scholarly journals Quantification and Mapping of Satellite Driven Surface Energy Balance Fluxes in Semi-Arid to Arid Inter-Mountain Region

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 4019
Author(s):  
Bibek Acharya ◽  
Vivek Sharma ◽  
James Heitholt ◽  
Daniel Tekiela ◽  
Fabian Nippgen
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Bowen Ratio ◽  
Soil Heat Flux ◽  
Irrigation Districts ◽  
Intermountain Region ◽  
Semi Arid

Crop evapotranspiration (ETc) estimates, on a regional scale, hold enormous potential in managing surface and groundwater resources. This is particularly important for the headwater state of Wyoming, which provides water to found major river basins of the US. In this study, METRIC (Mapping evapotranspiration at high resolution with internalized calibration), a satellite-based image processing model, was used to map and quantify daily, monthly, and seasonal ETc and other energy balance fluxes, i.e., net radiation (Rn), sensible heat (H), and soil heat flux (G) dynamics for different land-use classes. Monthly and seasonal ETc estimated were further used to approximate regional water consumption patterns for different land-use types for nine irrigation districts in semi-arid to arid intermountain region of Big Horn Basin (BHB), Wyoming. The validation of METRIC retrievals against Bowen ratio energy balance system (BREBS) fluxes measured over three vegetative surfaces, viz. sugar beet in 2017, dry bean in 2018, and barley in 2019, indicated high accuracy. The pooled correlation observed between estimated (pooled) and measured instantaneous fluxes had R2 values of 0.91 (RMSE = 0.08 mm h−1, NSE = 0.91), 0.81 (RMSE = 49.6 Wm−2, NSE = 0.67), 0.53 (RMSE = 27.1 Wm−2, NSE = 0.53), and 0.86 (RMSE = 59.2 Wm−2, NSE = 0.84) for ETc, Rn, G, and H, respectively. The biggest discrepancy between measured and estimated monthly ETc values was observed during times when BREBS flux tower footprint was devoid of any crops or the crops at footprint were not actively transpiring. Validation results improved when comparisons were made on monthly scales with METRIC underestimating growing season ETc in the range between 3.2% to 6.0%. Seasonal ETc by land-use type showed significant variation over the study area where crop ETc was 52% higher than natural vegetation ETc. Furthermore, it was found that, in the arid to semi-arid intermountain region of Wyoming, the contribution of irrigation to total seasonal ETc varied in the range of 73–81% in nine irrigation districts that fall within the study area. The high relative contribution of irrigation highlights the importance of identifying and quantifying ETc for improved management in irrigation system design and water allocation.

scholarly journals Bower ratio-energy balance associated errors in vineyards under dripping irrigation

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Monteiro Soares ◽  
Pedro Vieira De Azevedo ◽  
Bernado Barbosa Da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Bowen Ratio ◽  
Global Solar Radiation ◽  
Soil Heat Flux ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Data Logger ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Ratio Energy

This study was conducted at the Bebedouro Experimental Station in Petrolina-PE, Brazil, to evaluate the errors associated to the application of the Bowen ratio-energy balance in a 3-years old vineyard (Vitis vinifera, L), grown in a trellis system, irrigated by dripping. The field measurements were taken during fruiting cycle (July to November, 2001), which was divided into eigth phenological stages. A micrometeorological tower was mounted in a grape-plants row in which sensors of net radiation, global solar radiation and wind speed were installed at about 1.0 m above the canopy. Also in the tower, two psicometers were installed at two levels (0.5 and 1.8 m) above the vineyard canopy. Two soil heat flux plates were buried at 0.02 m beneath the soil surface. All these sensors were connected to a Data logger 21 X of Campbell Scientific Inc., programmed for collecting data once every 5 seconds and storage averages for every 15 minutes. A comparative analysis were made among four Bowen ratio accepting/rejecting rules, according to the methodology proposed by Spano et al. (2000): betar1 - values of beta calculated by Bowen (1926) equation; betar2 - values of beta as proposed by Verma et al. (1978) equation; betar3 - exclusion of the beta values obtained as recommended by Unland et al. (1996) and betar4 - exclusion of the beta values calculated as proposed by Bowen (1926), out of the interval (-0.7 < beta < 0.7). Constacted that the Unland et al. (1996) and Soares (2003) accepting/rejection rules were better than that of Verma et al. (1978) for attenuating the advective effects on the calculations of the Bowen ratio. The comparison of betar1 with betar2 rules showed that the statistical errors reaching maximum values of 0.015. When comparing betar1 with betar3 e betar4, the beta errors reaching maximum values of 5.80 and 3.15, respectively.

