scholarly journals An Anti-Interference Scheme for UAV Data Links in Air–Ground Integrated Vehicular Networks

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (21) ◽  
pp. 4742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yixin He ◽  
Daosen Zhai ◽  
Ruonan Zhang ◽  
Xiaojiang Du ◽  
Mohsen Guizani
Keyword(s):  
Spread Spectrum ◽  
Electromagnetic Interference ◽  
Vehicular Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Intelligent Transportation System ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Signal Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Utilization ◽  
Communication Performance ◽  
Data Links

As one of the main applications of the Internet of things (IoT), the vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) is the core of the intelligent transportation system (ITS). Air–ground integrated vehicular networks (AGIVNs) assisted by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have the advantages of wide coverage and flexible configuration, which outperform the ground-based VANET in terms of communication quality. However, the complex electromagnetic interference (EMI) severely degrades the communication performance of UAV sensors. Therefore, it is meaningful and challenging to design an efficient anti-interference scheme for UAV data links in AGIVNs. In this paper, we propose an anti-interference scheme, named as Mary-MCM, for UAV data links in AGIVNs based on multi-ary (M-ary) spread spectrum and multi-carrier modulation (MCM). Specifically, the Mary-MCM disperses the interference power by expanding the signal spectrum, such that the anti-interference ability of AGIVNs is enhanced. Besides, by using MCM and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technologies, the Mary-MCM improves the spectrum utilization effectively while ensuring system performance. The simulation results verify that the Mary-MCM achieves excellent anti-interference performance under different EMI combinations.

scholarly journals Visual-MIMO for Software-Defined Vehicular Networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.4) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Tae Ho Kwon ◽  
Jai Eun Kim ◽  
Ki Soo An ◽  
Rappy Saha ◽  
Ki Doo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Vehicular Networks ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Vehicular Network ◽  
Control Plane ◽  
Vehicular Communication ◽  
Efficient Manner ◽  
Communication Performance ◽  
Efficient Management ◽  
Data Plane ◽  
Input Multiple Output

The paradigm of software-defined network (SDN) is being applied to vehicle scenarios in order to eliminate this heterogeneity of vehicular network infrastructure and to manage packet flow in an application- and user-centrically flexible and efficient manner. However, owing to the random mobility of vehicles and the unpredictable road communication environment, efficient vehicle-based SDN development needs further research. In this study, we propose the concept of a sub-control plane for supporting and backing up, at the data plane level, various functions of the control plane, which plays a key role in SDN. The sub-control plane can be intuitively understood through the image processing techniques used in color-independent visual-MIMO (multiple input multiple output) networking, and the function of the control plane can be backed up through various vehicle-based recognition and tracking algorithms under the situation of disconnection between the data plane and the control plane. The proposed sub-control plane is expected to facilitate efficient management of the software-defined vehicular network (SDVN) and improve vehicular communication performance and service quality.  

scholarly journals Blockchain-Based Authentication in Internet of Vehicles: A Survey

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (23) ◽  
pp. 7927
Author(s):  
Sohail Abbas ◽  
Manar Abu Talib ◽  
Afaf Ahmed ◽  
Faheem Khan ◽  
Shabir Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vehicular Networks ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Intelligent Transportation System ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Security Requirements ◽  
Internet Of Vehicles ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Hoc Networks

Internet of Vehicles (IoV) has emerged as an advancement over the traditional Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) towards achieving a more efficient intelligent transportation system that is capable of providing various intelligent services and supporting different applications for the drivers and passengers on roads. In order for the IoV and VANETs environments to be able to offer such beneficial road services, huge amounts of data are generated and exchanged among the different communicated entities in these vehicular networks wirelessly via open channels, which could attract the adversaries and threaten the network with several possible types of security attacks. In this survey, we target the authentication part of the security system while highlighting the efficiency of blockchains in the IoV and VANETs environments. First, a detailed background on IoV and blockchain is provided, followed by a wide range of security requirements, challenges, and possible attacks in vehicular networks. Then, a more focused review is provided on the recent blockchain-based authentication schemes in IoV and VANETs with a detailed comparative study in terms of techniques used, network models, evaluation tools, and attacks counteracted. Lastly, some future challenges for IoV security are discussed that are necessary to be addressed in the upcoming research.

scholarly journals Interference of Spread-Spectrum EMI and Digital Data Links under Narrowband Resonant Coupling

