scholarly journals National Culture and Corporate Rating Migrations

Risks ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huong Dieu Dang
Keyword(s):  
National Culture ◽  
Predictive Models ◽  
Power Distance ◽  
Analysis Framework ◽  
Managerial Decision ◽  
Large Power ◽  
Corporate Credit ◽  
Rating Transitions ◽  
Rating Changes

The informal constraints that arise from the national culture in which a firm resides have a pervasive impact on managerial decision making and corporate credit risk, which in turn impacts on corporate ratings and rating changes. In some cultures, firms are naturally predisposed to rating changes in a particular direction (downgrade or upgrade) while, in other cultures, firms are more likely to migrate from the current rating in either direction. This study employs a survival analysis framework to examine the effect of national culture on the probability of rating transitions of 5360 firms across 50 countries over the period 1985–2010. Firms located in long-term oriented cultures are less likely to be downgraded and, in some cases, more likely to be upgraded. Downgrades occur more often in strong uncertainty-avoiding countries and less often in large power distance (hierarchy) and embeddedness countries. There is some evidence that masculinity predisposes firms to more rating transitions. Studying culture helps enrich our understanding of corporate rating migrations, and helps develop predictive models of corporate rating changes across countries.

Gender Differences in Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions Among a Kuwaiti Sample

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S503-S504 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. AlAnezi ◽  
B. Alansari
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
National Culture ◽  
Power Distance ◽  
Uncertainty Avoidance ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Cronbach’S Alpha ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Cronbach's Alpha

IntroductionHofstede's model of cultural dimensions has become the most widely accepted and most frequently cited model for cross-cultural research. His cultural dimensions included power distance index (PDI), individualism vs. collectivism (IDV), masculinity vs. femininity (MAS), uncertainty avoidance index (UAI), and long-term vs. short-term orientation (LTO).ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to explore gender related differences in the Hofstede's five dimensions of national culture for work-related values among a sample from Kuwait.MethodsThe participants were 540 first year secondary school Kuwaiti teachers (270 males: mean age = 28.95 ± 2.47; 270 females: mean age = 28.20 ± 2.04). The Arabic version of the Values Survey Module, VSM 08 was administered to participants. Data analysis include independent sample t-test was used to examine gender differences in Hofstede's five dimensions of national culture.ResultsInternal consistency was satisfactory for the Power Distance, Individualism vs. Collectivism, Masculinity vs. Femininity, Uncertainty Avoidance, and Long-term vs. Short-term Orientation subscales respectively (Cronbach's alpha = 0.82, 0.84, 0.90, 0.74, 0.87) for males and (Cronbach's alpha = 0.77, 0.90, 0.83, 0.80, 0.88) for females. The results revealed significant gender differences where the males obtained a higher score than females on individualism (t = 2.95, P < 0.002), and masculinity (t = 2.77, P < 0.005), while females obtained a higher score than males on power distance (t = 4.48, P < 0.000), and long-term orientation (t = 4.13, P < 0.000).ConclusionThese findings suggest that the gender differences exist for cultural dimensions, and provide insight on leadership characteristics.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals Culture and profitability: empirical evidence at a European level

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 580-588
Author(s):  
Maria Manuela Martins ◽  
Ilídio Tomás Lopes
Keyword(s):  
National Culture ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Power Distance ◽  
Uncertainty Avoidance ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Return On Assets ◽  
National Cultures ◽  
Return On Equity ◽  
Lower Uncertainty

Organizational cultures distinguish different organizations within the same country or countries. When comparing the organizations within the same country differences in national cultures are not relevant but become relevant in comparison between different countries. This paper intends to evidence whether the profitability of companies can be influenced by the national culture. In order to characterize the culture of each country, we used the Hofstede measure of cultural dimensions (1. Power Distance (PDI); 2. Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI); 3. Individualism (IDV); 4. Masculinity (MAS); 5. Long-Term Orientation (LTO); and 6. Indulgence vs Restraint (IND)). Sample was based on the 500 largest European companies rated by the Financial Times 2015. Profitability was measured by the ratios Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE). Statistical tests were performed to test whether the means of the variables used to measure profitability are statistically equal. The results indicate that companies with higher profitability are from countries with lower Power Distance, lower Uncertainty Avoidance, Long-Term Orientation, and Higher Indulgence

scholarly journals How to Address Your Instructor: An Analysis of Classroom Discourse at Saudi Arabian Universities

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. p122
Author(s):  
Albatool Mohammed Abalkheel
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
National Culture ◽  
Classroom Discourse ◽  
Power Distance ◽  
Classroom Interaction ◽  
Large Power ◽  
Potential Factors ◽  
The University ◽  
Address Terms ◽  
Shed Light

