scholarly journals Sustainability Evaluation of Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production from Slaughterhouse Residues Utilising Emergy Accounting

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 118
Author(s):  
Khurram Shahzad ◽  
Mohammad Rehan ◽  
Muhammad Imtiaz Rashid ◽  
Nadeem Ali ◽  
Ahmed Saleh Summan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Biomass Resources ◽  
Pha Production ◽  
Emergy Accounting ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Business As Usual

High raw material prices and rivalry from the food industry have hampered the adoption of renewable resource-based goods. It has necessitated the investigation of cost-cutting strategies such as locating low-cost raw material supplies and adopting cleaner manufacturing processes. Exploiting waste streams as substitute resources for the operations is one low-cost option. The present study evaluates the environmental burden of biopolymer (polyhydroxyalkanoate) production from slaughtering residues. The sustainability of the PHA production process will be assessed utilising the Emergy Accounting methodology. The effect of changing energy resources from business as usual (i.e., electricity mix from the grid and heat provision utilising natural gas) to different renewable energy resources is also evaluated. The emergy intensity for PHA production (seJ/g) shows a minor improvement ranging from 1.5% to 2% by changing only the electricity provision resources. This impact reaches up to 17% when electricity and heat provision resources are replaced with biomass resources. Similarly, the emergy intensity for PHA production using electricity EU27 mix, coal, hydropower, wind power, and biomass is about 5% to 7% lower than the emergy intensity of polyethylene high density (PE-HD). In comparison, its value is up to 21% lower for electricity and heat provision from biomass.

Designing and Fabricating of Low Cost Thermoelectric Power Generators

2011 ◽  
Vol 110-116 ◽  
pp. 4101-4105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tosawat Seetawan
Keyword(s):  
Transition Metal Oxides ◽  
Thermoelectric Materials ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Thermoelectric Module ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Thermoelectric Coolers ◽  
P Type

Fossil fuel is the main energy resources of the world. About 80-90% of its primary energy need to supply by oil, coal, natural gas, and oil shale [1]. These energy resources will also be of importance in the future but non-renewable and cause problems to the environment as a result of their relatively high amount of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and other environmentally harmful emissions. We are investigating to look for alternative energy resources which are clean, safe, and long-term reliable. Thermoelectricity is one of the renewable energy resources that has been widely investigated and is expected to be feasible in the near future. Moreover, it is a clean energy generation, since it can directly convert heat to electrical energy by using non-polluting thermoelectric devices. These are reasons for the growing interest in further research and development of the thermoelectric technology. The search for new thermoelectric materials is important that the transition metal oxides were interested such as p-type Ca3Co4O9 [2-7] and n-type CaMnO3 [8-12]. There have been synthesized using different techniques in the form of powder and bulk. However, the doped metals have been expected to be one of the candidates for good thermoelectric materials, including thermoelectric module consists of two or more materials of p-type and n-type [13-15]. Recently, the thermoelectric module is also being used as the thermoelectric generators, thermoelectric coolers, etc. [16-17].

scholarly journals Design and Improvement of Existing Briquette Making Machine

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VI) ◽  
pp. 1391-1397
Author(s):  
Sohel Shaikh
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Waste Biomass ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Steam Generation ◽  
Coffee Husk ◽  
Groundnut Shell

