scholarly journals A Review on Early Forest Fire Detection Systems Using Optical Remote Sensing

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (22) ◽  
pp. 6442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panagiotis Barmpoutis ◽  
Periklis Papaioannou ◽  
Kosmas Dimitropoulos ◽  
Nikos Grammalidis
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fire Detection ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Optical Remote Sensing ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Detection Systems ◽  
The World

The environmental challenges the world faces nowadays have never been greater or more complex. Global areas covered by forests and urban woodlands are threatened by natural disasters that have increased dramatically during the last decades, in terms of both frequency and magnitude. Large-scale forest fires are one of the most harmful natural hazards affecting climate change and life around the world. Thus, to minimize their impacts on people and nature, the adoption of well-planned and closely coordinated effective prevention, early warning, and response approaches are necessary. This paper presents an overview of the optical remote sensing technologies used in early fire warning systems and provides an extensive survey on both flame and smoke detection algorithms employed by each technology. Three types of systems are identified, namely terrestrial, airborne, and spaceborne-based systems, while various models aiming to detect fire occurrences with high accuracy in challenging environments are studied. Finally, the strengths and weaknesses of fire detection systems based on optical remote sensing are discussed aiming to contribute to future research projects for the development of early warning fire systems.

scholarly journals Addressing the Haze: The Role of Local Traditional Cultures and Islamic Teachings

ICR Journal ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-100
Author(s):  
Shahino Mah Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Airborne Particles ◽  
Health Economy ◽  
Crop Growth Rate ◽  
The World ◽  
Related Mortality

The most frequent transboundary haze in the world takes place in Southeast Asia. It is usually caused by land-use changes, open burning, peat combustion, wildfires, and other farming activities. Serious haze occurred in 1983, 1997, 2005, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2013, 2015 and 2016, originating from large-scale forest fires in western Sumatra and southern Kalimantan, Indonesia. It caused adverse effects to locals as well as neighbouring countries, affecting their health, economy, agriculture, and biodiversity. Among the serious effects of haze are increased respiratory-related mortality due to toxic airborne particles, jet crashs and ship collisions due to restricted visibility, reduction of crop growth rate due to limited solar radiation, and extinction of endangered primates due to habitat loss. Neighbouring countries like Malaysia and Singapore sometimes have to close schools to prevent people from being exposed to air pollution, and its consequent respiratory ailments.  

Support Irrigation Water Management of Cereals Using Optical Remote Sensing and Modeling in a Semi-Arid Region

2019 ◽  
pp. 124-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarik Benabdelouahab ◽  
Hayat Lionboui ◽  
Rachid Hadria ◽  
Riad Balaghi ◽  
Abdelghani Boudhar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Optical Remote Sensing ◽  
Crop Modeling ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Irrigated Perimeter ◽  
Semi Arid Region ◽  
Semi Arid

Irrigated agriculture is an important strategic sector for Morocco, contributing to food security and employment. Nowadays, irrigation scheme managers shall ensure that water is optimally used. The main objective was to support the irrigation monitoring and management of wheat in the irrigated perimeter using optical remote sensing and crop modeling. The potential of spectral indices derived from SPOT-5 images was explored for quantifying and mapping surface water content changes at large scale. Indices were computed using the reflectance in red, near infrared, and shortwave infrared bands. A field crop model (AquaCrop) was adjusted and tested to simulate the grain yield and the temporal evolution of soil moisture status. This research aimed at providing a scientific and technical approach to assist policymakers and stakeholders to improve monitoring irrigation and mitigating wheat water stress at field and irrigation perimeter levels in semi-arid areas. The approach could lead to operational management tools for an efficient irrigation at field and regional levels.

FRF-Net: Land Cover Classification From Large-Scale VHR Optical Remote Sensing Images

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 1057-1061 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qianbo Sang ◽  
Yin Zhuang ◽  
Shan Dong ◽  
Guanqun Wang ◽  
He Chen
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Land Cover Classification ◽  
Optical Remote Sensing ◽  
Remote Sensing Images

scholarly journals Assessing large-scale weekly cycles in meteorological variables: a review

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 5755-5771 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sanchez-Lorenzo ◽  
P. Laux ◽  
H.-J. Hendricks Franssen ◽  
J. Calbó ◽  
S. Vogl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Meteorological Variables ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Scientific Debate ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Weekly Cycles

Abstract. Several studies have claimed to have found significant weekly cycles of meteorological variables appearing over large domains, which can hardly be related to urban effects exclusively. Nevertheless, there is still an ongoing scientific debate whether these large-scale weekly cycles exist or not, and some other studies fail to reproduce them with statistical significance. In addition to the lack of the positive proof for the existence of these cycles, their possible physical explanations have been controversially discussed during the last years. In this work we review the main results about this topic published during the recent two decades, including a summary of the existence or non-existence of significant weekly weather cycles across different regions of the world, mainly over the US, Europe and Asia. In addition, some shortcomings of common statistical methods for analyzing weekly cycles are listed. Finally, a brief summary of supposed causes of the weekly cycles, focusing on the aerosol-cloud-radiation interactions and their impact on meteorological variables as a result of the weekly cycles of anthropogenic activities, and possible directions for future research, is presented.

