Importance of Cloud Computing in 5G Radio Access Networks

The fifth generation of wireless networks (5G) will kick off with evolved mobile broadband services as promised by several mobile-related associations, researchers, and operators. Compared to 4G, 5G aims to provide greater data rates with lower latency and higher coverage to numerous users who stream ubiquitous multimedia services. 5G benefits the innovation of internet of things (IoT) as well. To this end, several modifications in the network architecture are required. This chapter is discussing the role of cloud computing centers in 5G networks, and how such integration could be implemented as found in the literature. The benefits of cloud/5G integration will be explained as well. In addition, some challenges related to the integration will be demonstrated.

BER Improvement in OFDM Systems Using Wavelet Transform Based on Kalman Filter

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is an efficient method of data transmission for high speed communication systems over multipath fading channels. However, the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is a major drawback of multicarrier transmission systems such as OFDM is the high sensitivity of frequency offset. The bit error rate analysis (BER) of discrete wavelet transform (DWT)-OFDM system is compared with conventional fast Fourier transform (FFT)-OFDMA system in order to ensure that wavelet transform based OFDMA transmission gives better improvement to combat ICI than FFT-based OFDMA transmission and hence improvement in BER. Wavelet transform is applied together with OFDM technology in order to improve performance enhancement. In the proposed system, a Kalman filter has been used in order to improve BER by minimizing the effect of ICI and noise. The obtained results from the proposed system simulation showed acceptable BER performance at standard SNR.

A Dual-Band Flexible Wearable Antenna Integrated on a Smart Watch for 5G Applications

This chapter focuses on the design of dual band flexible wearable antennas for modern 5G applications to integrate on a smartwatch. The first is a rectangular antenna which the patch and the ground etched on new flexible material is called ULTRALAM® 3850HT. This antenna is designed to operate at 38 GHz and 60 GHz. The second is a planar inverted-2F wearable antenna pasted on a jeans textile material. Two methods for measuring the dielectric properties of the jeans will be presented. This antenna is designed to operate at 28 GHz and 38 GHz. The SAR (specific absorption ratio) is also introduced and SAR results will be shown. Moreover, the proposed smartwatch under the bent condition will be also studied. These antennas are simulated using HFSS and CST 2018.

5G for IoT

The 5th Generation of wireless network technology (5G) is a rising set of cellular technologies, specifications and projected standards that promise to dramatically improve the speed and responsiveness of wireless networks. The arrival of 5G guarantees new architectures for connecting billions of IoT (Internet of Things) devices and introduces a bunch of development challenges for sensible applications. Enterprises measure are trying to find out the solutions for omnipresent property and near-real-time remote solutions and management capabilities for mission-critical IoT systems and 5G is here to answer that decision.

The State of the Art in Cognitive Radio Networks in 5G Hetergeneous Networks

This chapter addresses cognitive radio systems (CRSs) in the 5G network and presents the existing, emerging, and potential applications employing CRS capabilities and the related enabling technologies, including the impacts of CRS technology on the use of spectrum from a technical perspective. The description of such technologies, operational elements, and their challenges are also presented. Furthermore, this chapter provides high level characteristics, operational and technical requirements related to CRS technology, their performances, and potential benefits. Finally, factors related to the introduction of CRS technologies and corresponding migration issues are discussed.

Improvement for Channels With Multipath Fading (MF) Through the Methodology CBEDE

The present study aims to implement a discrete event simulation (DES)-based model. This model is called coding of bits for entities by means of discrete events (CBEDE) and aims to improve the transmission of content in wireless telecommunication systems. This is done by applying advanced modulation format DQPSK in a simulation environment, the Simulink of the MATLAB software, through a pre-coding process of bits applying discrete events in the signal before of the modulation process, occurring in the discrete domain with the implementation of discrete entities in the process of bit generation applied at a low level of abstraction in a wireless telecommunication system. The results show improvements of 89.08% in memory utilization, related to information compression, in the context of the research. Therefore, the presented results of the proposed methodology show an enormous potential for the non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) contexts, credited as the future 5G, and can compensate for the additional complexity brought by the techniques to the telecommunications channel.

Enabling Device-to-Device Technology in 5G Heterogeneous Networks

5G is the next step in the evolution of mobile communication. The evolving 5G cellular wireless networks are envisioned to provide higher data rates, enhanced end-user quality-of-experience (QoE), reduced end-to-end latency, and lower energy consumption. Device to device (D2D) is one of the key technologies provided to enhance 5G performance. Direct communication between two devices without involvement of any central point (i.e., base station) is defined as device to device (D2D) communication. It is a recommended technique to enhance the network performance of 5G in terms of energy efficiency, throughput, latency, and spectrum utilization. In this chapter, the authors provide a detailed survey on the integration of D2D communication into cellular network especially 5G network. The survey highlights the potential advantages; classifications and application for D2D technology have been indicated. Main D2D standards have been presented. Finally, the chapter addresses main topics that could be related to D2D and indicates all major possible challenges that face most researchers.

Review on 5G Millimeter-Wave Antennas

Millimeter-wave antennas are the trend nowadays because of the necessity of higher data rates. Designing a supplementary efficient antenna capable of dealing with dual bands has several challenges. This chapter reports the problematic approaches introduced in the field of a millimeter wave design. Prevailing investigations in millimeter-waves and MIMO antennas have a tendency to emphasize discovering how to increase the data rate without the need of increasing the bandwidth and what type of antenna preferred in the 5G band. However, there is a little indication that researchers have come close to the issue of antenna integration in the mobile handset with the intent of adding multiple antennas with multi-band capability in a small space. Accordingly, the target of this chapter is to offer a summary of how the small-dimensional MIMO antennas with band duality for 5G mobile communications can be intended, designed, sustained and fabricated.

M2M in 5G Communication Networks

Machine type communication (MTC), additionally called machine-to-machine (M2M) communications, broadly is referring to a number of cooperating machines exchange sensed data or information and make decisions with slight or zero human intervention. M2M technology will let a massive number of devices to be interconnected over the internet leading to a rapid development in recent time, which can be a promising enabling key for many areas, particularly for the internet of things (IoT) and 5th generation (5G) networks. This chapter presents a summary and state of art of M2M communications characteristics, taxonomy, applications, different technologies for deploying of M2M communications, and future challenges.

Optimizing 5G in V2X Communications

Recently, the automotive industries have accelerated the deployment of Cellular V2X as a motivation to integrate vehicular communication with NewRadio-5G (NR-5G) technology. Nowadays, two critical technologies are concurrently supporting V2X communication: IEEE802.11p and cellular technologies. C-V2X is standardized and designed by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) for automotive services. C-V2X supports two communication modes through a single platform to provide Wifi-short-range and cellular-long-range communication. Wifi-short-range communication doesn't require network subscription or coverage while the cellular-long-range requires network subscription and coverage. LTE-V2X is the current standard of C-V2X which completed in March-2017 as the 3GPP-Release 14 and enhanced to support the upcoming 3GPP-Release 16 which support the NR-5G capabilities, enhancement, and services. In this chapter, the authors propose the Optimizing of 5G with V2X and analyzing the current V2X standards, introducing the evolution of 5G, challenges, features, requirements, design, and technologies.