scholarly journals Infrared Hyperspectral and Ultraviolet Remote Measurements of Volcanic Gas Plume at MT Etna during IMAGETNA Campaign

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Huret ◽  
Charlotte Segonne ◽  
Sébastien Payan ◽  
Giuseppe Salerno ◽  
Valéry Catoire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Plume ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Volcanic Gas ◽  
Volcanic Plumes ◽  
Emission Fluxes ◽  
Mt Etna ◽  
Remote Measurements ◽  
Natural Emissions ◽  
Infrared Spectrometer ◽  
Gas Measurements

Quantification of gaseous emission fluxes from volcanoes can yield valuable insights on processes occurring in the Earth’s interior as part of hazard monitoring. It is also an important task in the framework of climate change, in order to refine estimates of natural emissions. Passive open-path UltraViolet (UV) scattered observation by UV camera allows the imaging of volcanic plumes and evaluation of sulfur dioxide (SO2) fluxes at high temporal resolution during daytime. Another technique of imaging is now available in the InfraRed (IR) spectral domain. Infrared hyperspectral imagers have the potential to overcome the boundary of daytime sampling of the UV, providing measurements also during the night and giving access simultaneously to additional relevant gas species. In this context the IMAGETNA campaign of measurements took place at Mt Etna (Italy) in June 2015. Three different IR imagers (commercial and under developments) were deployed, together with a Fourier Transform InfraRed spectrometer (FTIR) instrument, a UV camera, a Long Wavelength InfraRed (LWIR) camera and a radiometer. We present preliminary results obtained by the two IR cameras under development, and then the IR hyperspectral imager results, coming from full physics retrieval, are compared to those of the UV camera. The comparison points out an underestimation of the SO2 Slant Column Densities (SCD) of the UV camera by a factor of 3.6. The detailed study of the retrieved SO2 SCD highlights the promising application of IR imaging in volcanology for remotely volcanic plume gas measurements. It also provides a way to investigate uncertainties in the SO2 SCD imaging in the UV and the IR.

scholarly journals Detection of Volcanic Plumes by GPS: the 23 November 2013 Episode on Mt. Etna

2015 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo Aranzulla ◽  
Flavio Cannavò ◽  
Simona Scollo
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Explosive Eruptions ◽  
Volcanic Plume ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Volcanic Plumes ◽  
Gps Network ◽  
Mt Etna ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
Aviation Operations

<p>The detection of volcanic plumes produced during explosive eruptions is important to improve our understanding on dispersal processes and reduce risks to aviation operations. The ability of Global Position-ing System (GPS) to retrieve volcanic plumes is one of the new challenges of the last years in volcanic plume detection. In this work, we analyze the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) data from 21 permanent stations of the GPS network of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, that are located on the Mt. Etna (Italy) flanks. Being one of the most explosive events since 2011, the eruption of November 23, 2013 was chosen as a test-case. Results show some variations in the SNR data that can be correlated with the presence of an ash-laden plume in the atmosphere. Benefits and limitations of the method are highlighted.</p>

scholarly journals First measurements of continuous δ<sup>18</sup>O-CO<sub>2</sub> with a Fourier Transform InfraRed spectrometer in Heidelberg, Germany

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 6501-6528
Author(s):  
S. N. Vardag ◽  
S. Hammer ◽  
M. Sabasch ◽  
D. W. T. Griffith ◽  
I. Levin
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Exchange Processes ◽  
Infrared Spectrometer ◽  
Gas Measurements ◽  
The Fourier Transform

