential to replace current indoor building materials.

Hybrids Obtained from Monoglyceride of Castor Oil with Hydroxyapatite for Applications in Bioinduction of Bone Tissue: Synthesis and Characterization

2018 ◽  
Vol 930 ◽  
pp. 184-189
Author(s):  
Milton Thélio de Albuquerque Mendes ◽  
Francisco Xavier Nobre ◽  
José Milton Elias de Matos
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Ftir Spectroscopy ◽  
Rietveld Refinement ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Hexagonal Phase ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared ◽  
Hexagonal Structure ◽  
Hexamethylene Diisocyanate ◽  
X Ray

In this paper, we report the initial research to obtain hybrids (PU@Hap-1%, PU@Hap-2% and PU@Hap-3% compound by hydroxyapatite (Hap) synthesized by coprecipitation (CP) method, with monoglycerides (MG) of castor oil (Ricinus communis) polymerized with hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI). Hap, was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Rietveld refinement, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), RAMAN spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Hybrids, MG and castor oil, were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). XRD patterns and Rietveld refinement analysis confirmed that hexagonal phase for nanostructure for Hap, with average size particles D  12 nm, obtained by Scherrer equation and ration Ca/P = 2.13 (m/m) confirmed that XRF spectroscopy. FTIR and RAMAN spectra exhibited all active modes for vibrational stretches (1, 2, 3 and 4) of the phosphate groups () and vibrational modes of O-H bonds, present in the hexagonal structure for Hap in a ranger from 400 to 4000 cm-1 and 400 to 1100 cm-1, respectively. The conversion of castor oil (triglyceride) to MG, was monitored by FTIR spectroscopy, confirmed that increase of intensity active modes in 3317 cm-1 and 1741 cm-1, corresponding to the vibrations modes of O-H and C=O, respectively. Finally, we observed that all active modes in FTIR spectroscopy, corresponding to the hybrids: PU@Hap-1%, PU@Hap-2% and PU@Hap-3%, and Polyurethanes – PU (standard), confirmed the increase of intensity mode of the phosphate group with the increase of Hap in the polymerization of the mixture MG with HDI.

scholarly journals Castor Oil-Based Polyurethane Resin for Low-Density Composites with Bamboo Charcoal

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Chun Chen ◽  
Wei Tai
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Volume Expansion ◽  
Dibutyltin Dilaurate ◽  
Phyllostachys Pubescens ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Bamboo Charcoal ◽  
Blowing Agent ◽  
Pu Foam ◽  
Pu Foams

Polyurethane (PU) foam adhesives were prepared from castor oil as a polyol with isocyanate poly (4,4′-methylene diphenyl isocyanate) (PMDI) using a solvent-free process. The NCO/OH molar ratio used for the preparation of PU foams was 1.5. Water, organosiloxane and dibutyltin dilaurate were blowing agent, surfactant and catalyst, respectively. Effects of the ratio of blowing agent and catalyst were adjusted to optimize the properties. The results show that 4 wt% of castor oil of catalyst and blowing agent minimizes water absorption and maximizes volume expansion in the PU foams. FT-IR analysis shows that urethane bond was formed by hydroxyl group of castor oil and –NCO group of isocyanate PMDI. More blowing agent and catalyst could improve the volume expansion ratio and reduce water retention of PU foams. It was found that Moso bamboo charcoal (Phyllostachys pubescens) or/and China fir wood particle (Cunninghamia lanceolate) composites with setting densities of 500 and 600 kg/m3 can be prepared from optimized castor oil-based PU foam adhesive at 100 °C for 5 min under a pressure of 1.5 MPa. Increasing the amount of bamboo charcoal decreases the equilibrium moisture content, water absorption and internal bonding strength of the composite. Notably, bamboo charcoal composite exhibits excellent dimensional stability. The optimized density and bamboo charcoal percentages of the composite were 500 kg/m3 and 50 to 100%. The castor oil-based PU composites containing bamboo charcoal fulfilled the CNS 2215 standards for particleboard. This dimensionally stable, low-density bamboo charcoal composite has high potential to replace current indoor building materials.

scholarly journals Kinetic and regulatory properties of cytosolic pyruvate kinase from germinating castor oil seeds

1991 ◽  
Vol 279 (2) ◽  
pp. 495-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
F E Podestá ◽  
W C Plaxton
Keyword(s):  
Pyruvate Kinase ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Mixed Type ◽  
Competitive Inhibition ◽  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Cytosolic Ph ◽  
Oil Seeds ◽  
Saturation Kinetics ◽  
Regulatory Properties

The kinetic and regulatory properties of cytosolic pyruvate kinase (PKc) isolated from endosperm of germinating castor oil seeds (Ricinus communis L.) have been studied. Optimal efficiency in substrate utilization (in terms of Vmax/Km for phosphoenolpyruvate or ADP) occurred between pH 6.7 and 7.4. Enzyme activity was absolutely dependent on the presence of a bivalent and a univalent metal cation, with Mg2+ and K+ fulfilling this requirement. Mg2+ binding showed positive and negative co-operativity at pH 6.5 (h = 1.6) and pH 7.2 (h = 0.69) respectively. Hyperbolic saturation kinetics were observed with phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and K+, whereas ADP acted as a mixed-type inhibitor over 1 mM. Glycerol (10%, v/v) increased the S0.5(ADP) 2.3-fold and altered the pattern of nucleotide binding from hyperbolic (h = 1.0) to sigmoidal (h = 1.79) without modifying PEP saturation kinetics. No activators were identified. ATP, AMP, isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, malate, 2-phosphoglycerate, 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate, 3-phosphoglycerate, glycerol 3-phosphate and phosphoglycolate were the most effective inhibitors. These metabolites yielded additive inhibition when tested in pairs. ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate were mixed-type inhibitors with respect to PEP, whereas competitive inhibition was observed for other inhibitors. Inhibition by malate, 2-oxoglutarate, phosphorylated triose sugars or phosphoglycolate was far more pronounced at pH 7.2 than at pH 6.5. Although 32P-labelling studies revealed that extensive phosphorylation in vivo of soluble endosperm proteins occurred between days 3 and 5 of seed germination, no alteration in the 32P-labelling pattern of 5-day-germinated endosperm was observed after 30 min of anaerobiosis. Moreover, no evidence was obtained that PKc was a phosphoprotein in aerobic or anoxic endosperms. It is proposed that endosperm PKc activity of germinating castor seeds is enhanced after anaerobiosis through concerted decreases in ATP levels, cytosolic pH and concentrations of several key inhibitors.

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