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Crovetti ◽  
Francesco Musolino
Keyword(s):  
Spread Spectrum ◽  
Electromagnetic Interference ◽  
Digital Data ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Modest Improvement ◽  
Resonant Coupling ◽  
Capacity Loss ◽  
Data Links ◽  
Rf Communication ◽  
Quality Factor Q

In this paper, the effects of electromagnetic interference (EMI) coupled to a radio-frequency (RF) communication channel by resonant mechanisms are investigated and described in the framework of Shannon information theory in terms of an equivalent channel capacity loss so that to analyze and compare the effects of non-modulated and random Spread Spectrum (SS) modulated EMI. The analysis reveals a higher EMI-induced capacity loss for SS-modulated compared to non modulated EMI under practical values of the quality factor Q, while a modest improvement in the worst case capacity loss is observed only for impractical values of Q. Simulations on a 4-quadrature amplitude modulation (4-QAM) digital link featuring Turbo coding under EMI resonant coupling reveal that SS-modulated EMI gives rise to higher bit error rate (BER) at lower EMI power compared non-modulated EMI in the presence of resonant coupling for practical values of Q, thus suggesting a worse interfering potential of SS-modulated EMI.

scholarly journals A Block Bi-Diagonalization-Based Pre-Coding for Indoor Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output-Visible Light Communication System

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 3466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prabu Subramani ◽  
Ganesh Babu Rajendran ◽  
Jewel Sengupta ◽  
Rocío Pérez de Prado ◽  
Parameshachari Bidare Divakarachari
Keyword(s):  
Visible Light ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Electromagnetic Interference ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Visible Light Communication ◽  
Fluorescent Light ◽  
Communication Performance ◽  
Optical Wireless Communications ◽  
Multiple Input ◽  
Input Multiple Output

Visible Light Communication (VLC) is a promising field in optical wireless communications, which uses the illumination infrastructure for data transmission. The important features of VLC are electromagnetic interference-free, license-free, etc. Additionally, Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) techniques are enabled in the VLC for enhancing the limited modulation bandwidth by its spectral efficiency. The data transmission through the MIMO-VLC system is corrupted by different interferences, namely thermal noise, shot noise and phase noise, which are caused by the traditional fluorescent light. In this paper, an effective precoding technique, namely Block Bi-Diagonalization (BBD), is enabled to mitigate the interference occurring in the indoor MIMO-VLC communications. Besides, a Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) is used to modulate the signal before transmission. Here, the indoor MIMO-VLC system is developed to analyze the communication performance under noise constraints. The performance of the proposed system is analyzed in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER) and throughput. Furthermore, the performances are compared with three different existing methods such as OAP, FBM and NRZ-OOK-LOS. The BER value of the proposed system of scenario 1 is 0.0501 at 10 dB, which is less than that of the FBM technique.

scholarly journals On Blockchain-Enhanced Secure Data Storage and Sharing in Vehicular Edge Computing Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 414
Author(s):  
Muhammad Firdaus ◽  
Kyung-Hyune Rhee
Keyword(s):  
Data Storage ◽  
Trust Management ◽  
Vehicular Networks ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Intelligent Transportation System ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Edge Computing ◽  
Byzantine Fault Tolerance ◽  
Secure Data

The conventional architecture of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) with a centralized approach has difficulty overcoming the increasing complexity of intelligent transportation system (ITS) applications as well as challenges in providing large amounts of data storage, trust management, and information security. Therefore, vehicular edge computing networks (VECNets) have emerged to provide massive storage resources with powerful computing on network edges. However, a centralized server in VECNets is insufficient due to potential data leakage and security risks as it can still allow a single point of failure (SPoF). We propose consortium blockchain and smart contracts to ensure a trustworthy environment for secure data storage and sharing in the system to address these challenges. Practical byzantine fault tolerance (PBFT) is utilized because it is suitable for consortium blockchain to audit publicly, store data sharing, and records the whole consensus process. It can defend against system failures with or without symptoms to reach an agreement among consensus participants. Furthermore, we use an incentive mechanism to motivate the vehicle to contribute and honestly share their data. The simulation results satisfy the proposed model’s design goals by increasing vehicular networks’ performance in general.

scholarly journals MIMO Techniques for Jamming Threat Suppression in Vehicular Networks