Abstract. The continuous in-situ measurement of δ18O in atmospheric CO2 opens a new door to differentiating between CO2 source and sink components with high temporal resolution. Continuous 13C-CO2 measurement systems have been commercially available already for some time, but until now, only few instruments have been able to provide a continuous measurement of the oxygen isotope ratio in CO2. Besides precise 13C/12C observations, the Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectrometer also measures the 18O/16O ratio of CO2, but the precision and accuracy of the measurements has not been evaluated yet. Here we present a first analysis of δ18O-CO2 (and δ13C-CO2) measurements with the FTIR in Heidelberg. We find that our spectrometer measures 18O in CO2 with a reproducibility of better than 0.3‰ at a temporal resolution of less than 10 min, as determined from surveillance gas measurements over a period of ten months. An Allan deviation test shows that the δ18O repeatability reaches 0.15‰ for half-hourly means. The compatibility of our spectroscopic measurements was determined by comparing FTIR measurements of calibration gases and ambient air to mass-spectrometric measurements of flask samples, filled with the cylinder gases or episodically collected over a diurnal cycle (event). We found that direct cylinder gas measurements agree to 0.01 ± 0.04‰ (mean and standard deviation) for δ13C-CO2 and 0.01 ± 0.11‰ for δ18O. Two weekly episodes of recent ambient air measurements, one in winter and one in summer, are discussed in view of the question, which potential insights and new challenges combined highly resolved δ18O-CO2 and δ13C-CO2 records may provide in terms of better understanding regional scale continental carbon exchange processes.

scholarly journals OClO and BrO observations in the volcanic plume of Mt. Etna – implications on the chemistry of chlorine and bromine species in volcanic plumes

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
pp. 25213-25280
Author(s):  
J. Gliß ◽  
N. Bobrowski ◽  
L. Vogel ◽  
U. Platt
Keyword(s):  
Early Morning ◽  
Optical Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Volcanic Plume ◽  
Plume Dispersion ◽  
Strong Indication ◽  
Volcanic Plumes ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Mt Etna ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Spatial and temporal profiles of chlorine dioxide (OClO), bromine monoxide (BrO) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) were measured in the plume of Mt. Etna, Italy, in September 2012 using Multi-Axis-Differential-Optical-Absorption-Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS). OClO (BrO) was detected in 119 (452) individual measurements covering plume ages up to 6 (23) minutes. The retrieved slant column densities (SCDs) reached values up to 2.0 × 1014 molecules cm−2 (OClO) and 1.1 × 1015 molecules cm−2 (BrO). In addition, the spectra were analysed for signatures of IO, OIO and OBrO, none of these species could be detected. The corresponding detection limits for IO / SO2, OIO / SO2 and OBrO / SO2 were 1.8 × 10−6, 2.0 × 10−5 and 1.1 × 10−5 respectively. The measurements were performed at plume ages (τ) from zero to 23 min downwind the emission source. The chemical variability of BrO and OClO in the plume was studied analysing the OClO / SO2 and BrO / SO2-ratio. A marked increase of both ratios was observed in the young plume (τ < 3 min) and a levelling off at larger plume ages (τ > 3 min) with mean abundances of 3.17 × 10−5 (OClO / SO2), 1.55 × 10−4 (BrO / SO2) and 0.16 (OClO / BrO). Furthermore, enhanced BrO/SO2-ratios were found at the plume edges (by ~30–37%) and a strong indication of enhanced OClO / SO2-ratios as well (~10–250%). A measurement performed in the early morning (05:20–06:20 UTC, sunrise: 04:40 UTC) showed an BrO / SO2-ratio increasing with time until 05:35 UTC and a constant ratio afterwards. Observing this increase was only possible due to a correction for stratospheric BrO signals in the plume spectra. The corresponding OClO / SO2-ratio showed a similar trend stabilising around 06:13 UTC, approximately 40 min later than BrO. This is another strong indication for the photochemical nature of the reactions involved in the formation of oxidised halogens in volcanic plumes. In particular, these findings support the current understanding of the underlying chemistry, namely, that BrO is formed in an autocatalytic reaction mechanism in literature often referred to as "bromine explosion" and that OClO is formed in the "BrO + ClO"-reaction. BrO and OClO concentrations were estimated from the measured SCDs assuming a circular plume shape. In addition, mixing ratios of ClO were determined from the retrieved OClO and BrO-SCDs assuming chemical equilibrium between formation of OClO (BrO + ClO) and its destruction (photolysis). Mean abundances in the young plume (τ<4 min) were BrO = 1.35 ppb, OClO = 300 ppt and ClO = 139 ppt with peak values of 600 ppt (OClO), 2.7 ppb (BrO) and 235 ppt (ClO) respectively. The prevailing Cl-atom concentrations in the plume could be estimated from the rate of increase of OClO and BrO in the young plume and the determined ClO and OClO concentrations. Values between 5.1 × 106 cm−3 (at 40 ppb O3) and 2.1 × 108 cm−3 (at 1 ppb O3) were found. Based on that, a potential – chlorine induced – depletion of tropospheric methane (CH4) in the plume was investigated. CH4-lifetimes between 13 h (at 1 ppb O3) and 23 days (at 40 ppb O3) were found. These are considerably small compared to the atmospheric lifetime of CH4. However, the impact of gaseous chlorine on the CH4-budget in the plume environment was assessed to be relatively small, mainly due to plume dispersion (decrease of Cl number densities) and permanent mixing of the plume with the surrounding atmosphere (net supply of O3 and CH4).

