scholarly journals Application of Graphene-Based Materials for Detection of Nitrate and Nitrite in Water—A Review

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daoliang Li ◽  
Tan Wang ◽  
Zhen Li ◽  
Xianbao Xu ◽  
Cong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Detection Range ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Limit Sensitivity ◽  
Nitrate And Nitrite

Nitrite and nitrate are widely found in various water environments but the potential toxicity of nitrite and nitrate poses a great threat to human health. Recently, many methods have been developed to detect nitrate and nitrite in water. One of them is to use graphene-based materials. Graphene is a two-dimensional carbon nano-material with sp2 hybrid orbital, which has a large surface area and excellent conductivity and electron transfer ability. It is widely used for modifying electrodes for electrochemical sensors. Graphene based electrochemical sensors have the advantages of being low cost, effective and efficient for nitrite and nitrate detection. This paper reviews the application of graphene-based nanomaterials for electrochemical detection of nitrate and nitrite in water. The properties and advantages of the electrodes were modified by graphene, graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite in the development of nitrite sensors are discussed in detail. Based on the review, the paper summarizes the working conditions and performance of different sensors, including working potential, pH, detection range, detection limit, sensitivity, reproducibility, repeatability and long-term stability. Furthermore, the challenges and suggestions for future research on the application of graphene-based nanocomposite electrochemical sensors for nitrite detection are also highlighted.

Motivating Compliance: Firm Response to Mandatory Disclosure Policies

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-119
Author(s):  
Colleen M. Boland ◽  
Chris E. Hogan ◽  
Marilyn F. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Of Interest ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Policy Adoption ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Regulated Firms ◽  
Firm Response ◽  
Disclosure Rules ◽  
The Impact

SYNOPSIS Mandatory existence disclosure rules require an organization to disclose a policy's existence, but not its content. We examine policy adoption frequencies in the year immediately after the IRS required mandatory existence disclosure by nonprofits of various governance policies. We also examine adoption frequencies in the year of the subsequent change from mandatory existence disclosure to a disclose-and-explain regime that required supplemental disclosures about the content and implementation of conflict of interest policies. Our results suggest that in areas where there is unclear regulatory authority, mandatory existence disclosure is an effective and low cost regulatory device for encouraging the adoption of policies desired by regulators, provided those policies are cost-effective for regulated firms to implement. In addition, we find that disclose-and-explain regulatory regimes provide stronger incentives for policy adoption than do mandatory existence disclosure regimes and also discourage “check the box” behavior. Future research should examine the impact of mandatory existence disclosure rules in the year that the regulation is implemented. Data Availability: Data are available from sources cited in the text.

An Electrochemically Reduced Copper/Reduced Graphene Oxide Film Modified Electrode for Sensitive Non-Enzymatic Glucose Detection in Human Serum

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sopit Phetsang ◽  
Pinit Kidkhunthod ◽  
Narong Chanlek ◽  
Jaroon Jakmunee ◽  
Pitchaya Mungkornasawakul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Human Serum ◽  
Reduced Graphene Oxide ◽  
Modified Electrode ◽  
Electrocatalytic Activity ◽  
Glucose Sensor ◽  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Detection Range ◽  
Reduced Graphene

Abstract Numerous studies suggest that modification with functional nanomaterials can enhance the electrode electrocatalytic activity, sensitivity, and selectivity of the electrochemical sensors. Here, a highly sensitive and cost-effective disposable non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on copper(II)/reduced graphene oxide modified screen-printed carbon electrode is demonstrated. Facile fabrication of the developed sensing electrodes is carried out by the adsorption of copper(II) onto graphene oxide modified electrode, then following the electrochemical reduction. The proposed sensor illustrates good electrocatalytic activity toward glucose oxidation with a wide linear detection range from 0.10 mM to 12.5 mM, low detection limit of 65 µM, and high sensitivity of 172 µA mM− 1 cm− 2 along with satisfactory anti-interference ability, reproducibility, stability, and the acceptable recoveries for the detection of glucose in a human serum sample (95.6–106.4%). The copper(II)/reduced graphene oxide based sensor with the superior performances is a great potential for the quantitation of glucose in real samples.

