scholarly journals Blind Spoofing GNSS Constellation Detection Using a Multi-Antenna Snapshot Receiver

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (24) ◽  
pp. 5439
Author(s):  
Johannes Rossouw van der Merwe ◽  
Alexander Rügamer ◽  
Wolfgang Felber
Keyword(s):  
Clustering Algorithms ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
System Level ◽  
Navigation Satellite ◽  
Positioning Systems ◽  
Test Setup ◽  
Counter Method ◽  
Eigen Decomposition ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite ◽  
Gnss Constellation

Spoofing of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signals threatens positioning systems. A counter-method is to detect the presence of spoofed signals, followed by a warning to the user. In this paper, a multi-antenna snapshot receiver is presented to detect the presence of a spoofing attack. The spatial similarities of the array steering vectors are analyzed, and different metrics are used to establish possible detector functions. These include subset methods, Eigen-decomposition, and clustering algorithms. The results generated within controlled spoofing conditions show that a spoofed constellation of GNSS satellites can be successfully detected. The derived system-level detectors increase performance in comparison to pair-wise methods. A controlled test setup achieved perfect detection; however, in real-world cases, the performance would not be as ideal. Some detection metrics and features for blind spoofing detecting, with an array of antennas, are identified, which opens the field for future advanced multi-detector developments.

Assessment Models and Rules of GNSS Interoperability

2013 ◽  
Vol 846-847 ◽  
pp. 808-811
Author(s):  
Wei Wang ◽  
Cheng Cai Lv ◽  
Xin Li
Keyword(s):  
Global Navigation Satellite System ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
System Level ◽  
Navigation Satellite ◽  
Weighted Sum ◽  
Dilution Of Precision ◽  
Satellite Systems ◽  
System Integrity ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) interoperability could make use of the information from different navigation satellite systems. To estimate GNSS interoperability at the system level, an innovative assessment algorithm was presented in this paper. First of all, three assessment parameters, namely, Dilution Of Precision (DOP), Navigation Satellite System Precision (NSSP) and Navigation Satellite System Integrity (NSSI) were introduced. Secondly, availability and continuity of the assessment parameters were adopted to quantify the GNSS performance. A further step was then taken to focus on the assessment rule for GNSS performance by employing the weighted sum of availability and continuity. Simulation results demonstrate that GNSS performance could be improved significantly by interoperability.

scholarly journals Background and Recent Advances in the Locata Terrestrial Positioning and Timing Technology

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 1821 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Rizos ◽  
Ling Yang
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite System ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Navigation Satellite ◽  
Positioning Systems ◽  
Comprehensive Literature Review ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is the most widely used Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) technology in the world today, but it suffers some major constraints. Locata is a terrestrial PNT technology that can be considered as a type of localised “constellation”, which is able to provide high-accuracy PNT coverage where GNSS cannot be used. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review of the Locata technology and its applications. It seeks to answer questions, such as: (1) What is Locata and how does it work? (2) What makes Locata unique compared with other terrestrial positioning systems? (3) How has Locata been used in different applications for accurate PNT? (4) What are the current challenging issues that may restrict its further adoption for custom-grade navigation in urban environments?

scholarly journals Method of Evaluating the Positioning System Capability for Complying with the Minimum Accuracy Requirements for the International Hydrographic Organization Orders

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (18) ◽  
pp. 3860 ◽  
Author(s):  
Specht
Keyword(s):  
Global Positioning System ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Positioning System ◽  
Navigation Satellite ◽  
Positioning Accuracy ◽  
Positioning Systems ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Gnss Receivers ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite ◽  
Alternative Solutions

According to the IHO (International Hydrographic Organization) S-44 standard, hydrographic surveys can be carried out in four categories, the so-called orders—special, 1a, 1b, and 2—for which minimum accuracy requirements for the applied positioning system have been set out. These amount to, respectively: 2 m, 5 m, 5 m, and 20 m at a confidence level of 0.95. It is widely assumed that GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) network solutions with an accuracy of 2–5 cm (p = 0.95) and maritime DGPS (Differential Global Positioning System) systems with an error of 1–2 m (p = 0.95) are currently the two main positioning methods in hydrography. Other positioning systems whose positioning accuracy increases from year to year (and which may serve as alternative solutions) have been omitted. The article proposes a method that enables an assessment of any given navigation positioning system in terms of its compliance (or non-compliance) with the minimum accuracy requirements specified for hydrographic surveys. The method concerned clearly assesses whether a particular positioning system meets the accuracy requirements set out for a particular IHO order. The model was verified, taking into account both past and present research results (stationary and dynamic) derived from tests on the following systems: DGPS, EGNOS (European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service), and multi-GNSS receivers (GPS/GLONASS/BDS/Galileo). The study confirmed that the DGPS system meets the requirements for all IHO orders and proved that the EGNOS system can currently be applied in measurements in the orders 1a, 1b, and 2. On the other hand, multi-GNSS receivers meet the requirements for order 2, while some of them meet the requirements for orders 1a and 1b as well.

scholarly journals COMPARING THE ACCURACY OF GNSS POSITIONING VARIANTS FOR UAV BASED 3D MAP GENERATION

2020 ◽  
Vol XLIII-B1-2020 ◽  
pp. 443-449
Author(s):  
H. Haddadi Amlashi ◽  
F. Samadzadegan ◽  
F. Dadrass Javan ◽  
M. Savadkouhi
Keyword(s):  
Global Navigation Satellite System ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Open Pit ◽  
Navigation Satellite ◽  
Navigation Systems ◽  
Positioning Systems ◽  
Satellite Systems ◽  
Gnss Receivers ◽  
Global Navigation ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite

Abstract. GNSS stands for Global Navigation Satellite System and is the standard generic term for satellite navigation systems that provide autonomous geo-spatial positioning with global coverage. The advantage of having access to multiple satellites is accuracy, redundancy, and availability at all the times. Though satellite systems do not often fail, if one fails GNSS receivers can pick up signals from other systems. If the line of sight is obstructed, having access to multiple satellites is also a benefit. GPS (Global Positioning System, USA), GLONASS (Global Navigation Satellite System, Russia), BeiDou (Compass, China), and some regional systems are positioning systems that are usually used. In recent years with the development of the UAVs and GNSS receivers, it is possible to manage an accurate PPK (Post Processing Kinematic) networks with a GNSS receiver mounted on a UAV to achieve the position of images principal points WGS1984 and to reduce the need for GCPs. But the most important challenge in a PPK task is, which a combination of different GNSS constellations would result in the most accurate computed position in checkpoints. For this purpose, this study focused on a PPK equipped UAV to map an open pit (Golgohar mine near Sirjan city). For the purpose, different combination of GPS, GLONASS and BeiDou used for position computed. Results are plotted and compared and found out having access to multiple constellations while doing a PPK task would bring higher accuracies in building photogrammetric models although it may cause some random error due to the higher values of noise while the number of the satellites increases.

scholarly journals Extended Geometry and Probability Model for GNSS+ Constellation Performance Evaluation

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (16) ◽  
pp. 2560
Author(s):  
Lingdong Meng ◽  
Jiexian Wang ◽  
Junping Chen ◽  
Bin Wang ◽  
Yize Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Probability Model ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Low Earth Orbit ◽  
Earth Orbit ◽  
Navigation Satellite ◽  
Constellation Design ◽  
Leo Satellites ◽  
Satellite Visibility ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite ◽  
Gnss Constellation

We proposed an extended geometry and probability model (EGAPM) to analyze the performance of various kinds of (Global Navigation Satellite System) GNSS+ constellation design scenarios in terms of satellite visibility and dilution of precision (DOP) et al. on global and regional scales. Different from conventional methods, requiring real or simulated satellite ephemerides, this new model only uses some basic parameters of one satellite constellation. Verified by the reference values derived from precise satellite ephemerides, the accuracy of visible satellite visibility estimation using EGAPM gets an accuracy better than 0.11 on average. Applying the EGAPM to evaluate the geometry distribution quality of the hybrid GNSS+ constellation, where highly eccentric orbits (HEO), quasi-zenith orbit (QZO), inclined geosynchronous orbit (IGSO), geostationary earth orbit (GEO), medium earth orbit (MEO), and also low earth orbit (LEO) satellites included, we analyze the overall performance quantities of different constellation configurations. Results show that QZO satellites perform slightly better in the Northern Hemisphere than IGSO satellites. HEO satellites can significantly improve constellation geometry distribution quality in the high latitude regions. With 5 HEO satellites included in the third-generation BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS-3), the average VDOP (vertical DOP) of the 30° N–90° N region can be decreased by 16.65%, meanwhile satellite visibility can be increased by 38.76%. What is more, the inclusion of the polar LEO constellation can significantly improve GNSS service performance. When including with 288 LEO satellites, the overall DOPs (GDOP (geometric DOP), HDOP (horizontal DOP), PDOP (position DOP), TDOP (time DOP), and VDOP) are decreased by about 40%, and the satellite visibility can be increased by 183.99% relative to the Global Positioning System (GPS) constellation.

scholarly journals GEOMETRIC DILUTION OF PRECISION OF THE GNSS FOR MARS (GNSS FATIMA)

Aviation ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 183-190
Author(s):  
Jozef KOZAR ◽  
Stanislav DURCO ◽  
Frantisek ADAMCIK
Keyword(s):  
Satellite System ◽  
Navigation Satellite ◽  
Positioning Systems ◽  
Dilution Of Precision ◽  
Positioning Errors ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Geometric Dilution Of Precision ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite ◽  
Critical Aspects

Positioning on Mars is one of the critical aspects of every planetary mission. Current complex planetary exploration systems (orbital and surface) rely on complex navigation and positioning systems, which make these systems complicated, expensive and their missions dangerous. The project of the global navigation satellite system for Mars (proposed system name – FATIMA) can make this and even future manned missions more safe, less expensive and the whole positioning in real time more reliable. The GNSS can be used by more systems or users simultaneously. In this research paper we focus on possible positioning errors when such a system is used. This research is focused on the GDOP – Geometric Dilution of Precision as one of the main factors influencing the GNSS.

New Characteristics of Geometric Dilution of Precision (GDOP) for Multi-GNSS Constellations

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1018-1028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunlong Teng ◽  
Jinling Wang
Keyword(s):  
Single Point ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Navigation Satellite ◽  
Dilution Of Precision ◽  
Single Point Positioning ◽  
Point Positioning ◽  
Geometric Dilution Of Precision ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite ◽  
Gnss Constellation ◽  
Selection Of

For multi-Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) constellations, the Geometric Dilution of Precision (GDOP) is an important parameter utilised for the selection of satellites. This paper has derived new formulae to describe the change of GDOP. The result shows that, for GNSS single point positioning solutions, if one more satellite belonging to the existing tracked multi-GNSS constellation used in the single point positioning solution is added, the GDOP always decreases with the number of the added satellites. On the other hand, when the constellation of the added satellite is not from the tracked existing constellations, the different numbers of the added satellites have different influences on the change of GDOP. Generally, adding one satellite from another constellation into the existing multi-GNSS constellations will increase the GDOP, but adding two satellites will decrease the GDOP compared with adding one from another constellation. Additionally, the GDOP also increases in the cases of adding two satellites from two different constellations into the tracked existing constellations.

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