ENERGY BALANCE OVER PRAIRIE GRASS

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
LAWRENCE C. NKEMDIRIM ◽  
SHUJI YAMASHITA
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Bowen Ratio ◽  
Soil Heat Flux ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Net Radiation ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Prairie Grass ◽  
Latent Flux ◽  
Evaporative Flux

The energy balance over prairie grass was computed for four cloudless days using the Bowen ratio and the Fourier heat conduction equation. For the 3 advection-free days evaporation accounted for an average of 55% of daytime net radiation. Turbulent flux of heat and soil heat flux shared the remaining portion almost equally. Hourly evaporation can be related to net radiation by the empirical equation: E = 1.2 + 0.75 R cal cm−2 hr−1, where E is the evaporative flux and R the net radiation. The patterns of the soil heat flux was fairly steady from day to day. The relation between hourly flux of sensible heat and soil heat flux was linear on a daily basis. The linearity of the two fluxes when the hourly value for the whole period of investigation was pooled was poor. The proportion of net radiation used as latent flux and sensible flux showed large variability under advection conditions.

scholarly journals Avaliação da Evapotranspiração de Pastagem pelo Método do Domo (Evaluation of Grassland Evapotranspiration by Dome Method)

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 716
Author(s):  
Irami Buarque Amazonas ◽  
Antônio Celso Dantas Antonino ◽  
Willames Albuquerque Sores ◽  
José Romualdo Sousa Lima ◽  
Suzana Maria Gico Lima Montenegro
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Bowen Ratio ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Ratio Method ◽  
Satisfactory Performance ◽  
De Se ◽  
Para Determinar ◽  
The Town ◽  
Semi Arid

A região semiárida nordestina necessita de formas alternativas confiáveis economicamente e viáveis de se estimar a evaporação (E) ou a evapotranspiração (ET), uma vez que apresenta um regime de chuvas irregular e a ET se constitui na principal perda de água no sistema solo-planta-atmosfera. Dentre os vários métodos de se determinar a ET, o domo tem sido comparado com outros métodos, apresentando desempenho satisfatório e, por ser mais barato do que os demais, pode se tornar uma alternativa viável para medidas rápidas e pontuais. O domo consiste em uma cúpula de acrílico colocada sobre o solo, onde se determina a E ou ET a partir de medidas de temperatura e umidade no seu interior. Neste trabalho o domo foi usado para determinar a ET de uma pastagem, no município de São João-PE, e os resultados foram confrontados com os obtidos pelo balanço de energia-razão de Bowen. Verificou-se que o método do domo apresentou resultados satisfatórios na determinação da ET, sendo a média diária de 3,33 e 4,05 mm d-1, obtidas pelo domo e pela razão de Bowen, respectivamente. A metodologia do domo possui a desvantagem de não ser automatizada e subestimar a ET nos horários de maior incidência de radiação.    A B S T R A C T The semi-arid northeastern need of alternative reliable and economically feasible to estimate evaporation (E) or evapotranspiration (ET), since it presents an irregular rainfall and ET constitutes the main loss of water in the soil-plant-atmosphere. Among the various methods of determining the ET, the dome has been compared with other methods, showing satisfactory performance, and because it is cheaper than the others, it can become a viable alternative for rapid and punctual measures. The dome consists of an acrylic dome placed over the soil, where it determines the E or ET from measurements of temperature and humidity inside. In this work, the dome was used to determine the ET of grassland in the town of São João, in the Pernambuco state, and the results were compared with experimental data obtained from the energy balance-Bowen ratio method. It has been found that the method of the dome was satisfactory in determining ET of the grassland and the average daily ET was 3.33 and 4.05 mmd-1, obtained by the dome and by Bowen ratio, respectively. The methodology of the dome has the disadvantage of not being automated and underestimates the evapotranspiration in times of highest incidence of radiation. Keywords: Native fruits, Flora of Brazil, Phenology, Botanical Garden 