Hofstede’s (1986) concept of national culture includes the key dimension of how power distance affects interactions between interlocutors on all levels and settings of a society, including that of the university. An examination of such interactions, including the expected linguistic behaviors of instructors and students, is quite useful, because cultural values and the archetypal roles of instructors and their students tend to shed light on the relationships and general atmosphere of not just the higher education setting, but also of the society as a whole. In the large power distance culture of Saudi Arabia, this concept is examined through an analysis of the different address terms students use in classroom discourse to address their instructors. Since the use of titles is related to classroom interaction, it is affected by power distance. This study investigates and analyzes the discourse of the classroom in Saudi universities to identify titles and address terms used in student-instructor communications. The research found that the terms students employ with instructors include social and academic terms; whereas first and last names were usually avoided. Effects of potential factors are explained in terms of Hofstede’s (1986) concept of power distance.

scholarly journals Professional Commitment And Whistleblowing Intention: The Role Of National Culture

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-102
Author(s):  
Ni Wayan Rustiarini ◽  
Anik Yuesti ◽  
Ni Putu Shinta Dewi
Keyword(s):  
National Culture ◽  
Power Distance ◽  
Uncertainty Avoidance ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Professional Commitment ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Whistleblowing Intention

This study aims to identify the effect of professional commitment on whistleblowing intentions. This study also analyzes the role of Hofstede's five dimensions of national culture as moderating variable, including power distance, collectivism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, and long-term orientation. This study used a survey method. The primary data collection was through a questionnaire distributed to 92 auditors in accounting firms in Bali Province. The result shows that professional commitment positively affects whistleblowing intention. The moderating variable's roles are power distance and collectivism's culture weaken professional commitment and whistleblowing intention relationship. Two other cultures, namely masculinity and a long-term orientation, are proven to strengthen the relationship between professional commitment and whistleblowing intention. Contrary, uncertainty avoidance culture has no significant effect. Theoretically, this study confirms the role of the national culture in the auditing context. This result practically adds insight to regulators and accounting firm leaders in formulating regulations regarding the appropriate whistleblowing system for organizations. There are two limitations. First, this study uses a survey method. This method allows for social desirability bias for sensitive variables, such as whistleblowing. This study also uses the national culture popularized by Hofstede about forty years ago. Thus, further research might use other popular models.

National culture and occupational fraud magnitude: The moderating role of fraud type

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tingting (Rachel) Chung ◽  
Pratyush Nidhi Sharma ◽  
Chih-Chen Lee ◽  
Jonathan Pinto
Keyword(s):  
National Culture ◽  
Power Distance ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Uncertainty Avoidance ◽  
Achievement Orientation ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Occupational Fraud ◽  
Theory Of Crime ◽  
Economic Theory Of Crime

This study investigates the relationship between national culture and the magnitude of occupational fraud. Guided by national culture theory and economic theory of crime, we propose that a country’s culture, as measured by Hofstede’s six national culture dimensions: power distance, individualism, achievement orientation, uncertainty avoidance, long-term orientation, and indulgence, is related to the magnitude of occupational fraud. Further, we propose that the type of fraud moderates this relationship. We test these effects using a two-level model on a dataset of 2,898 occupational fraud cases across 41 countries. We find that uncertainty avoidance and long-term orientation display significant positive association with occupational fraud magnitude (while power distance and achievement orientation display marginally significant positive association). Further, the effects of achievement orientation, uncertainty avoidance, and indulgence are moderated by fraud type (while power distance and long-term orientation show marginally significant interaction effects).

The Effect of National Culture on the Relationship between IFRS Adoption and the Cost of Equity Capital

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 69-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Diógenes Góis ◽  
Gerlando Augusto Sampaio Franco de Lima ◽  
Nádia Alves de Sousa ◽  
Mara Jane Contrera Malacrida
Keyword(s):  
National Culture ◽  
Power Distance ◽  
Uncertainty Avoidance ◽  
Equity Capital ◽  
Cost Of Equity Capital ◽  
Cost Of Equity ◽  
Ifrs Adoption ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT In this study we evaluated the effect of national culture on the relationship between IFRS adoption and the cost of equity capital in 2,692 large firms from 31 countries, covering the period 2002–2007. National culture was proxied by six dimensions: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism, masculinity, long-term orientation, and indulgence. IFRS reduced the cost of equity capital when national culture was not included in the regression, and when power distance was included. Cost of equity capital was low in countries with high levels of uncertainty avoidance and indulgence. Our main finding is that the cost of equity capital tends to be low in countries with IFRS and long-term orientation. The fact that IFRS-related benefits (such as improved information quality and reduced cost of equity capital) may be compromised by components of national culture should be taken into account by investors and analysts in their forecasts and investment decisions.

scholarly journals The National Culture, Best Countries Rank Number, Corruption Performance Index, and Governance. A Study in 8 Countries.