Creativity Enhancement

2013 ◽  
pp. 161-168
Author(s):  
Monty McNair ◽  
Caroline Howard ◽  
Indira Guzman ◽  
Paul Watkin
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Creative Performance ◽  
Creativity Training ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Adaptive Approaches ◽  
Information Systems Personnel

Since the dawn of humanity, creativity has been critical to surmounting the challenges of life. Innovation is particularly essential to survival on every level from an individual solving his/her problems to a world dependent on adaptive approaches to cope with rapidly expanding populations and enormous international tensions. Currently, information systems programs are not fostering the creativity needed to sustain the innovation required to compete in the 21st century marketplace. Educators and researchers need to better understand the effects of creativity training on creative performance to best design programs that meet the needs of information systems personnel and their employers. The results of this study provide evidence that it would be valuable for organizations to experiment with creativity tutorials and recommend that future research be conducted using larger samples of individuals with low levels of creativity. Because the costs of informing people about creativity are low and creativity tutorials can be designed to be easily administered and completed, the authors recommend that a low-cost tutorial would be a cost effective and beneficial strategy for organizations to employ with information systems personnel, especially those who assess themselves as low in creativity.

scholarly journals Fabrication and Characterization of Humidity Sensors Based on Graphene Oxide–PEDOT:PSS Composites on a Flexible Substrate

Micromachines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco J. Romero ◽  
Almudena Rivadeneyra ◽  
Markus Becherer ◽  
Diego P. Morales ◽  
Noel Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Flexible Substrate ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Humidity Sensors ◽  
Good Thermal Stability ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Stability Time

In this paper, we present a simple, fast, and cost-effective method for the large-scale fabrication of high-sensitivity humidity sensors on flexible substrates. These sensors consist of a micro screen-printed capacitive structure upon which a sensitive layer is deposited. We studied two different structures and three different sensing materials by modifying the concentration of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) in a graphene oxide (GO) solution. The results show that the aggregation of the PEDOT:PSS to the GO can modify its electrical properties, boosting the performance of the capacitive sensors in terms of both resistive losses and sensitivity to relative humidity (RH) changes. Thus, in an area less than 30 mm2, the GO/PEDOT:PSS-based sensors can achieve a sensitivity much higher (1.22 nF/%RH at 1 kHz) than other similar sensors presented in the literature which, together with their good thermal stability, time response, and performance over bending, demonstrates that the manufacturing approach described in this work paves the way for the mass production of flexible humidity sensors in an inexpensive way.

A low-cost mixed fullerene acceptor blend for printed electronics

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (26) ◽  
pp. 10274-10281 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Cooling ◽  
E. F. Barnes ◽  
F. Almyahi ◽  
K. Feron ◽  
M. F. Al-Mudhaffer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Printed Electronics ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Reaction Yield ◽  
And Performance

The synthesis and performance of a cost-effective mixed fullerene at the 100+ g scale with a reaction yield of 85% is demonstrated.

The Production of Reduced Graphene Oxide by a Low-Cost Vacuum System for Supercapacitor Applications

2018 ◽  
Vol 930 ◽  
pp. 609-612
Author(s):  
Quezia Cardoso ◽  
Franks Martins Silva ◽  
Ligia Silverio Vieira ◽  
Julio Cesar Serafim Casini ◽  
Solange Kazume Sakata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Vacuum System ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Pump Pressure

Graphene has attracted significant interest because of its excellent electrical properties. However, a practical method for producing graphene on a large scale is yet to be developed. Graphene oxide (GO) can be partially reduced to graphene-like sheets by removing the oxygen-containing groups and recovering the conjugated structure. GO can be produced using inexpensive graphite as the raw material via cost-effective chemical methods. High vacuum and temperature (10−7 mbar and 1100°C, respectively) conditions are well-known to enable the preparation of reduced powder at the laboratory scale. However, a large-scale high vacuum reduction system that can be routinely operated at 10−7 mbar requires considerable initial capital as well as substantial operational and maintenance costs. The current study aims at developing an inexpensive method for the large-scale reduction of graphene oxide. A stainless steel vessel was evacuated to backing-pump pressure (10−2 mbar) and used to process GO at a range of temperatures. The reduction of GO powder at low vacuum pressures was attempted and investigated by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The experimental results of processing GO powder at various temperatures (200–1000°C) at relatively low pressures are reported. The microstructures of the processed materials were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and chemical microanalyses via energy dispersive X-ray analysis.

scholarly journals Helping farmers and regulators manage and assure the cumulative flood safety of agricultural dams: a cost-effective regionalised review/design tool from Australia

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 996-1013 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Pisaniello
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Design Tool ◽  
Community Safety ◽  
Dam Failure ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Dam Safety ◽  
Safety Assurance

