scholarly journals On-Board Georeferencing Using FPGA-Based Optimized Second-Order Polynomial Equation

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dequan Liu ◽  
Guoqing Zhou ◽  
Jingjin Huang ◽  
Rongting Zhang ◽  
Lei Shu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Coordinate Transformation ◽  
Polynomial Equation ◽  
Remotely Sensed ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Bilinear Interpolation ◽  
Remotely Sensed Imagery ◽  
Order Polynomial ◽  
Mean Square Errors

For real-time monitoring of natural disasters, such as fire, volcano, flood, landslide, and coastal inundation, highly-accurate georeferenced remotely sensed imagery is needed. Georeferenced imagery can be fused with geographic spatial data sets to provide geographic coordinates and positing for regions of interest. This paper proposes an on-board georeferencing method for remotely sensed imagery, which contains five modules: input data, coordinate transformation, bilinear interpolation, and output data. The experimental results demonstrate multiple benefits of the proposed method: (1) the computation speed using the proposed algorithm is 8 times faster than that using PC computer; (2) the resources of the field programmable gate array (FPGA) can meet the requirements of design. In the coordinate transformation scheme, 250,656 LUTs, 499,268 registers, and 388 DSP48s are used. Furthermore, 27,218 LUTs, 45,823 registers, 456 RAM/FIFO, and 267 DSP48s are used in the bilinear interpolation module; (3) the values of root mean square errors (RMSEs) are less than one pixel, and the other statistics, such as maximum error, minimum error, and mean error are less than one pixel; (4) the gray values of the georeferenced image when implemented using FPGA have the same accuracy as those implemented using MATLAB and Visual studio (C++), and have a very close accuracy implemented using ENVI software; and (5) the on-chip power consumption is 0.659 W. Therefore, it can be concluded that the proposed georeferencing method implemented using FPGA with second-order polynomial model and bilinear interpolation algorithm can achieve real-time geographic referencing for remotely sensed imagery.

Soil-line vegetation indices for corn nitrogen content prediction

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Bagheri ◽  
H. Ahmadi ◽  
S. Alavipanah ◽  
M. Omid
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Vegetation Indices ◽  
Polynomial Equation ◽  
Measured Data ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Soil Line ◽  
Order Polynomial ◽  
Canopy Nitrogen ◽  
Order Polynomial Equation ◽  
Corn Canopy

Soil-line vegetation indices for corn nitrogen content prediction The soil-line vegetation indices for prediction of corn canopy nitrogen content were investigated. Results indicated that the vegetation indices applied were correlated with corn canopy nitrogen content and the wavelengths between 630-860 nm are suitable for nitrogen diagnosis. The second-order polynomial equation was the best model for nitrogen content prediction among different regression types. Analyses based on both predicted and measured data were carried out to compare the performance of existing vegetation indices.

scholarly journals Combined Surfactant and Enzyme-Assisted Extraction of Pectin from Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna Jacq.) Fruits

2022 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 733-742
Author(s):  
Anastasia Novikova ◽  
Liubov Skrypnik
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Polynomial Equation ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Wild Fruits ◽  
Assisted Extraction ◽  
Order Polynomial ◽  
Extraction Parameters ◽  
Enzyme Assisted Extraction

Introduction. Commercial pectin is usually obtained from apples or citrus fruits. However, some wild fruits, such as hawthorn, are also rich in pectin with valuable nutritional and medical properties. The research objective was to study and improve the process of combined surfactant and enzyme-assisted extraction of pectin from hawthorn fruits. Study objects and methods. The study involved a 1% solution of Polysorbate-20 surfactant and a mix of two enzymes, namely cellulase and xylanase, in a ratio of 4:1. The response surface methodology with the Box-Behnken experimental design improved the extraction parameters. The experiment featured three independent variables – temperature, time, and solvent-to-material ratio. They varied at three levels: 20, 40, and 60°C; 120, 180, and 240 min; 15, 30, and 45 mL per g. Their effect on the parameters on the pectin yield was assessed using a quadratic mathematical model based on a second order polynomial equation. Results and discussion. The response surface methodology made it possible to derive a second order polynomial regression equation that illustrated the effect of extraction parameters on the yield of polyphenols. The regression coefficient (R2 = 98.14%) and the lack-of-fit test (P > 0.05) showed a good accuracy of the model. The optimal extraction conditions were found as follows: temperature = 41°C, time = 160 min, solvent-to-material ratio = 32 mL per 1 g. Under the optimal conditions, the predicted pectin yield was 14.9%, while the experimental yield was 15.2 ± 0.4%. The content of galacturonic acid in the obtained pectin was 58.5%, while the degree of esterification was 51.5%. The hawthorn pectin demonstrated a good complex-building ability in relation to ions of copper (564 mg Cu2+/g), lead (254 mg Pb2+/g), and cobalt (120 mg Co2+/g). Conclusion. Combined surfactant and enzyme-assisted extraction made improved the extraction of pectin from hawthorn fruits. The hawthorn pectin can be used to develop new functional products.

