scholarly journals Sustainable Polymers from Recycled Waste Plastics and Their Virgin Counterparts as Bitumen Modifiers: A Comprehensive Review

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 3242
Author(s):  
Sabzoi Nizamuddin ◽  
Yeong Jia Boom ◽  
Filippo Giustozzi
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Heavy Traffic ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Great Effort ◽  
Polymer Science ◽  
Polymer Modification ◽  
Chemical Companies ◽  
Recycled Plastics ◽  
Bitumen Modification

The failure of bituminous pavements takes place due to heavy traffic loads and weather-related conditions, such as moisture, temperature, and UV radiation. To overcome or minimize such failures, a great effort has been put in recent years to enhance the material properties of bitumen, ultimately improving field performance and increasing the pavement service life. Polymer modification is considered one of the most suitable and by far the most popular approach. Elastomers, chemically functionalised thermoplastics and plastomers * (* Note: notwithstanding the fact that in Polymer Science the word ‘plastomer’ indicates a polymer with the simultaneous behaviour of an elastomer and plastics (thermoplastics), this paper uses the term ‘plastomer’ to indicate a thermoplastic polymer as it is more commonly found in Civil and Pavement Engineering.) are the most commonly used polymers for bitumen modification. Plastomers provide several advantages and are commonly acknowledged to improve high-temperature stiffness, although some of them are more prone to phase separation and consequent storage instability. Nowadays, due to the recent push for recycling, many road authorities are looking at the use of recycled plastics in roads. Hence, some of the available plastomers—in pellet, flakes, or powder form—are coming from materials recycling facilities rather than chemical companies. This review article describes the details of using plastomers as bitumen modifiers—with a specific focus on recycled plastics—and how these can potentially be used to enhance bitumen performance and the road durability. Chemical modifiers for improving the compatibility between plastomers and bitumen are also addressed in this review. Plastomers, either individual or in combination of two or three polymers, are found to offer great stiffness at high temperature. Different polymers including HDPE, LDPE, LLDPE, MDPE, PP, PS, PET, EMA, and EVA have been successfully employed for bitumen modification. However, each of them has its own merit and demerit as thoroughly discussed in the paper. The recent push in using recycled materials in roads has brought new light to the use of virgin and recycled plastomers for bitumen modification as a low-cost and somehow environmental beneficial solution for roads and pavements.

scholarly journals A Synthesis on the Effects of Two Commercial Recycled Plastics on the Properties of Bitumen and Asphalt

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 8594
Author(s):  
Greg White
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Asphalt Mixture ◽  
The United States ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Asphalt Mixtures ◽  
Asphalt Binders ◽  
Polymer Modification ◽  
Sustainable Infrastructure ◽  
Pavement Structures ◽  
Recycled Plastics

The desire to develop sustainable infrastructure, including pavement structures and materials, is ever increasing in recent times. One opportunity is to partially replace high-cost bituminous binder with low-cost recycled plastic in asphalt mixtures. This synthesis combines the various research efforts to understand the effects of two commercially available recycled plastics, known as MR6 and MR10, on bituminous binders and asphalt mixtures. Using common test methods from the United Kingdom, the United States and Australia, generally consistent and significant effects were observed in various base bitumen grades and various common asphalt mixture types. Binder resistance to flow and binder elasticity both increased significantly and were associated with the three to four grade increases under the Performing Grading system. Similarly, mixture stiffness and mixture resistance to deformation increased significantly, while crack resistance and moisture damage resistance were not significantly affected. The effects of MR6 and MR10 were generally similar to the effects associated with conventional polymer modification of asphalt binders and asphalt mixtures, particularly those effects associated with plastomeric polymers.

Field Performance of a Constructed Litter Trap with Oil and Grease Filter using Low-cost Materials

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Nazahiyah Rahmat ◽  
◽  
Algheethi Adel Ali Saeed Abduh ◽  
Ahmad Zurisman Mohd Ali ◽  
Mohd Adib Mohammad Razi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Oil And Grease

scholarly journals Thermal Behavior ofTacca leontopetaloidesStarch-Based Biopolymer

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurul Shuhada Mohd Makhtar ◽  
Miradatul Najwa Muhd Rodhi ◽  
Mohibah Musa ◽  
Ku Halim Ku Hamid
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Thermal Behavior ◽  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Palm Olein ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Thermal Testing ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Roll Mill

Starch is used whenever there is a need for natural elastic properties combined with low cost of production. However, the hydrophilic properties in structural starch will decrease the thermal performance of formulated starch polymer. Therefore, the effect of glycerol, palm olein, and crude palm oil (CPO), as plasticizers, on the thermal behavior ofTacca leontopetaloidesstarch incorporated with natural rubber in biopolymer production was investigated in this paper. Four different formulations were performed and represented by TPE1, TPE2, TPE3, and TPE4. The compositions were produced by using two-roll mill compounding. The sheets obtained were cut into small sizes prior to thermal testing. The addition of glycerol shows higher enthalpy of diffusion in which made the material easily can be degraded, leaving to an amount of 6.6% of residue. Blending of CPO with starch (TPE3) had a higher thermal resistance towards high temperature up to 310°C and the thermal behavior of TPE2 only gave a moderate performance compared with other TPEs.