There has been a recent push to replace the burning of fossil fuels with biofuel. The replacement of this non-renewable energy resources with biological waste lowers the overall pollution of the world. The waste biomass similar to dry leaves, sawdust, rice husk, coffee husk etc. are gathered and compressed into the briquettes, these briquettes can also transport and used as fuel to generate heat and energy. It is a time to take initiative to turn Biomass into a source of energy. Hence here we are taking responsibility in converting agricultural and forestry wastes into useful biomass briquettes, which can also be used as a substitute for Coal and other non-renewable resources. Biomass briquettes are a biofuel substitute or replacement to a coal and charcoal. Biomass briquettes can be manufactured by using agricultural and forestry waste. The low-density biomass Is converted into high density biomass briquettes with the help of a briquetting machine that Uses binder or without binder i.e., binder less technique, as there is no any type of chemical is used so it is 100% natural. The mostly used raw material for biomass briquettes, Mustard Stalks, Sawdust, Groundnut Shell, Coffee Husk, Coir Pitch, Jute Sticks, Sugarcane Bagasse, Rice Husk, Cotton Stalks, Caster Seed Shells / Stalk, Wood Chips, Paddy straw, Tobacco Waste, Tea Waste, maize stalks, bajra Cobs, Arhar stalks, Bamboo Dust, Wheat Straw, Sunflower Stalk, Palm Husk, Soya bean Husk, Veneer Residues, Barks & Straws, Leaf’s, Pine Niddle, Seeds Cases etc. are used. Biomass Briquette are largely used for any type of thermal application, like steam generation in Boilers, in furnace & foundries (It can be used for metal heating & melting where melting point Is less than 1000d/cel.), for heating purpose (Residential & Commercial Heating in winter, Heating in Cold areas and Hotels, Canteens, Cafeterias and house hold kitchen appliances, restaurants etc.), There are several machines available in market but those machines are bulky and are costly, hence here we have developed a portable, low-cost briquetting machine, which makes use of simple mechanism to convert the biological waste into useful briquettes. Any waste or any proportion of Agri waste can be used but with proper binding agent. Some raw materials doesn’t require any binding material high pressure compression is used. The paper presents the results of a project focused on the development of briquettes from the sawdust (Waste Wood) resulting from the primary waste from timber companies. This sawdust currently lacks a useful purpose, and its indiscriminate burning generates CO and CO2 emissions which are harmful to nature. Sawmill Agri waste is a huge problem specially in urban cities. These wastes are burnt openly which is causing environmental pollution and also becomes reason for human health care.

scholarly journals The financial analysis for the advisability of the biogas project from cattle manure in household scale

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 03004
Author(s):  
Muhammad Mundzir Kamiluddin ◽  
Emil Budianto ◽  
Evi Frimawaty
Keyword(s):  
Organic Waste ◽  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Cattle Manure ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Community Group ◽  
Cattle Breeders ◽  
The Interest Rate ◽  
Financial Aspect

The existence of domestic cattle breeders is a community group that has considerable potential to develop renewable energy resources and environmentally friendly. The methane gas (CH4) produced by cattle manure is a strong greenhouse gas, about 25 times stronger than CO2 if organic waste is not taken up and letting it decay in the open, methane causing global warming. This research is to study the feasibility of processing of domestic cattle manure into biogas with financial analysis. The method used is to analyze the financial aspect by calculating NPV, IRR, and B/C Ratio. This research shows that the potential of raw material of biogas at the research location is great. The utilization of biogas from cattle manure on the household scale is financially feasible, as evidenced by its NPV value indicates >0, its IRR exceeds the interest rate, and its B/C Ratio >1, and the majority of breeders also want to process their cattle manure into biogas.

scholarly journals Increasing the Efficiency in Renewable Energy Challenges and Solutions for Rural India

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
P. Sridhar Acharya ◽  
P. S. Aithal
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
The People ◽  
Electric Supply

It is very much true that people living in most of the rural areas depend on renewable energy resources for their daily domestic requirements. They either get an interrupted power supply from the traditional commercial electric supply or in some cases where the people living in a remote location may not get the traditional supply due to the distance. The people in the rural area already started using renewable energy resources for their daily needs. But it is seen that most of the rural area are potential to use many forms of renewable energy resources. There is a major requirement in combining more than one form of such energy to fulfill the needs. This paper explains the different methods of production of energy using the renewable resource in the rural area and a model to combine them to use the energy efficiently. This model suggests the controller to be designed which will use the energy produced from renewable energy efficiently. This controller has a responsibility to avoid the energy from the traditional method as long as there is a supply of energy from renewable resources. The controller uses the traditional energy only when there is no alternative energy supply from renewable energy.