scholarly journals SO<sub>2</sub> emissions from Popocatépetl volcano: emission rates and plume imaging using optical remote sensing techniques

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 8119-8141 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Grutter ◽  
R. Basaldud ◽  
C. Rivera ◽  
R. Harig ◽  
W. Junkerman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Plume ◽  
Optical Remote Sensing ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
So2 Emissions ◽  
Volcanic Gas ◽  
Popocatépetl Volcano ◽  
Infrared Spectrometer ◽  
Remote Sensing Techniques ◽  
Scanning Imaging ◽  
Popocatepetl Volcano

Abstract. Sulfur dioxide emissions from Popocatépetl volcano in central Mexico were measured during the MILAGRO field campaign in March 2006. A stationary scanning DOAS (Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometer) was used to monitor the SO2 emissions from the volcano and the results were compared with traverses done with a COSPEC from the ground and a DOAS instrument on board an ultra-light aircraft. Daytime evolutions as well as day-to-day variation of the SO2 emissions are reported. A value of 2.45±1.39 Gg/day of SO2 is reported from all the daily averages obtained during the month of March 2006, with large variation in maximum and minimum daily averages of 5.97 and 0.56 Gg/day, respectively. The large short-term fluctuations in the SO2 emissions obtained could be confirmed through 2-D visualizations of the SO2 plume measured with a scanning imaging infrared spectrometer. This instrument, based on the passive detection of thermal radiation from the volcanic gas and analysis with FTIR spectrometry, is used for the first time for plume visualization of a specific volcanic gas. A 48-h forward trajectory analysis indicates that the volcanic plume was predominately directed towards the Puebla/Tlaxcala region (63%), followed by the Mexico City and Cuernavaca/Cuautla regions with 19 and 18% occurrences, respectively. 25% of the modeled trajectories going towards the Puebla region reached altitudes lower than 4000 m a.s.l. and all trajectories remained over this altitude for the other two regions.

scholarly journals OClO and BrO observations in the volcanic plume of Mt. Etna – implications on the chemistry of chlorine and bromine species in volcanic plumes