In Australia and other countries, small private dams in agricultural catchments pose both disastrous individual and cumulative dam failure flood threats to downstream communities; threats that can be exacerbated by increased rainfall intensities caused by climate change. This paper addresses the need for a low cost, scientifically acceptable mechanism and policy guidance to help dam owners and governments better understand and manage these risks and assure community safety. To this end an innovative, cost-effective farm dam flood safety review/design tool is developed and tested in Australia, including hydrology-diverse Tasmania, to complement best practice dam safety assurance policy. The tool's development involved generating complex catchment data to represent hydrologically homogenous regions using best practice water engineering methods, to derive simple regionalised dam flood capability prediction relationships of acceptable accuracy. Results demonstrate the tool's successful development and potential transferability to different hydrological regions; how the relationships can be refined by future research and potentially made to account for climate change; and how the tool can be applied within a best practice dam safety assurance policy which includes additional farmer-friendly elements. The findings are potentially transferable to any region to assure communities that cumulative safety threats posed by rural catchment dams are minimised.

scholarly journals Volatile Fatty Acid Production from Organic Waste with the Emphasis on Membrane-Based Recovery

Fermentation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 159
Author(s):  
Prawat Sukphun ◽  
Sureewan Sittijunda ◽  
Alissara Reungsang
Keyword(s):  
Organic Waste ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Acidogenic Fermentation ◽  
Recovery Techniques ◽  
Biotechnological Processes

In recent years, interest in the biorefinery concept has emerged in the utilization of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) produced by acidogenic fermentation as precursors for various biotechnological processes. This has attracted substantial attention to VFA production from low-cost substrates such as organic waste and membrane based VFA recovery techniques to achieve cost-effective and environmentally friendly processes. However, there are few reviews which emphasize the acidogenic fermentation of organic waste into VFAs, and VFA recovery. Therefore, this article comprehensively summarizes VFA production, the factors affecting VFA production, and VFA recovery strategies using membrane-based techniques. Additionally, the outlook for future research on VFA production is discussed.

Creativity Enhancement

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Monty McNair ◽  
Caroline Howard ◽  
Indira Guzman ◽  
Paul Watkin
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Creative Performance ◽  
Creativity Training ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Adaptive Approaches ◽  
Information Systems Personnel

Since the dawn of humanity, creativity has been critical to surmounting the challenges of life. Innovation is particularly essential to survival on every level from an individual solving his/her problems to a world dependent on adaptive approaches to cope with rapidly expanding populations and enormous international tensions. Currently, information systems programs are not fostering the creativity needed to sustain the innovation required to compete in the 21st century marketplace. Educators and researchers need to better understand the effects of creativity training on creative performance to best design programs that meet the needs of information systems personnel and their employers. The results of this study provide evidence that it would be valuable for organizations to experiment with creativity tutorials and recommend that future research be conducted using larger samples of individuals with low levels of creativity. Because the costs of informing people about creativity are low and creativity tutorials can be designed to be easily administered and completed, the authors recommend that a low-cost tutorial would be a cost effective and beneficial strategy for organizations to employ with information systems personnel, especially those who assess themselves as low in creativity.

scholarly journals Cytotoxicity and Sterilization Resistance of Electronic Components for Disposable Smart Biomedical Devices

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 297-301
Author(s):  
Valerie M. K. Werner ◽  
Daniel Strömsdörfer ◽  
Viet Nga Bui ◽  
Niklas von Wittenburg ◽  
Markus Eblenkamp
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Electronic System ◽  
In Vitro Cytotoxicity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Biomedical Devices ◽  
Electronic Components ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Standard Components

AbstractThe design of Smart Biomedical Devices will be a defining element of future research in the context of intelligent medical devices for the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). A prerequisite for serving the disposable market is the use of cost-effective electronic components and the highest reliability of the developed products in terms of biocompatibility and bioprotection. In the study, resistors, capacitors, and light-emitting diodes, different in their materials and construction forms, were examined. The selected types represented electronic components as they are commonly installed on electronic system from the segment of low-cost standard components. These were subjected to steam sterilization with up to 50 cycles, gamma sterilization, and a CCK-8 assay to test in vitro cytotoxicity. Functional failure could not be determined for any component. Gamma sterilization did not result in significant changes in resistance values, but in capacitors with barium titanate as dielectric. Non-cytotoxic electronic components could be identified. The results show that certain electronic standard components are suitable for disposable Smart Biomedical Devices.

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