Fatigue Behavior of A Minor Yttrium Doped ZrCuNi-Based Metallic Glass Alloy Fabricated by Industrial Grade Raw Material

MRS Advances ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (33-34) ◽  
pp. 1713-1721
Author(s):  
Shichao Zhou ◽  
Tao Zhang ◽  
Min Zhang ◽  
Yong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Metallic Glass ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Fatigue Behavior ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Test System ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Industrial Grade ◽  
R Ratio ◽  
A Minor

ABSTRACTThe fatigue behavior of a low-cost Zr52.1Ti5Cu17.9Ni14.6Al10Y0.4 (at%) (ZrCuNi-based) bulk-metallic glass (BMG) prepared by industrial-grade material was investigated under three-point bending loading modes. In order to obtain the fatigue stress-life (S-N) data, stress-controlled experiments were conducted using a computer-controlled material test system electrohydraulic testing machine at 60 Hz with a 0.1 R ratio in the air at room temperature. The fatigue limit (~174 MPa) in stress amplitude and fatigue ratio (~0.14) of this BMG is comparative to the similar BMG (Vit-105) prepared by high pure raw materials. The crack initiated from inclusions near the rectangular corners at the outer surface of the rectangular beam due to stress concentration. The striations and vein-like patterns were observed in the crack propagation region and fast fracture region, respectively.

scholarly journals Renewable energy resources in Hungary – solid biomass utilization in terms of necessity and opportunity

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 75-78
Author(s):  
Veronika Erős ◽  
Tamás Biró
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Local Processing ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources

In the 21st century a country’s success significantly depends on how it can solve the problems (supply safety, growing prices, climate change, etc.) induced by the application structure of the fossil energy sources with the means of energy saving, energy efficiency and the utilization of renewable energy resources. The utilization of renewable energy sources has positive effects on five key areas: environment protection, energy policies, fulfilment of EU expectations, agriculture and rural development and on the whole of the national economy. The bioenergy – beside fulfilling the national economic aims – it is putting up the value of the role of agriculture and rural development. The role of agriculture is multi-functional in the process. The agricultural sector has an important task in the area of bioenergy to ensure the proper quality and quantity of raw materials for the increase of bioenergy utilization. This also means new sales perspectives and opportunities for the producers. Above all this, the agricultural policy aims for the agriculture and the rural development segment to be the unambiguous winner of the new bioenergy sector and for most of the available profit to stay with the agricultural sector, with the rural players. For this reason encouraging the raw material production it wishes to encourage the producer their primary process and their local utilization. One of the fundamental objectives of the measures is that agriculture should go beyond the raw material production and take steps towards processing and utilization. The multifunctional role in the product chain might mean extra income and more added value for the producers and the active players in the process. The other objective is to promote the local utilization, the scatter of the environmentally friendly energy sources in rural areas, to change the energy is “lying on the ground unutilized” principle while local processing and promoting the utilization, to achieve a lower energy dependency and to optimize and disseminate cost efficient solutions. To realize all this means a great task and a huge challenge for the agricultural government as well as the rural societies and micro regions but might lead to a successful rural development. The range of the tools and measures to fulfil the aims might be very broad, from the regulating instruments to the various subsidies, coordination and dissemination tools. Part of the subsidy schemes are direct production-type of subsidies (the so called direct payments, for example the area based subsidies) and the other main forms are the investment-type subsidies which are for technology development, promotion of competitive production and local processing and for establishing a green energy industry. In the period of 2007-2013 the key elements of the development schemes were drafted in the frame of the New Hungary Rural Development Programme (ÚMVP) and the Environmental Energy Operational Program (KEOP). The available raw materials and the conditions are taken into consideration while designing the development schemes because a successful realization of a product chain means the assurance of the inputs and outputs. The starting point of determining the development direction is the principle of an operation which is sustainable and economical on the long run. In addition such developments are considered reasonable which are viable on medium and long term and bring numerous rural development, environmental and societal returns.

Characteristics and potential applications of coarse clay fractions from Puolanka, Finland

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiina Leiviskä ◽  
Seppo Gehör ◽  
Erkki Eijärvi ◽  
Arja Sarpola ◽  
Juha Tanskanen
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Colloidal Suspensions ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Dry Fractionation ◽  
Water And Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Fractionation Method ◽  
A Minor