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 5659-5681 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Gliß ◽  
N. Bobrowski ◽  
L. Vogel ◽  
D. Pöhler ◽  
U. Platt
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Reaction ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Optical Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Volcanic Plume ◽  
Plume Dispersion ◽  
Volcanic Plumes ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Mt Etna ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Spatial and temporal profiles of chlorine dioxide (OClO), bromine monoxide (BrO) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) of the volcanic plume at Mt. Etna, Italy, were investigated in September 2012 using Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS). OClO was detected in 119 individual measurements covering plume ages up to 6 min. BrO could be detected in 452 spectra up to 23 min downwind. The retrieved slant column densities (SCDs) reached maximum values of 2.0 × 1014 molecules cm-2 (OClO) and 1.1 × 1015 molecules cm-2 (BrO). Mean mixing ratios of BrO and OClO were estimated assuming a circular plume cross section. Furthermore, ClO mixing ratios were derived directly from the BrO and OClO-SCDs. Average abundances of BrO = 1.35 ppb, OClO = 300 ppt and ClO = 139 ppt were found in the young plume (plume age τ < 4 min) with peak values of 2.7 ppb (BrO), 600 ppt (OClO) and 235 ppt (ClO) respectively. The chemical evolution of BrO and OClO in the plume was investigated in great detail by analysing the OClO/SO2 and BrO/SO2 ratios as a function of plume age τ. A marked increase of both ratios was observed in the young plume (τ < 142 s) and a levelling off at larger plume ages showing mean SO2 ratios of 3.17 × 10-5 (OClO/SO2) and 1.65 × 10-4 (BrO/SO2). OClO was less abundant in the plume compared to BrO with a mean OClO/BrO ratio of 0.16 at plume ages exceeding 3 min. A measurement performed in the early morning at low solar radiances revealed BrO/SO2 and OClO/SO2 ratios increasing with time. This observation substantiates the importance of photochemistry regarding the formation of BrO and OClO in volcanic plumes. These findings support the current understanding of the underlying chemistry, namely, that BrO is formed in an autocatalytic, heterogeneous reaction mechanism (in literature often referred to as "bromine explosion") and that OClO is formed in the reaction of OClO with BrO. These new findings, especially the very detailed observation of the BrO and OClO formation in the young plume, were used to infer the prevailing Cl-atom concentrations in the plume. Relatively small values ranging from [Cl] = 2.5 × 106 cm-3 (assuming 80 ppb background O3) to [Cl] = 2.0 × 108 cm-3 (at 1 ppb O3) were calculated at plume ages of about 2 min. Based on these Cl abundances, a potential – chlorine-induced – depletion of tropospheric methane (CH4) in the plume was investigated. CH4 lifetimes between 14 h (at 1 ppb O3) and 47 days (at 80 ppb O3) were derived. While these lifetimes are considerably shorter than the atmospheric lifetime of CH4, the impact of gaseous chlorine on the CH4 budget in the plume environment should nevertheless be relatively small due to plume dispersion (decreasing Cl concentrations) and ongoing mixing of the plume with the surrounding atmosphere (replenishing O3 and CH4). In addition, all spectra were analysed for signatures of IO, OIO and BrO. None of these species could be detected. Upper limits for IO/SO2, OIO/SO2 and OBrO/SO2 are 1.8 × 10-6, 2.0 × 10-5 and 1.1 × 10-5 respectively.

scholarly journals SO<sub>2</sub> emissions from Popocatépetl volcano: emission rates and plume imaging using optical remote sensing techniques

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (22) ◽  
pp. 6655-6663 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Grutter ◽  
R. Basaldud ◽  
C. Rivera ◽  
R. Harig ◽  
W. Junkerman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Plume ◽  
Optical Remote Sensing ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
So2 Emissions ◽  
Volcanic Gas ◽  
Popocatépetl Volcano ◽  
Infrared Spectrometer ◽  
Remote Sensing Techniques ◽  
Scanning Imaging ◽  
Popocatepetl Volcano

Abstract. Sulfur dioxide emissions from the Popocatépetl volcano in central Mexico were measured during the MILAGRO field campaign in March 2006. A stationary scanning DOAS (Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometer) was used to monitor the SO2 emissions from the volcano and the results were compared with traverses done with a COSPEC from the ground and a DOAS instrument on board an ultra-light aircraft. Daytime evolutions as well as day-to-day variation of the SO2 emissions are reported. A value of 2.45±1.39 Gg/day of SO2 is reported from all the daily averages obtained during the month of March 2006, with large variation in maximum and minimum daily averages of 5.97 and 0.56 Gg/day, respectively. The large short-term fluctuations in the SO2 emissions obtained could be confirmed through 2-D visualizations of the SO2 plume measured with a scanning imaging infrared spectrometer. This instrument, based on the passive detection of thermal radiation from the volcanic gas and analysis with FTIR spectrometry, is used for the first time for plume visualization of a specific volcanic gas. A 48-h forward trajectory analysis indicates that the volcanic plume was predominantly directed towards the Puebla/Tlaxcala region (63%), followed by the Mexico City and Cuernavaca/Cuautla regions with 19 and 18% occurrences, respectively. 25% of the modeled trajectories going towards the Puebla region reached altitudes lower than 4000 m a.s.l. but all trajectories remained over this altitude for the other two regions.