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitrios Kosmanos ◽  
Nikolas Prodromou ◽  
Antonios Argyriou ◽  
Leandros A. Maglaras ◽  
Helge Janicke
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Traffic Management ◽  
Vehicular Networks ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Spatial Multiplexing ◽  
Multiple Input ◽  
Input Multiple Output ◽  
Hoc Networks

Vehicular ad hoc networks have emerged as a promising field of research and development, since they will be able to accommodate a variety of applications, ranging from infotainment to traffic management and road safety. A specific security-related concern that vehicular ad hoc networks face is how to keep communication alive in the presence of radio frequency jamming, especially during emergency situations. Multiple Input Multiple Output techniques are proven to be able to improve some crucial parameters of vehicular communications such as communication range and throughput. In this article, we investigate how Multiple Input Multiple Output techniques can be used in vehicular ad hoc networks as active defense mechanisms in order to avoid jamming threats. For this reason, a variation of spatial multiplexing is proposed, namely, vSP4, which achieves not only high throughput but also a stable diversity gain upon the interference of a malicious jammer.

scholarly journals Opportunistic routing based on partial CSI in MIMO random ad-hoc networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiftach Richter ◽  
Itsik Bergel
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Wireless Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Data Streams ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Opportunistic Routing ◽  
Statistical Characterization ◽  
Routing Scheme ◽  
Single Antenna ◽  
Hoc Networks

AbstractIn this paper we consider opportunistic routing in multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) random wireless ad-hoc networks (WANETs). Our analysis uses a proper model of the physical layer together with an abstraction of the higher communication layers. We assume that the nodes are distributed according to a Poisson point process and consider a routing scheme that opportunistically selects the next relay and the number of spatially multiplexed data streams. The routing decisions are based on geographic locations, the channel gains of the neighbor nodes, and the statistical characterization of all other nodes. Unlike the single antenna case, the optimal routing scheme cannot be explicitly expressed. Hence, we propose a smart-routing scheme for MIMO that adapts the number of data streams per user to the channel conditions. The numerical results demonstrate that this scheme outperforms all previously published schemes for this scenario. The findings highlight the importance of channel state information for efficient routing, and the need for an adaptive selection of the number of data streams at each transmitter.

scholarly journals Performance Analysis of ECDSA Based SE-AODV Routing Protocol In VANETS

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.16) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Deepak . ◽  
Rajkumar .
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Intelligent Transportation System ◽  
Secure Routing ◽  
The People ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
Aodv Routing Protocol

Vehicular ad hoc networks is an emerging area for researchers to provide intelligent transportation system to the society. It is due to the wide area of applications of VANETs interest is developed among the people from different countries to be a part of it. Therefore many projects had been started and also presently working to implement VANETs in real world scenario. The main challenge in its implementation is to provide a secure mechanism against the various attacks and threats that have the capability to bring the network performance significantly down. In this paper to overcome different types of authentication based attacks in VANETs an ECDSA based secure routing protocol SE-AODV is proposed with security features incorporated in already existing AODV routing protocol. The performance of SE-AODV is evaluated and compared with original AODV and AODV with black hole attack (BH-AODV). The SE-AODV shows better performance with the parameters used for comparison with the variation in vehicle density, speed of vehicles and simulation time. 

scholarly journals A Cooperative Communication Protocol for QoS Provisioning in IEEE 802.11p/Wave Vehicular Networks

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 3622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Woo Kim ◽  
Jae-Wan Kim ◽  
Dong-Keun Jeon
Keyword(s):  
Cooperative Communication ◽  
Vehicular Networks ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Communication Protocol ◽  
Ieee 802.11P ◽  
The Road ◽  
Free Data ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Hoc Networks

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) provide information and entertainment to drivers for safe and enjoyable driving. Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) is designed for VANETs to provide services efficiently. In particular, infotainment services are crucial to leverage market penetration and deployment costs of the WAVE standard. However, a low presence of infrastructure results in a shadow zone on the road and a link disconnection. The link disconnection is an obstacle to providing safety and infotainment services and becomes an obstacle to the deployment of the WAVE standard. In this paper, we propose a cooperative communication protocol to reduce performance degradation due to frequent link disconnection in the road environment. The proposed protocol provides contention-free data delivery by the coordination of roadside units (RSUs) and can provide the network QoS. The proposed protocol is shown to enhance throughput and delay through the simulation.

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