SAR and optical remote sensing: Assessment of complementarity and interoperability in the context of a large-scale operational forest monitoring system

2015 ◽  
Vol 156 ◽  
pp. 335-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric A. Lehmann ◽  
Peter Caccetta ◽  
Kim Lowell ◽  
Anthea Mitchell ◽  
Zheng-Shu Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Forest Monitoring ◽  
Optical Remote Sensing

Remote sensing of animals

2001 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas W. Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
First Century ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Species Dispersal ◽  
Biogeographic Patterns ◽  
Environmental Correlates ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Gis Data ◽  
Improved Accuracy

The improved accuracy and precision of animal tracking via satellites has made a significant impact on quantifying large-scale biogeographic patterns for a variety of taxa with important implications for conservation and natural resource management. This paper reviews research undertaken from 1995 to 1999 to provide an overview of advances in the remote sensing of animal movements in both terrestrial and marine environments and to identify promising trends for biogeographic research in the twenty-first century. Remote sensing of animals by satellite provides a new method to test a number of biogeographic hypotheses related to migration and can identify a number of environmental correlates associated with the distributions of species. Tracking of smaller species and increases in sample size are sure to occur as transmitter size and cost continue to decrease in the next decade. Geographers can significantly contribute to the understanding of species dispersal and distributional patterns by combining real-time and archived global and regional datasets with existing data from past studies and future research projects. Only four studies used GIS data or remote sensed imagery in this review, while the remaining studies cited used simple digital line graphs of countries, topography, land and sea boundaries.

scholarly journals Timely prediction potential of landslide early warning systems with multispectral remote sensing: a conceptual approach tested in the Sattelkar, Austria

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 2753-2772
Author(s):  
Doris Hermle ◽  
Markus Keuschnig ◽  
Ingo Hartmeyer ◽  
Robert Delleske ◽  
Michael Krautblatter
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Lead Time ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Optical Data ◽  
Optical Remote Sensing ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Landslide Early Warning

Abstract. While optical remote sensing has demonstrated its capabilities for landslide detection and monitoring, spatial and temporal demands for landslide early warning systems (LEWSs) had not been met until recently. We introduce a novel conceptual approach to structure and quantitatively assess lead time for LEWSs. We analysed “time to warning” as a sequence: (i) time to collect, (ii) time to process and (iii) time to evaluate relevant optical data. The difference between the time to warning and “forecasting window” (i.e. time from hazard becoming predictable until event) is the lead time for reactive measures. We tested digital image correlation (DIC) of best-suited spatiotemporal techniques, i.e. 3 m resolution PlanetScope daily imagery and 0.16 m resolution unmanned aerial system (UAS)-derived orthophotos to reveal fast ground displacement and acceleration of a deep-seated, complex alpine mass movement leading to massive debris flow events. The time to warning for the UAS/PlanetScope totals 31/21 h and is comprised of time to (i) collect – 12/14 h, (ii) process – 17/5 h and (iii) evaluate – 2/2 h, which is well below the forecasting window for recent benchmarks and facilitates a lead time for reactive measures. We show optical remote sensing data can support LEWSs with a sufficiently fast processing time, demonstrating the feasibility of optical sensors for LEWSs.

scholarly journals Fires Monitoring by Means of Spectral Indices from Sentinel-2 Data: the Case Study of the Vesuvius and Lattari Mountains, Campania (Italy)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Domenico Antonio Giuseppe Dell'Aglio ◽  
Carmine Gambardella ◽  
Massimiliano Gargiulo ◽  
Antonio Iodice ◽  
Rosaria Parente ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Fire Risk ◽  
Fire Detection ◽  
Spectral Indices ◽  
Active Fire ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
Repeat Time ◽  
Sentinel 2

