scholarly journals A Survey of Autonomous Vehicles: Enabling Communication Technologies and Challenges

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 706
Author(s):  
M. Nadeem Ahangar ◽  
Qasim Z. Ahmed ◽  
Fahd A. Khan ◽  
Maryam Hafeez
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Short Range ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Wide Band ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Intelligent Transport System ◽  
Vehicular Communication ◽  
Dedicated Short Range Communications ◽  
Medium Range

The Department of Transport in the United Kingdom recorded 25,080 motor vehicle fatalities in 2019. This situation stresses the need for an intelligent transport system (ITS) that improves road safety and security by avoiding human errors with the use of autonomous vehicles (AVs). Therefore, this survey discusses the current development of two main components of an ITS: (1) gathering of AVs surrounding data using sensors; and (2) enabling vehicular communication technologies. First, the paper discusses various sensors and their role in AVs. Then, various communication technologies for AVs to facilitate vehicle to everything (V2X) communication are discussed. Based on the transmission range, these technologies are grouped into three main categories: long-range, medium-range and short-range. The short-range group presents the development of Bluetooth, ZigBee and ultra-wide band communication for AVs. The medium-range examines the properties of dedicated short-range communications (DSRC). Finally, the long-range group presents the cellular-vehicle to everything (C-V2X) and 5G-new radio (5G-NR). An important characteristic which differentiates each category and its suitable application is latency. This research presents a comprehensive study of AV technologies and identifies the main advantages, disadvantages, and challenges.

scholarly journals Application of Advanced Communication Technologies in the Improvement of Traffic Safety

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Goran Z. Marković
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Vehicular Communication ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Car Industry ◽  
Dedicated Short Range Communications ◽  
Traffic Safety Applications ◽  
Safety Applications

Incorporation of advanced info-communication technologies into vehicular environment currently captures a large attention by numerous investigators, telecommunications operators, traffic safety regulatory institutions, car industry manufacturers and other interested participants. In this paper, we overview of some prospective wireless communication technologies, such as the DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications) and advanced LTE (Long Term Evolution) mobile communication systems, which are considered as two promising candidates to support future traffic safety applications in vehicular environment is presented. The communication requirements of some active traffic safety applications are pointed. A summary of various types of communications for intelligent VCS (Vehicular Communication System) applications is given. Some future directions and challenging issues for implementing traffic safety applications are also discussed. Our goal is to demonstrate the growing impact and importance of modern communication technologies in achieving future traffic accident-free roads.

APPLYING BUCKET RANDOM PERMUTATIONS TO STATIONARY SEQUENCES WITH LONG-RANGE DEPENDENCE

Fractals ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 15 (02) ◽  
pp. 105-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
YINGCHUN ZHOU ◽  
MURAD S. TAQQU
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Short Range ◽  
Random Permutation ◽  
Stationary Sequence ◽  
Long Range Dependence ◽  
Finite Variance ◽  
Dependence Structure ◽  
Random Permutations ◽  
Medium Range ◽  
The Time Domain

Bucket random permutations (shuffling) are used to modify the dependence structure of a time series, and this may destroy long-range dependence, when it is present. Three types of bucket permutations are considered here: external, internal and two-level permutations. It is commonly believed that (1) an external random permutation destroys the long-range dependence and keeps the short-range dependence, (2) an internal permutation destroys the short-range dependence and keeps the long-range dependence, and (3) a two-level permutation distorts the medium-range dependence while keeping both the long-range and short-range dependence. This paper provides a theoretical basis for investigating these claims. It extends the study started in Ref. 1 and analyze the effects that these random permutations have on a long-range dependent finite variance stationary sequence both in the time domain and in the frequency domain.

Optimizing 5G in V2X Communications

2021 ◽  
pp. 972-1011
Author(s):  
Shimaa Abdelnaby AbdelHakeem ◽  
Anar Abdel Hady ◽  
HyungWon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Short Range ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Vehicular Communication ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
The Third ◽  
Communication Modes ◽  
Long Range Communication ◽  
Third Generation Partnership Project

Recently, the automotive industries have accelerated the deployment of Cellular V2X as a motivation to integrate vehicular communication with NewRadio-5G (NR-5G) technology. Nowadays, two critical technologies are concurrently supporting V2X communication: IEEE802.11p and cellular technologies. C-V2X is standardized and designed by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) for automotive services. C-V2X supports two communication modes through a single platform to provide Wifi-short-range and cellular-long-range communication. Wifi-short-range communication doesn't require network subscription or coverage while the cellular-long-range requires network subscription and coverage. LTE-V2X is the current standard of C-V2X which completed in March-2017 as the 3GPP-Release 14 and enhanced to support the upcoming 3GPP-Release 16 which support the NR-5G capabilities, enhancement, and services. In this chapter, the authors propose the Optimizing of 5G with V2X and analyzing the current V2X standards, introducing the evolution of 5G, challenges, features, requirements, design, and technologies.

scholarly journals Long-Range Wireless Radio Technologies: A Survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon Foubert ◽  
Nathalie Mitton
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Short Range ◽  
Business Models ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Wide Area Networks ◽  
Use Case ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
The Right

Wireless networks are now a part of the everyday life of many people and are used for many applications. Recently, new technologies that enable low-power and long-range communications have emerged. These technologies, in opposition to more traditional communication technologies rather defined as "short range", allow kilometer-wide wireless communications. Long-range technologies are used to form Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWAN). Many LPWAN technologies are available, and they offer different performances, business models etc., answering different applications’ needs. This makes it hard to find the right tool for a specific use case. In this article, we present a survey about the long-range technologies available presently as well as the technical characteristics they offer. Then we propose a discussion about the energy consumption of each alternative and which one may be most adapted depending on the use case requirements and expectations, as well as guidelines to choose the best suited technology.

