Motivating Compliance: Firm Response to Mandatory Disclosure Policies

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-119
Author(s):  
Colleen M. Boland ◽  
Chris E. Hogan ◽  
Marilyn F. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Of Interest ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Policy Adoption ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Regulated Firms ◽  
Firm Response ◽  
Disclosure Rules ◽  
The Impact

SYNOPSIS Mandatory existence disclosure rules require an organization to disclose a policy's existence, but not its content. We examine policy adoption frequencies in the year immediately after the IRS required mandatory existence disclosure by nonprofits of various governance policies. We also examine adoption frequencies in the year of the subsequent change from mandatory existence disclosure to a disclose-and-explain regime that required supplemental disclosures about the content and implementation of conflict of interest policies. Our results suggest that in areas where there is unclear regulatory authority, mandatory existence disclosure is an effective and low cost regulatory device for encouraging the adoption of policies desired by regulators, provided those policies are cost-effective for regulated firms to implement. In addition, we find that disclose-and-explain regulatory regimes provide stronger incentives for policy adoption than do mandatory existence disclosure regimes and also discourage “check the box” behavior. Future research should examine the impact of mandatory existence disclosure rules in the year that the regulation is implemented. Data Availability: Data are available from sources cited in the text.

Impact of trade facilitation reforms on tax revenue

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 765-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sena Kimm Gnangnon
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Trade Facilitation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the empirical literature of the macroeconomic effect of trade facilitation reforms by examining the impact of the latter on tax revenue in both developed and developing countries. The relevance of the topic lies on the fact that at the Bali Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2013, Trade Ministers agreed for the first time since the creation of the WTO (in 1995) on an Agreement to facilitate trade around the world, dubbed Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA). The study considers both at-the-border and behind-the border measures of Trade Facilitation. Design/methodology/approach To conduct this study, the authors rely on the literature related to the structural factors that explain tax revenue mobilization. The authors mainly use within fixed effects estimator. The analysis relies on 102 countries (of which 23 industrial countries) over the period 2004-2007 (based on data availability). A focus has also been made on African countries, within the sample of developing countries. Findings The empirical analysis suggests evidence of a positive and significant effect of trade facilitation reforms on non-resources tax revenue, irrespective of the sample of countries considered in the analysis. Research limitations/implications This finding should contribute to dampening the fear of policymakers in developing countries, including Africa that the implementation of the TFA would entail higher costs, without necessarily being associated with higher benefits. An avenue for future research would be to extend the period of the study when data would be available. Originality/value To the best of the authors knowledge, this study had not been performed in the literature of the determinants of tax revenue mobilization, although fact-based analysis was performed.

Creativity Enhancement

2013 ◽  
pp. 161-168
Author(s):  
Monty McNair ◽  
Caroline Howard ◽  
Indira Guzman ◽  
Paul Watkin
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Creative Performance ◽  
Creativity Training ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Adaptive Approaches ◽  
Information Systems Personnel

Since the dawn of humanity, creativity has been critical to surmounting the challenges of life. Innovation is particularly essential to survival on every level from an individual solving his/her problems to a world dependent on adaptive approaches to cope with rapidly expanding populations and enormous international tensions. Currently, information systems programs are not fostering the creativity needed to sustain the innovation required to compete in the 21st century marketplace. Educators and researchers need to better understand the effects of creativity training on creative performance to best design programs that meet the needs of information systems personnel and their employers. The results of this study provide evidence that it would be valuable for organizations to experiment with creativity tutorials and recommend that future research be conducted using larger samples of individuals with low levels of creativity. Because the costs of informing people about creativity are low and creativity tutorials can be designed to be easily administered and completed, the authors recommend that a low-cost tutorial would be a cost effective and beneficial strategy for organizations to employ with information systems personnel, especially those who assess themselves as low in creativity.

Impact response of a low-cost randomly oriented fiber foam core sandwich panel

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (25) ◽  
pp. 3429-3444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ezequiel Buenrostro ◽  
Daniel Whisler
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Sandwich Panel ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Foam Core ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Manufacturing Method ◽  
Manufacturing Techniques ◽  
The Impact

Three-dimensional fiber-reinforced foam cores may have improved mechanical properties under specific strain rates and fiber volumes. But its performance as a core in a composite sandwich structure has not been fully investigated. This study explored different manufacturing techniques for the three-dimensional fiber-reinforced foam core using existing literature as a guideline to provide a proof of concept for a low-cost and easily repeatable method comprised of readily available materials. The mechanical properties of the fiber-reinforced foam were determined using a three-point bend test and compared to unreinforced polyurethane foam. The foam was then used in a sandwich panel and subjected to dynamic loading by means of a gas gun (103 s−1). High-strain impact tests validated previously published studies by showing, qualitatively and quantitatively, an 18–20% reduction in the maximum force experienced by the fiber-reinforced core and its ability to dissipate the impact force in the foam core sandwich panel. The results show potential for this cost-effective manufacturing method to produce an improved composite foam core sandwich panel for applications where high-velocity impacts are probable. This has the potential to reduce manufacturing and operating costs while improving performance.