Forest fires are part of a set of natural disasters that have always affected regions of the world typically characterized by a tropical climate with long periods of drought. However, due to climate change in recent years, other regions of our planet have also been affected by this phenomenon, never seen before. One of them is certainly the Italian peninsula, and especially the regions of southern Italy. For this reason, the scientific community, as well as remote sensing one, is highly concerned in developing reliable techniques to provide useful support to the competent authorities. In particular, three specific tasks have been carried out in this work: (i) fire risk prevention, (ii) active fire detection, and (iii) post-fire area assessment. To accomplish these analyses, the capability of a set of spectral indices, derived from spaceborne remote sensing (RS) data, is assessed to monitor the forest fires. The spectral indices are obtained from Sentinel-2 multispectral images of the European Space Agency (ESA), which are free of charge and openly accessible. Moreover, the twin Sentinel-2 sensors allow to overcome some restrictions on time delivery and observation repeat time. The performance of the proposed analyses were assessed experimentally to monitor the forest fires occurred in two specific study areas during the summer of 2017: the volcano Vesuvius, near Naples, and the Lattari mountains, near Sorrento (both in Campania, Italy).

scholarly journals Observation of Surface Displacement Associated with Rapid Urbanization and Land Creation in Lanzhou, Loess Plateau of China with Sentinel-1 SAR Imagery

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 3472
Author(s):  
Yuming Wei ◽  
Xiaojie Liu ◽  
Chaoying Zhao ◽  
Roberto Tomás ◽  
Zhuo Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
High Precision ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Surface Displacement ◽  
Optical Remote Sensing ◽  
Consolidation Process ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Sar Imagery ◽  
The City

Lanzhou is one of the cities with the higher number of civil engineering projects for mountain excavation and city construction (MECC) on the China’s Loess Plateau. As a result, the city is suffering from severe surface displacement, which is posing an increasing threat to the safety of the buildings. However, up to date, there is no comprehensive and high-precision displacement map to characterize the spatiotemporal surface displacement patterns in the city of Lanzhou. In this study, satellite-based observations, including optical remote sensing and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensing, were jointly used to characterize the landscape and topography changes in Lanzhou between 1997 and 2020 and investigate the spatiotemporal patterns of the surface displacement associated with the large-scale MECC projects from 2015 December to March 2021. First, we retrieved the landscape changes in Lanzhou during the last 23 years using multi-temporal optical remote sensing images. Results illustrate that the landscape in local areas of Lanzhou has been dramatically changed as a result of the large-scale MECC projects and rapid urbanization. Then, we optimized the ordinary time series InSAR processing procedure by a “dynamic estimation of digital elevation model (DEM) errors” step added before displacement inversion to avoid the false displacement signals caused by DEM errors. The DEM errors and the high-precision surface displacement maps between December 2015 and March 2021 were calculated with 124 ascending and 122 descending Sentinel-1 SAR images. By combining estimated DEM errors and optical images, we detected and mapped historical MECC areas in the study area since 2000, retrieved the excavated and filling areas of the MECC projects, and evaluated their areas and volumes as well as the thickness of the filling loess. Results demonstrated that the area and volume of the excavated regions were basically equal to that of the filling regions, and the maximum thickness of the filling loess was greater than 90 m. Significant non-uniform surface displacements were observed in the filling regions of the MECC projects, with the maximum cumulative displacement lower than −40 cm. 2D displacement results revealed that surface displacement associated with the MECC project was dominated by settlements. From the correlation analysis between the displacement and the filling thickness, we found that the displacement magnitude was positively correlated with the thickness of the filling loess. This finding indicated that the compaction and consolidation process of the filling loess largely dominated the surface displacement. Our findings are of paramount importance for the urban planning and construction on the Loess Plateau region in which large-scale MECC projects are being developed.

Financing Terrorism

2019 ◽  
pp. 477-493
Author(s):  
Harold Trinkunas
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Washington Dc ◽  
The World ◽  
Terrorism Financing ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Developed World ◽  
State Responses

This chapter reviews the fundamentals of terrorism financing and identifies what has been learned from the successes and failures of state responses to this phenomenon. The globalization of the world economy during the late twentieth century created new opportunities for terrorist organizations to move resources acquired from wealthy individuals, popular support, state sponsors, or participation in illicit economies across international borders and use these funds to support terrorist attacks. State responses following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in New York and Washington, DC, created a new international counterterrorism financing regime that led to the relative “hardening” of the developed world against terrorist financing. This altered terrorist incentives and contributed to shifting large-scale financial operations towards lower risk jurisdictions in the rest of the world. The chapter concludes by identifying key theoretical and policy issues that remain to be addressed by future research into terrorism financing.

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