Simulation supported scenario analysis for water resources planning: a case study in Northern Italy

2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 11-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Facchi ◽  
C. Gandolfi ◽  
B. Ortuani ◽  
D. Maggi
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Irrigation District ◽  
Zone Model ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
The Impact

The work presents the results of a comprehensive modelling study of surface and groundwater resources in the Muzza–Bassa Lodigiana irrigation district, in Northern Italy. It assesses the impact of changes in land use and irrigation water availability on the distribution of crop water consumption in space and time, as well as on the groundwater resources. A distributed, integrated surface water-groundwater simulation system was implemented and applied to the study area. The system is based on the coupling of a conceptual vadose zone model with the groundwater model MODFLOW. To assess the impact of land use and irrigation water availability on water deficit for crops as well as on groundwater system in the area, a number of management scenarios were identified and compared with a base scenario, reflecting the present conditions. Changes in land use may alter significantly both total crop water requirement and aquifer recharge. Water supply is sufficient to meet demand under present conditions and, from the crop water use viewpoint, a reduction of water availability has a positive effect on the overall irrigation system efficiency; however, evapotranspiration deficit increases, concentrated in July and August, when it may be critical for maize crops.

Estimation of Spatial and Temporal Groundwater Balance Components in Khadir Canal Sub-Division, Chaj Doab, Pakistan

Hydrology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 178
Author(s):  
Muhammad Aslam ◽  
Ali Salem ◽  
Vijay P. Singh ◽  
Muhammad Arshad
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Groundwater Recharge ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Water Balance Components ◽  
Aquifer Management ◽  
Groundwater Balance ◽  
Semi Arid

Evaluation of the spatial and temporal distribution of water balance components is required for efficient and sustainable management of groundwater resources, especially in semi-arid and data-poor areas. The Khadir canal sub-division, Chaj Doab, Pakistan, is a semi-arid area which has shallow aquifers which are being pumped by a plethora of wells with no effective monitoring. This study employed a monthly water balance model (water and energy transfer among soil, plants, and atmosphere)—WetSpass-M—to determine the groundwater balance components on annual, seasonal, and monthly time scales for a period of the last 20 years (2000–2019) in the Khadir canal sub-division. The spatial distribution of water balance components depends on soil texture, land use, groundwater level, slope, and meteorological conditions. Inputs for the model included data on topography, slope, soil, groundwater depth, slope, land use, and meteorological data (e.g., precipitation, air temperature, potential evapotranspiration, and wind speed) which were prepared using ArcGIS. The long-term average annual rainfall (455.7 mm) is distributed as 231 mm (51%) evapotranspiration, 109.1 mm (24%) surface runoff, and 115.6 mm (25%) groundwater recharge. About 51% of groundwater recharge occurs in summer, 18% in autumn, 14% in winter, and 17% in spring. Results showed that the WetSpass-M model properly simulated the water balance components of the Khadir canal sub-division. The WetSpass-M model’s findings can be used to develop a regional groundwater model for simulation of different aquifer management scenarios in the Khadir area, Pakistan.

scholarly journals Assessment of daily actual evapotranspiration with SEBAL and S-SEBI algorithms in cotton crop

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Antonio Costa dos Santos ◽  
Bergson Guedes Bezerra ◽  
Bernardo Barbosa da Silva ◽  
Tantravahi Venkata Ramana Rao
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Iterative Process ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Bowen Ratio ◽  
The State ◽  
Actual Evapotranspiration ◽  
Cotton Crop ◽  
Semi Arid

The main objective of this study is to assess the daily ET accuracy obtained by remote sensing algorithms in comparison with measurements in situ. The experiment was conducted in the State of Ceará, Brazil, in a cotton experimental field of EMBRAPA using Bowen ratio measurements to obtain the energy balance components. SEBAL and S-SEBI algorithms were used with four TM Landsat - 5 images of 2005, in order to determine the actual evapotranspiration of cotton crop. The comparison between the estimated values by remote sensing algorithms and the measured values in situ showed that the methods (SEBAL and S-SEBI) presented satisfactory results. The S-SEBI algorithm is an important tool to be applied in ET analysis of semi-arid regions, due its practicability to solve the energy balance and its processing is simpler than SEBAL algorithm which needs the solution of an iterative process.