scholarly journals The Impact of Pedestrian Crossing Flags on Driver Yielding Behavior in Las Vegas, NV

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (17) ◽  
pp. 4741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheila Clark ◽  
Courtney Coughenour ◽  
Kelly Bumgarner ◽  
Hanns de la Fuente-Mella ◽  
Chantel Reynolds ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Las Vegas ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Pedestrian Safety ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Pedestrian Injury ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Trained Observers ◽  
Pedestrian Crossing ◽  
The Impact

Walking is the most affordable, accessible, and environmentally friendly method of transportation. However, the risk of pedestrian injury or death from motor vehicle crashes is significant, particularly in sprawling metropolitan areas. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of pedestrian crossing flags (PCFs) on driver yielding behaviors. Participants crossed a marked, midblock crosswalk on a multilane road in Las Vegas, Nevada, with and without PCFs, to determine if there were differences in driver yielding behaviors (n = 160 crossings). Trained observers recorded (1) the number of vehicles that passed in the nearest lane without yielding while the pedestrian waited at the curb and (2) the number of vehicles that passed through the crosswalk while the pedestrian was in the same half of the roadway. ANOVA revealed that drivers were significantly less likely to pass through the crosswalk with the pedestrian in the roadway when they were carrying a PCF (M = 0.20; M = 0.06); drivers were more likely to yield to the pedestrian waiting to enter the roadway when they were carrying a PCF (M = 1.38; M = 0.95). Pedestrian crossing flags are a low-tech, low-cost intervention that may improve pedestrian safety at marked mid-block crosswalks. Future research should examine driver fade-out effects and more advanced pedestrian safety alternatives.

scholarly journals Helping farmers and regulators manage and assure the cumulative flood safety of agricultural dams: a cost-effective regionalised review/design tool from Australia

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 996-1013 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Pisaniello
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Design Tool ◽  
Community Safety ◽  
Dam Failure ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Dam Safety ◽  
Safety Assurance

In Australia and other countries, small private dams in agricultural catchments pose both disastrous individual and cumulative dam failure flood threats to downstream communities; threats that can be exacerbated by increased rainfall intensities caused by climate change. This paper addresses the need for a low cost, scientifically acceptable mechanism and policy guidance to help dam owners and governments better understand and manage these risks and assure community safety. To this end an innovative, cost-effective farm dam flood safety review/design tool is developed and tested in Australia, including hydrology-diverse Tasmania, to complement best practice dam safety assurance policy. The tool's development involved generating complex catchment data to represent hydrologically homogenous regions using best practice water engineering methods, to derive simple regionalised dam flood capability prediction relationships of acceptable accuracy. Results demonstrate the tool's successful development and potential transferability to different hydrological regions; how the relationships can be refined by future research and potentially made to account for climate change; and how the tool can be applied within a best practice dam safety assurance policy which includes additional farmer-friendly elements. The findings are potentially transferable to any region to assure communities that cumulative safety threats posed by rural catchment dams are minimised.

COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF ALEMTUZUMAB FOR T-CELL PROLYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lanting Lu ◽  
Jaime Peters ◽  
Chris Roome ◽  
Ken Stein
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Perfect Information ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Decision Analytic Model ◽  
Prolymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Objectives:The aim of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of alemtuzumab (CAMPATH-1H) compared with conventional chemotherapy in people with T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL).Methods:We developed a decision-analytic model to assess the costs and benefits of alemtuzumab or conventional therapy based on their effects on quality of life of patients. The main outcome was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio incorporating costs per additional quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained over lifetime. Due to the limited data available, a large number of assumptions had to be made to construct the cost-utility model. One-way, multi-way, and probabilistic sensitivity analyses (PSA) were conducted to explore the impact of these uncertainties. Expected values of perfect information were also calculated for four specific scenarios.Results:Depending on different key assumptions made, the PSA suggested distinct conclusions using a willingness-to-pay threshold of 30,000 GBP per QALY gained. Using this threshold, the probability that alemtuzumab would be cost-effective varies from 0 percent to 53 percent for the four modeled scenarios. Population expected value of perfect information analysis suggests that resolving the parameter uncertainty in the analysis for people with T-PLL in the United Kingdom would have considerable value—up to 5.3 million euro.Conclusions:Alemtuzumab appears more likely to be cost-effective if used earlier in the course of T-PLL and where it replaces the use of multiple alternative therapies. However, cost-effectiveness is highly uncertain and future research is clearly justified. Nevertheless, our analysis demonstrates the feasibility of considering the cost-effectiveness of an agent despite the presence of significant uncertainty to provide appropriate assessment information to policy makers.

scholarly journals Volatile Fatty Acid Production from Organic Waste with the Emphasis on Membrane-Based Recovery