AbstractCharacterization of coarse fractions of kaolin clay from two locations in Puolanka (Pihlajavaara and Poskimäki) was performed in order to find potential applications for these materials in water and wastewater treatment as low-cost adsorbents or as a raw material for other uses. The effects of wet and dry fractionation methods and the annealing of the sample on the properties of the coarse fractions were studied. The coarse fractions contained mainly quartz, while the kaolinite content was considered low. The Poskimäki (PM) clay had a higher specific surface area (SSA) and cation exchange capacities (CEC) than the Pihlajavaara (PV) clay due to a higher amount of iron. Annealing (800°C) decreased the SSA and CEC. The fractionation method had only a minor effect on particle size distribution. PV and PM colloidal suspensions had a negative zeta potential at natural pH values. Very small amounts of contained elements (Al, Si, Ca, Mg, K, Cd, Co, Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ba) were dissolved from samples at natural pH values. PM clay could be utilized in water treatment for example as a raw material in iron oxide-coated sands. For this purpose, the wet fractionated samples had a higher content of iron than the dry fractionated samples.

Renewable Energy Resources for Better Economics and Sustainable Living in Rural and Desert Areas

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1165-1171
Author(s):  
Karl Gatterer ◽  
◽  
Salah Arafa ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Green Economy ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Energy Materials ◽  
Sustainable Living ◽  
Sustainable Community Development ◽  
Access To Knowledge

Reliable and affordable energy is the key for the socio-economic development in rural and desert communities worldwide. While energy can be used for consumption purposes such as Lighting, Access to Information, Comfort and Entertainment, productive use of renewable energy is the key enabler for SMEs and Economy to grow. The paper examines the complex interactions among Energy, Materials, Water, Food, Building, Employment and Environment. It also discusses the implementation of renewable energy technologies to overcome some of barriers faced by rural villages and desert communities. It shows some of the special applications and approaches used over the past few decades in energy conversion, consumption and conservation to achieve poverty reduction, social justice and sustainable development. Field experiences in Basaisa projects, Egypt showed that open free dialogues with all stakeholders, site-specific education and training, appropriate local financing systems and access to knowledge are key-elements and essential factors for achieving green economy and sustainable community development. The coming decade will see a continued expansion of knowledge about renewable energy resources and its useful applications as systems friendly to the environment and as tools for economic activities, sustainable living and growth in rural and desert communities.

Management of Renewable Energy Resources in India

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 121-124
Author(s):  
Savitha C Savitha C ◽  
◽  
Dr. S. Mahendrakumar Dr. S. Mahendrakumar
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources

THE ANALYSIS OF OPERATION MODES OF ENERGY STORES IN AUTONOMOUS HYBRID POWER PLANTS WITH RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES

2018 ◽  
pp. 55-67
Author(s):  
S. G. Obukhov ◽  
I. A. Plotnikov ◽  
V. G. Masolov
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Rechargeable Batteries ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Hybrid Power ◽  
Operation Modes ◽  
Energy Stores ◽  
Energy Store

The paper presents the results of the comparative analysis of operation modes of an autonomous hybrid power complex with/without the energy store. We offere the technique which defines the power characteristics of the main components of a hybrid power complex: the consumers of the electric power, wind power and photo-electric installations (the last ones have been constructed). The paper establishes that, in order to compensate the seasonal fluctuations of power in autonomous power systems with renewable energy resources, the accumulative devices are required, with a capacity of tens of MWh including devices that are capable to provide energy storage with duration about half a year. This allows abandoning the storage devices for smoothing the seasonal fluctuations in the energy balance.The analysis of operation modes of energy stores has shown that for a stock and delivery of energy on time intervals, lasting several hours, the accumulative devices with rather high values of charging and digit power aren't required. It allows using the lead-acid rechargeable batteries of the deep category for smoothing the daily peaks of surplus and a capacity shortage. Moreover, the analysis of operation modes of energy stores as a part of the hybrid complexes has demonstrated that in charging/digit currents of the energy store the low-frequency and high-frequency pulsations of big amplitude caused by changes of size of output power of the renewable power installations and loading are inevitable. If low-frequency pulsations (the period of tens of minutes) can partially be damped due to the restriction of size of the maximum charging current of rechargeable batteries, then it is essentially impossible to eliminate high-frequency pulsations (the period of tens of seconds) in the power systems with the only store of energy. The paper finds out that the combined energy store having characteristics of the accumulator in the modes of receiving and delivery of power on daily time intervals, and at the same time having properties of the supercondenser in the modes of reception and return of impulses of power on second intervals of time is best suited to requirements of the autonomous power complexes with renewable energy resources.

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