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 5541-5547
Author(s):  
Tri Gunarsih ◽  
M Jusuf Wibisana
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
National Culture ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Performance Index ◽  
Power Distance ◽  
Rank Number ◽  
Governance Indicators ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World

This study implements correlation analysis to explore the relationships between the national culture; best countries rank number, Corruption Performance Index (CPI) and governance in 8 countries in the Europe region (Croatia, France, Hungary, and Italy) and Asia region (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippine, and Singapore). The national culture based on six dimensions of Hofstede et al. The best countries rank number based on usnews.com. The CPI based on transparency.org. The Governance based on The World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators, in six expressions. The two highest of culture indicators is Malaysia (Power distance and Indulgence). The two most top indicators of culture are Hungary (Individualism and Masculinity), while the highest uncertainty avoidance is France, and the highest score of long term orientation is Singapore. The highest CPI Score is Singapore (84 out of 100 ratings), and the highest number of best countries is France (9 out of 80 countries). Six indicators of Culture correlate with governance indicators. CPI correlates with best countries rank number and five governance indicators. Country Rank correlates with six governance indicators. The results show that not all of the variables correlate with other variables, but governance correlates with all the three variables. These suggest that the improvement of national culture, the higher the rank number of the best countries and the higher the CPI will lead to being better governance.  

scholarly journals Cultural Influence on e‑Government Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sushant Kumar ◽  
Kuldeep Baishya ◽  
Pradip H Sadarangani ◽  
Harsh V Samalia
Keyword(s):  
National Culture ◽  
Power Distance ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Economic Prosperity ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Government Development

E‑government development varies across countries. This study aims to examine the impact of national culture on e‑government development across 78 countries. The dimensions of national culture are power distance, individualism, masculinity, long‑term orientation, uncertainty avoidance, and indulgence. The paper also examines the role of GDP per capita on e‑government development. The result shows that individualism and long‑term orientation are positively related to e‑government development, whereas power distance is negatively related to e‑government development. Also, GDP per capita is found to be significantly impacting e‑government development. Multi‑level interaction effect of GDP per capita and culture on e‑government development is discussed. The paper outlines the implications of results and strategies to design culturally acceptable e‑government policies. The paper argues that growth in economic prosperity cannot guarantee e‑government development, and national culture must be included in a holistic discussion of the development.

scholarly journals The impact of national culture on environmental performance: case for GSS countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 304-311
Author(s):  
Hichem Dkhili ◽  
Lasaad Ben Dhiab
Keyword(s):  
National Culture ◽  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Power Distance ◽  
Uncertainty Avoidance ◽  
Empirical Examination ◽  
Scientific Discussion ◽  
Logical Sequence ◽  
The Impact

This paper summarizes the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific discussion on the issue of national culture and environmental performance. The main paper’s goal is the empirical examination of the national culture determinants and their impacts on environmental performance. The relevance of the decision of this scientific problem is that environmental performance is a relevant objective in the Gulf Council countries (GCC). The investigation of the topic on the national culture of GCC in the paper was carried out in a logical sequence. The methodological tool of this research was applied to measure the impact of national culture on environmental performance. For gaining the paper’s goal, the study involved the empirical approach justified by using a structural model. The empirical analysis results showed a positive effect of national culture on environmental performance. The findings allowed suggesting that Power distance, Individualism, Masculinity, Uncertainty avoidance, Long term orientation moderated the relationship between national culture and environmental performance The results implied that Power distance, Individualism, Masculinity, Uncertainty Avoidance, and long-term orientation in the GCC's companies had a positive and significant relation with environmental performance. The results of this research could be useful for the GCC companies to promote the long-term orientation and environmental performance for good development and economic growth. Besides, the author suggested maintaining the environmental performance and limit the average financial performance.

scholarly journals Climate drivers of plague epidemiology in British India, 1898–1949

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1928) ◽  
pp. 20200538
Author(s):  
Warren S. D. Tennant ◽  
Mike J. Tildesley ◽  
Simon E. F. Spencer ◽  
Matt J. Keeling
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Models ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
British India ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
The World ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Plague, caused by Yersinia pestis infection, continues to threaten low- and middle-income countries throughout the world. The complex interactions between rodents and fleas with their respective environments challenge our understanding of human plague epidemiology. Historical long-term datasets of reported plague cases offer a unique opportunity to elucidate the effects of climate on plague outbreaks in detail. Here, we analyse monthly plague deaths and climate data from 25 provinces in British India from 1898 to 1949 to generate insights into the influence of temperature, rainfall and humidity on the occurrence, severity and timing of plague outbreaks. We find that moderate relative humidity levels of between 60% and 80% were strongly associated with outbreaks. Using wavelet analysis, we determine that the nationwide spread of plague was driven by changes in humidity, where, on average, a one-month delay in the onset of rising humidity translated into a one-month delay in the timing of plague outbreaks. This work can inform modern spatio-temporal predictive models for the disease and aid in the development of early-warning strategies for the deployment of prophylactic treatments and other control measures.

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