Fermentation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 159
Author(s):  
Prawat Sukphun ◽  
Sureewan Sittijunda ◽  
Alissara Reungsang
Keyword(s):  
Organic Waste ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Acidogenic Fermentation ◽  
Recovery Techniques ◽  
Biotechnological Processes

In recent years, interest in the biorefinery concept has emerged in the utilization of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) produced by acidogenic fermentation as precursors for various biotechnological processes. This has attracted substantial attention to VFA production from low-cost substrates such as organic waste and membrane based VFA recovery techniques to achieve cost-effective and environmentally friendly processes. However, there are few reviews which emphasize the acidogenic fermentation of organic waste into VFAs, and VFA recovery. Therefore, this article comprehensively summarizes VFA production, the factors affecting VFA production, and VFA recovery strategies using membrane-based techniques. Additionally, the outlook for future research on VFA production is discussed.

scholarly journals Mapping Human Transient Transcriptomes Using Single Nucleotide Resolution 4sU Sequencing (SNU-Seq)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Mellor ◽  
Phillip Lorenz ◽  
Anna Lamstaes ◽  
Harry J Fischl ◽  
Shidong Xi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Pulse Labelling ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Functional Regions ◽  
Nascent Rna ◽  
Nucleotide Resolution ◽  
Nascent Transcripts ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Single Nucleotide Resolution

Genomes are pervasively transcribed leading to stable and unstable transcripts that define functional regions of genomes and contribute to cellular phenotypes. Defining comprehensive nascent transcriptomes is pivotal to understand gene regulation, disease processes, and the impact of extracellular signals on cells. However, currently employed methods are laborious, technically challenging and costly. We developed single-nucleotide resolution 4sU-sequencing (SNU-Seq), involving pulse labelling, biotinylation and direct isolation of nascent transcripts. Artificial poly-(A)-tailing of the 3' most nucleotide of nascent transcripts ensures oligo-d(T) primer-based library preparation and sequencing using commercial 3' RNA-Seq kits. We show that SNU-Seq is a cost-effective new method generating even read profiles across transcription units. We used SNU-Seq to identify transcription elongation parameters, to map usage of polyadenylation (PAS) sites and novel enhancers. Remarkably, 4sU labelled nascent RNA accumulates short ~100nt transcripts that map to the 5' end of genes. We show that isolation of these short nascent RNA and sequencing the 5' and 3' ends using size-selected SNU-Seq (ssSNU-Seq) provides highly sensitive annotations of mapped and novel TSSs, promoter-proximal pause/termination sites. Thus, SNU-seq and ssSNU-seq combined yield comprehensive transcriptomics data at low cost with high spatial and temporal resolution.

Creativity Enhancement

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Monty McNair ◽  
Caroline Howard ◽  
Indira Guzman ◽  
Paul Watkin
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Creative Performance ◽  
Creativity Training ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Adaptive Approaches ◽  
Information Systems Personnel

Since the dawn of humanity, creativity has been critical to surmounting the challenges of life. Innovation is particularly essential to survival on every level from an individual solving his/her problems to a world dependent on adaptive approaches to cope with rapidly expanding populations and enormous international tensions. Currently, information systems programs are not fostering the creativity needed to sustain the innovation required to compete in the 21st century marketplace. Educators and researchers need to better understand the effects of creativity training on creative performance to best design programs that meet the needs of information systems personnel and their employers. The results of this study provide evidence that it would be valuable for organizations to experiment with creativity tutorials and recommend that future research be conducted using larger samples of individuals with low levels of creativity. Because the costs of informing people about creativity are low and creativity tutorials can be designed to be easily administered and completed, the authors recommend that a low-cost tutorial would be a cost effective and beneficial strategy for organizations to employ with information systems personnel, especially those who assess themselves as low in creativity.

School Health and Nutrition: Policy and Programs

2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (2_suppl2) ◽  
pp. S186-S192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Bundy
Keyword(s):  
School Health ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Nutrition Interventions ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Nutrition Programs ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

This paper argues that there is now reliable evidence that ill health and malnutrition affect education access, participation, completion, and achievement, and that school-based health and nutrition programs can provide a cost-effective and low-cost solution. International coordination around this issue has been helped by a consensus framework to “Focus Resources on Effective School Health (FRESH),” developed jointly by UNESCO, WHO, UNICEF, Education International, and the World Bank, and launched at the World Education Forum in Dakar in April 2000 as part of the global effort to achieve the goal of Education for All (EFA). The need for school health and nutrition programs as part of EFA actions is now recognized by both countries and development partners, and examples of successful practical sector programs that have gone to scale are presented for both low- and middle-income countries. This paper argues that, despite this progress, there are two key unresolved issues related to the targeting of nutrition interventions toward school-age children. The first concerns the role of food as an incentive for participation in education, and the second concerns the appropriate target age group for nutrition interventions. It is suggested that finding clear answers to these key policy questions in nutrition could profoundly influence the impact of future school health and nutrition programs.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document