scholarly journals First results of the Piton de la Fournaise STRAP 2015 experiment: multidisciplinary tracking of a volcanic gas and aerosol plume

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 5355-5378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Tulet ◽  
Andréa Di Muro ◽  
Aurélie Colomb ◽  
Cyrielle Denjean ◽  
Valentin Duflot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Aerosol Size Distribution ◽  
Volcanic Plume ◽  
Plume Dispersion ◽  
La Réunion ◽  
Volcanic Gas ◽  
Piton De La Fournaise ◽  
Volcanic Plumes ◽  
First Results ◽  
La Réunion Island

Abstract. The STRAP (Synergie Transdisciplinaire pour Répondre aux Aléas liés aux Panaches volcaniques) campaign was conducted over the entire year of 2015 to investigate the volcanic plumes of Piton de La Fournaise (La Réunion, France). For the first time, measurements at the local (near the vent) and at the regional scales were conducted around the island. The STRAP 2015 campaign has become possible thanks to strong cross-disciplinary collaboration between volcanologists and meteorologists. The main observations during four eruptive periods (85 days) are summarised. They include the estimates of SO2, CO2 and H2O emissions, the altitude of the plume at the vent and over different areas of La Réunion Island, the evolution of the SO2 concentration, the aerosol size distribution and the aerosol extinction profile. A climatology of the volcanic plume dispersion is also reported. Simulations and measurements show that the plumes formed by weak eruptions have a stronger interaction with the surface of the island. Strong SO2 mixing ratio and particle concentrations above 1000 ppb and 50 000 cm−3 respectively are frequently measured over a distance of 20 km from Piton de la Fournaise. The measured aerosol size distribution shows the predominance of small particles in the volcanic plume. Several cases of strong nucleation of sulfuric acid have been observed within the plume and at the distal site of the Maïdo observatory. The STRAP 2015 campaign provides a unique set of multi-disciplinary data that can now be used by modellers to improve the numerical parameterisations of the physical and chemical evolution of the volcanic plumes.

scholarly journals First results of the Piton de la Fournaise STRAP 2015 experiment: multidisciplinary tracking of a volcanic gas and aerosol plume

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Tulet ◽  
Andréa Di Muro ◽  
Aurélie Colomb ◽  
Cyrielle Denjean ◽  
Valentin Duflot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Aerosol Size Distribution ◽  
Volcanic Plume ◽  
Plume Dispersion ◽  
La Réunion ◽  
Volcanic Gas ◽  
Piton De La Fournaise ◽  
Volcanic Plumes ◽  
First Results ◽  
La Réunion Island

Abstract. The STRAP (Synergie Transdisciplinaire pour Répondre aux Aléas liés aux Panaches volcaniques) campaign was conducted in 2015 to investigate the volcanic plumes of Piton de La Fournaise (La Réunion, France). For the first time, measurements at the local (near the vent) and at the regional scales around the island were conducted. The STRAP 2015 campaign has become possible thanks to a strong cross-disciplinary collaboration between volcanologists and meteorologists. The main observations during four eruptive periods (85 days) are summarized. They include the estimates of SO2, CO2 and H2O emissions, the altitude of the plume at the vent and over different areas of La Réunion Island, the evolution of the SO2 concentration, the aerosol size distribution, and the aerosol extinction profile. A climatology of the volcanic plume dispersion is also reported. Simulations and measurements showed that the plume formed by weak eruption has a stronger interaction with the surface of the island. Strong SO2 and particles concentrations above 1000 ppb and 50 000 cm−3, respectively, are frequently measured over 20 km of distance from the Piton de la Fournaise. The measured aerosol size distribution shows the predominance of small particles in the volcanic plume. A particular emphasis is placed on the gas-particle conversion with several cases of strong nucleation of sulfuric acid observed within the plume and at the distal site of the Maïdo observatory. The STRAP 2015 campaign gave a unique set of multi-disciplinary data that can now be used by modellers to improve the numerical paramameterizations of the physical and chemical evolution of the volcanic plumes.

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