An application of high-temperature superconductors YBCO to magnetic separation

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (25) ◽  
pp. 1745001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiudong Guo ◽  
Peng Zhang ◽  
Lin Bo ◽  
Guibin Zeng ◽  
Dengqian Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Magnetic Separation ◽  
High Magnetic Field ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
High Temperature Superconductors ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Industrial Areas ◽  
Ybco Tape

With the rapid development of manufacturing technology of high temperature superconductive YB[Formula: see text]Cu3O[Formula: see text] YBCO materials and decreasing in cost of production, YBCO is marching into industrial areas with its good performances as source of high-magnetic field and rather low cost in reaching superconductivity. Based on analysis of the performance of high temperature superconductors YBCO and development of technology in superconductive magnetic separation both home and abroad, we propose a new approach of taking YBCO tape to make a solenoid as the source of a high magnetic field of magnetic separatior of ores. The paper also looks into the future of the YBCO high temperature superconductive magnetic separation from the perspective of technology and cost, as well as its applications in other industries.

scholarly journals The Progress on Low-Cost, High-Quality, High-Temperature Superconducting Tapes Deposited by the Combustion Chemical Vapor Deposition Process

2001 ◽  
Vol 689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shara S. Shoup ◽  
Marvis K. White ◽  
Steve L. Krebs ◽  
Natalie Darnell ◽  
Adam C. King ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Vapor Deposition ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Critical Current Density ◽  
Buffer Layer ◽  
Critical Current ◽  
Vapor Deposition ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
High Critical Current Density ◽  
High Quality

ABSTRACTThe innovative Combustion Chemical Vapor Deposition (CCVD) process is a non-vacuum technique that is being investigated to enable next generation products in several application areas including high-temperature superconductors (HTS). In combination with the Rolling Assisted Biaxially Textured Substrate (RABiTS) technology, the CCVD process has significant promise to provide low-cost, high-quality lengths of YBCO coated conductor. The CCVD technology has been used to deposit both buffer layer coatings as well as YBCO superconducting layers. A buffer layer architecture of strontium titanate and ceria have been deposited by CCVD on textured nickel substrates and optimized to appropriate thicknesses and microstructures to provide templates for growing PLD YBCO with high critical current density values. The CCVD buffer layers have been scaled to meter plus lengths with good epitaxial uniformity along the length. A short sample cut from one of the lengths enabled high critical current density PLD YBCO. Films of CCVD YBCO superconductors have been grown on single crystal substrates with critical current densities over 1 MA/cm2. Work is currently in progress to combine both the buffer layer and superconductor technologies to produce high-quality coupons of HTS tape made entirely by the non-vacuum CCVD process.

Further experiments and modeling for microscale compression molding of metals at elevated temperatures

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 1839-1848 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Jiang ◽  
W.J. Meng ◽  
G.B. Sinclair ◽  
E. Lara-Curzio
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Tensile Testing ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Mold Insert ◽  
Compression Molding ◽  
Mechanics Model ◽  
Replication Technique ◽  
High Temperature Tensile

Replication of metallic high-aspect-ratio microscale structures (HARMS) by compression molding has been demonstrated recently. Molding replication of metallic HARMS can potentially lead to low-cost fabrication of a wide variety of metal-based microdevices. Understanding the mechanics of metal micromolding is critical for assessing the capabilities and limitations of this replication technique. This paper presents results of instrumented micromolding of Al. Measured molding response was rationalized with companion high-temperature tensile testing of Al using a simple mechanics model of the micromolding process. The present results suggest that resisting pressure on the mold insert during micromolding is governed primarily by the yield stress of the molded metal at the molding temperature and a frictional traction on the sides of the insert. The influence of strain rate is also considered.

scholarly journals Open Source Completely 3-D Printable Centrifuge

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salil S. Sule ◽  
Aliaksei L. Petsiuk ◽  
Joshua M. Pearce
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Medical Diagnostics ◽  
Resource Constrained ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
Web Camera ◽  
Relative Centrifugal Force ◽  
Recycled Plastics ◽  
Human Powered ◽  
Open Source Systems

Centrifuges are commonly required devices in medical diagnostics facilities as well as scientific laboratories. Although there are commercial and open source centrifuges, costs of the former and required electricity to operate the latter, limit accessibility in resource-constrained settings. There is a need for low-cost, human-powered, verified and reliable lab-scale centrifuge. This study provides the designs for a low-cost 100% 3-D printed centrifuge, which can be fabricated on any low-cost RepRap-class fused filament fabrication (FFF) or fused particle fabrication (FPF)-based 3-D printer. In addition, validation procedures are provided using a web camera and free and open source software. This paper provides the complete open source plans including instructions for fabrication and operation for a hand-powered centrifuge. This study successfully tested and validated the instrument, which can be operated anywhere in the world with no electricity inputs obtaining a radial velocity of over 1750rpm and over 50N of relative centrifugal force. Using commercial filament the instrument costs about US$25, which is less than half of all commercially available systems; however, the costs can be dropped further using recycled plastics on open source systems for over 99% savings. The results are discussed in the contexts of resource-constrained medical and scientific facilities.

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