Fluctuation Microscopy: A New Class of Microscopy Techniques for Probing Medium Range Order in Amorphous Materials

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (S2) ◽  
pp. 702-703
Author(s):  
J. M. Gibson ◽  
M. M. J. Treacy ◽  
P. M. Voyles
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Short Range ◽  
Amorphous Materials ◽  
Short Range Order ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Range Order ◽  
Regular Tetrahedron ◽  
Long Range Order ◽  
Medium Range Order ◽  
Medium Range

Amorphous materials are devoid of periodic long range order, but at the nearest-neighbor level they possess a high degree of short-range order. In amorphous tetrahedral semiconductors, such as Si and Ge, this short-range order arises because each atom attempts to satisfy four bonds arranged as a regular tetrahedron. It is the rotations about each bond, from the second-nearest-neighbor outwards, that result in the loss of long-range order. It is apparent from modeling of amorphous materials, that there is considerable flexibility as to how rapidly the medium-range-order diminishes. The continuous random network (CRN) is a hypothetical tetrahedral extended structure wherein the atoms possess full four-connected coordination, but have minimal medium-range order. However, real amorphous materials infrequently exhibit true CRN-like topologies. Traditionally, diffraction has been used to study short- and medium-range order in amorphous materials. Assuming kinematical scattering, and that every atom has a similar environment, a radial distribution function (RDF) can be extracted which is sensitive only to the averaged atom pair-correlations out to ∼1 nm.

scholarly journals A Multifrequency Radar System for Detecting Humans and Characterizing Human Activities for Short-Range Through-Wall and Long-Range Foliage Penetration Applications

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ram M. Narayanan ◽  
Sonny Smith ◽  
Kyle A. Gallagher
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Short Range ◽  
Wide Band ◽  
Radar System ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Single Tone ◽  
Band Noise ◽  
Human Movements ◽  
Multifrequency Radar ◽  
Wide Band Noise

A multifrequency radar system for detecting humans and classifying their activities at short and long ranges is described. The short-range radar system operates within the S-Band frequency range for through-wall applications at distances of up to 3 m. It utilizes two separate waveforms which are selected via switching: a wide-band noise waveform or a continuous single tone. The long-range radar system operating in the W-Band millimeter-wave frequency range performs at distances of up to about 100 m in free space and up to about 30 m through light foliage. It employs a composite multimodal signal consisting of two waveforms, a wide-band noise waveform and an embedded single tone, which are summed and transmitted simultaneously. Matched filtering of the received and transmitted noise signals is performed to detect targets with high-range resolution, whereas the received single tone signal is used for the Doppler analysis. Doppler measurements are used to distinguish between different human movements and gestures using the characteristic micro-Doppler signals. Our measurements establish the ability of this system to detect and range humans and distinguish between different human movements at different ranges.

Optimizing 5G in V2X Communications

2020 ◽  
pp. 269-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shimaa Abdelnaby AbdelHakeem ◽  
Anar Abdel Hady ◽  
HyungWon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Short Range ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Vehicular Communication ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
The Third ◽  
Communication Modes ◽  
Long Range Communication ◽  
Third Generation Partnership Project

Recently, the automotive industries have accelerated the deployment of Cellular V2X as a motivation to integrate vehicular communication with NewRadio-5G (NR-5G) technology. Nowadays, two critical technologies are concurrently supporting V2X communication: IEEE802.11p and cellular technologies. C-V2X is standardized and designed by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) for automotive services. C-V2X supports two communication modes through a single platform to provide Wifi-short-range and cellular-long-range communication. Wifi-short-range communication doesn't require network subscription or coverage while the cellular-long-range requires network subscription and coverage. LTE-V2X is the current standard of C-V2X which completed in March-2017 as the 3GPP-Release 14 and enhanced to support the upcoming 3GPP-Release 16 which support the NR-5G capabilities, enhancement, and services. In this chapter, the authors propose the Optimizing of 5G with V2X and analyzing the current V2X standards, introducing the evolution of 5G, challenges, features, requirements, design, and technologies.

scholarly journals Review of V2X–IoT Standards and Frameworks for ITS Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 4314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolis Kiela ◽  
Vaidotas Barzdenas ◽  
Marijan Jurgo ◽  
Vytautas Macaitis ◽  
Justas Rafanavicius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Transport System ◽  
Short Range ◽  
Ieee 802.11P ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Intelligent Transport System ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Intelligent Transport ◽  
Dedicated Short Range Communications ◽  
Key Players

The intelligent transport system (ITS) has become one of the most globally researched topics with a lot of investment and development resources being dedicated into it due to its foreseen impact on the economic growth of the transport sector. Currently there are two main vehicle-to-everything (V2X) technologies, whose primary application is focused on ITS, backed up by the key players of various automotive, telecommunication and transport industries: dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) and cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X), respectively based on IEEE 802.11p and 3GPP LTE/5G NR. While DSRC already has deployments, C-V2X is expected to see larger scale trails and deployments in 2020. In this work, the authors provide insight and review into two main V2X technologies, DSRC and C-V2X, their core parameters, shortcomings and limitations, and explore the need for integration of IoT-based technologies into modern ITS solutions. A comprehensive overview and analysis of currently commercially available V2X products, their sub-blocks and features is provided.

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