The Muscle Activation-Force Relationship Is Unaffected by Ischaemic Recovery

1997 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 468-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Behm ◽  
Diane M. M. St-Pierre
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Polynomial Equation ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Plantar Flexors ◽  
General Estimate ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Order Polynomial ◽  
Activation Force ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Force Relationship

Since reported changes in muscle activation following fatigue could be affected by alterations in muscle contractile properties, the plantar flexors' activation-force relationship was investigated before and following an isometric, intermittent, submaximal, fatigue protocol. Voluntary and evoked force and muscle activation was tested pre- and postfatigue with ischaemic and nonischaemic recovery. The muscle activation-force relationship of ischaemic and nonischaemic groups was best described by a second-order polynomial equation with similar y intercepts, slopes, and curvature of the slopes. A significantly increased muscle activation-force slope during recovery may be attributed to decreased muscle activation and not impaired muscle kinetics. The index of muscle activation immediately postfatigue was not significantly different between ischaemic and nonischaemic groups (88.5% vs. 92.7%). No significant difference in the estimate of muscle activation postfatigue with polynomials and interpolated twitch (IT) ratios (superimposed/potentiated doublets) suggested that IT ratios can be used as a general estimate of muscle inactivation following fatigue. Key words: fatigue, interpolated twitch technique, second-order polynomial, ischaemia

scholarly journals Second-Order Polynomial Equation-Based Block Adjustment for Orthorectification of DISP Imagery

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guoqing Zhou ◽  
Tao Yue ◽  
Yujun Shi ◽  
Rongting Zhang ◽  
Jingjin Huang
Keyword(s):  
Polynomial Equation ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Order Polynomial ◽  
Order Polynomial Equation

scholarly journals Protein to energy ratios in goldfish (Carassius auratus) diets

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 550-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristielle Nunes Souto ◽  
Marcos Vinicius Antunes de Lemos ◽  
Graciela Pessoa Martins ◽  
Janaína Gomes Araújo ◽  
Karina Ludovico de Almeida Martinez Lopes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Polynomial Equation ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Energy Ratio ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Order Polynomial ◽  
Digestible Protein

The optimal dietary digestible protein to energy ratio is critical for the success of fish farming. Considering that it provides the proper development of the animals, this study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of different dietary digestible protein to energy ratio in diets for goldfish fingerlings. Diets were formulated to contain 28.0, 35.0, 42.0 and 49.0% DP and 3,600 and 3,200 kcal/kg. The growth parameters evaluated were daily weight gain (DWG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), protein productive value (PPV) and energy retention ratio (ERR) and specific growth rate (SGR). Regardless FI, all the parameters were affected by protein and energy levels and interaction between both factors was observed. The second-order polynomial equation best fitted to the DWG, SGR, FCR, PER and ERR with estimated requirement values of 38.81, 38.85, 41.05, 41.80 and 39.39% DP, respectively, at the 3,200 kcal/kg. A second-order polynomial model was significant only for the ERR data at the 3,600 kcal/kg with an estimated requirement value of 36.45% DP. Generally, fish fed diets containing 3,200 kcal/kg had better growth performance than fish fed 3,600 kcal/kg (P<0.01), indicating a higher feed efficiency. A 3,200 kcal/kg diet seems to be the proper DE level for meeting goldfish requirement for highest weight gain. Based on this experimental condition, we recommend the use of DP levels between 38.0-40.0% in diets for goldfish with 3,200 kcal/kg or a dietary protein to energy ratio between 119-125 mg/kcal DE.

scholarly journals Developing A New Empirical-Computational Method, for Accurate Acid- Base Quantitative Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 19-30
Author(s):  
Owolabi Rasheed Uthman ◽  
Akinjide Akinola ◽  
Mohammed Awwal Usman ◽  
Abubakar Adepitan
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Polynomial Equation ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Computational Method ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Order Polynomial

The mole ratio of an acid base reaction is one of the important values to state the stoichiometric relationship between acids and bases. However, solving acid-base problems based on stoichiometry is still challenging for new chemists.This issue renders the use of a model for predicting the volume of the acid used an exciting endeavour in academia. This work was to study the individual and interactive effects of the titration parameters such as acid concentration, base concentration and the number of the indicator drops on the volume of acid used in the titration process, using methyl orange as an indicator.We also aimed to study the central composite design (CCD) model of response surface methodology (RSM) for experimental design and modelling of the process. The experimental data were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and fitted to a second-order polynomial equation using multiple regression analysis. The regression analysis showed a good fit of the experimental data to the second-order polynomial model with a coefficient of determination (R2) value of 0.9751 and model F-value of 43.37. The response surface and contour plots were generated from RSM tool for the interactive effects of the studied parameters on the volume of acid used. The developed model was further validated using existing acid-base titration problems from the Senior Secondary Certificate Examination (SSCE) past questions over 30 years. All observations indicated that the developed model was only valid for a monobasic acid.

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