scholarly journals Comparison of Satellite Driven Surface Energy Balance Models in Estimating Crop Evapotranspiration in Semi-Arid to Arid Inter-Mountain Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1822
Author(s):  
Bibek Acharya ◽  
Vivek Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Surface Energy ◽  
Surface Energy Balance ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Mountain Region ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Crop Evapotranspiration ◽  
Balance System ◽  
Semi Arid

The regional-scale estimation of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) over a heterogeneous surface is an important tool for the decision-makers in managing and allocating water resources. This is especially critical in the arid to semi-arid regions that require supplemental water due to insufficient precipitation, soil moisture, or groundwater. Over the years, various remote sensing-based surface energy balance (SEB) models have been developed to accurately estimate ETc over a regional scale. However, it is important to carry out the SEB model assessment for a particular geographical setting to ensure the suitability of a model. Thus, in this study, four commonly used and contrasting remote sensing models viz. METRIC (mapping evapotranspiration at high resolution with internalized calibration), SEBAL (surface energy balance algorithm for land), S-SEBI (simplified surface energy balance index), and SEBS (surface energy balance system) were compared and used to quantify and map the spatio-temporal variation of ETc in the semi-arid to arid inter-mountain region of Big Horn Basin, Wyoming (Landsat Path/Row: 37/29). Model estimates from 19 cloud-free Landsat 7 and 8 images were compared with the Bowen ratio energy balance system (BREBS) flux stationed in a center pivot irrigated field during 2017 (sugar beet), 2018 (dry bean), and 2019 (barley) growing seasons. The results indicated that all SEB models are effective in capturing the variation of ETc with R2 ranging in between 0.06 to 0.95 and RMSD between 0.07 to 0.15 mm h−1. Pooled data over three vegetative surfaces for three years under irrigated conditions revealed that METRIC (NSE = 0.9) performed better across all land cover types, followed by SEBS (NSE = 0.76), S-SEBI (NSE = 0.73), and SEBAL (NSE = 0.65). In general, all SEB models substantially overestimated ETc and underestimated sensible heat (H) fluxes under dry conditions when only crop residue was available at the surface. A mid-season density plot and absolute difference maps at image scale between the models showed that models involving METRIC, SEBAL, and S-SEBI are close in their estimates of daily crop evapotranspiration (ET24) with pixel-wise RMSD ranged from 0.54 to 0.76 mm d−1 and an average absolute difference across the study area ranged from 0.47 to 0.56 mm d−1. Likewise, all the SEB models underestimated the seasonal ETc, except SEBS.

scholarly journals Energy Budget on Various Land Use Areas Using Reanalysis Data in Florida

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi-Han Cheng ◽  
Fidelia Nnadi ◽  
Yuei-An Liou
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Bowen Ratio ◽  
Reanalysis Data ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Data Set

Energy budget is closely related to the hydrological cycle through evapotranspiration (ET) or latent heat. Hence, quantifying the energy budget on different land uses is critical for understanding the water budget and providing useful land use information for decision makers. However, traditional methods, including in situ measurements and model-only approaches, have deficiencies in data availability, and we have still not yet fully realized how well the energy budgets presented in reanalysis data sets. Therefore, in this study, North American regional reanalysis (NARR) data set from 1992 to 2002 were employed to investigate the energy budget on various land uses (lake, wetland, agriculture, forest, and urban) at a regional scale in Florida. The results showed that the lake and urban areas had high values of energy budget, evaporation, and low Bowen ratio, while the wetland areas have the opposite treads because of the lowest evaporation rate. During drought periods, Bowen ratio, surface temperature, and sensible heat were becoming higher than those of normal years conditions. Finally, by comparing with the observed data, we found NARR had better assimilation of precipitation observations and demonstrated the land use effects from the different coefficient of correlation relationships.

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