Performance of the ATMOS41 All-in-One Weather Station for Weather Monitoring

Affordable and accurate weather monitoring systems are essential in low-income and developing countries and, more recently, are needed in small-scale research such as precision agriculture and urban climate studies. A variety of low-cost solutions are available on the market, but the use of non-standard technologies raises concerns for data quality. Research-grade all-in-one weather stations could present a reliable, cost effective solution while being robust and easy to use. This study evaluates the performance of the commercially available ATMOS41 all-in-one weather station. Three stations were deployed next to a high-performance reference station over a three-month period. The ATMOS41 stations showed good performance compared to the reference, and close agreement among the three stations for most standard weather variables. However, measured atmospheric pressure showed uncertainties >0.6 hPa and solar radiation was underestimated by 3%, which could be corrected with a locally obtained linear regression function. Furthermore, precipitation measurements showed considerable variability, with observed differences of ±7.5% compared to the reference gauge, which suggests relatively high susceptibility to wind-induced errors. Overall, the station is well suited for private user applications such as farming, while the use in research should consider the limitations of the station, especially regarding precise precipitation measurements.

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Azo (Hydrazone) pigments: general principles

Physical Sciences Reviews ◽

10.1515/psr-2020-0148 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Robert Christie

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Metal Salt ◽

Low Cost ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Precipitation Process ◽

Ambient Temperatures ◽

Technical Performance ◽

Chemical Structures ◽

General Chemical ◽

Physical Form

Abstract This paper presents an overview of the general chemical principles underlying the structures, synthesis and technical performance of azo pigments, the dominant chemical class of industrial organic pigments in the yellow, orange, and red shade areas, both numerically and in terms of tonnage manufactured. A description of the most significant historical features in this group of pigments is provided, starting from the discovery of the chemistry on which azo colorants are based by Griess in the mid-nineteenth century, through the commercial introduction of the most important classical azo pigments in the early twentieth century, including products known as the Hansa Yellows, β-naphthol reds, including metal salt pigments, and the diarylide yellows and oranges, to the development in the 1950s and 1960s of two classes of azo pigments that exhibit high performance, disazo condensation pigments and benzimidazolone-based azo pigments. A feature that complicates the description of the chemical structures of azo pigments is that they exist in the solid state as the ketohydrazone rather than the hydroxyazo form, in which they have been traditionally been illustrated. Numerous structural studies conducted over the years on an extensive range of azo pigments have demonstrated this feature. In this text, they are referred to throughout as azo (hydrazone) pigments. Since a common synthetic procedure is used in the manufacture of virtually all azo (hydrazone) pigments, this is discussed in some detail, including practical aspects. The procedure brings together two organic components as the fundamental starting materials, a diazo component and a coupling component. An important reason for the dominance of azo (hydrazone) pigments is that they are highly cost-effective. The syntheses generally involve low cost, commodity organic starting materials and are carried out in water as the reaction solvent, which offers obvious economic and environmental advantages. The versatility of the approach means that an immense number of products may be prepared, so that they have been adapted structurally to meet the requirements of many applications. On an industrial scale, the processes are straightforward, making use of simple, multi-purpose chemical plant. Azo pigments may be produced in virtually quantitative yields and the processes are carried out at or below ambient temperatures, thus presenting low energy requirements. Finally, provided that careful control of the reaction conditions is maintained, azo pigments may be prepared directly by an aqueous precipitation process that can optimise physical form, with control of particle size distribution, crystalline structure, and surface character. The applications of azo pigments are outlined, with more detail reserved for subsequent papers on individual products.

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Ultralow-temperature-driven water-based sorption refrigeration enabled by low-cost zeolite-like porous aluminophosphate

Nature Communications ◽

10.1038/s41467-021-27883-4 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Zhangli Liu ◽

Jiaxing Xu ◽

Min Xu ◽

Caifeng Huang ◽

Ruzhu Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Low Temperature ◽

Water Sorption ◽

High Performance ◽

Global Climate ◽

Low Cost ◽

Cost Effective ◽

High Water ◽

Coefficient Of Performance ◽

High Efficient ◽

Water Based

AbstractThermally driven water-based sorption refrigeration is considered a promising strategy to realize near-zero-carbon cooling applications by addressing the urgent global climate challenge caused by conventional chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerants. However, developing cost-effective and high-performance water-sorption porous materials driven by low-temperature thermal energy is still a significant challenge. Here, we propose a zeolite-like aluminophosphate with SFO topology (EMM-8) for water-sorption-driven refrigeration. The EMM-8 is characterized by 12-membered ring channels with large accessible pore volume and exhibits high water uptake of 0.28 g·g−1 at P/P0 = 0.2, low-temperature regeneration of 65 °C, fast adsorption kinetics, remarkable hydrothermal stability, and scalable fabrication. Importantly, the water-sorption-based chiller with EMM-8 shows the potential of achieving a record coefficient of performance (COP) of 0.85 at an ultralow-driven temperature of 63 °C. The working performance makes EMM-8 a practical alternative to realize high-efficient ultra-low-temperature-driven refrigeration.

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Women Employment Opportunity on SMEs Sector: Bangladesh Perspective

International Journal of Management and Accounting ◽

10.34104/ijma.020.01050118 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 105-118

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Low Income ◽

Capital Accumulation ◽

Low Cost ◽

Study Finding ◽

Income Group ◽

Small Scale ◽

Female Entrepreneurs ◽

Job Opportunities ◽

Savings Rate

This study explores women's work prospects in the SME sector of Bangladesh. The researcher has identified two different reasons to conduct this study separately. Number one is that in the last few decades, have played a very active and important role, and the second is that by empowering women, female entrepreneurs build new job opportunities and solve the different problems of society. Small and medium-sized enterprises, which play an important role as engines of economic growth in many countries, provide growth opportunities for low-cost jobs. The results of the study illustrate the correlation between job opportunities for SMEs and women. Women's entrepreneurship is seen as a crucial instrument of women's empowerment and emancipation. Small and medium-sized enterprises, which play an important role in many countries as engines of economic growth, provide opportunities for low-cost employment with growth. The study finding shows the relationship between employment opportunities for SMEs and Women. Women entrepreneurship is seen as a key tool for empowering and liberating women. Developing countries such as Bangladesh are better off starting a small and medium-sized company because Bangladesh belongs to the low-income group facing problems of unemployment, poverty, low savings rate, low capital accumulation. Business on the micro and small scale did not require huge investment, it begins with limited capital. Developing nations such as Bangladesh are better off starting a small and medium-sized business because Bangladesh is part of the low-income community facing unemployment, poverty, low savings rate, low accumulation of capital problems. Micro and small-scale companies did not need tremendous investment but began with minimal resources.

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Towards High Performance Chemical Vapour Deposition V2O5 Cathodes for Batteries Employing Aqueous Media

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25235558 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (23) ◽

pp. 5558

Author(s):

Dimitra Vernardou ◽

Charalampos Drosos ◽

Andreas Kafizas ◽

Martyn E. Pemble ◽

Emmanouel Koudoumas

Keyword(s):

Energy Storage ◽

High Performance ◽

Large Scale ◽

Electrode Materials ◽

Low Cost ◽

Aqueous Media ◽

Chemical Vapour ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Scale Production ◽

Environmentally Safe

The need for clean and efficient energy storage has become the center of attention due to the eminent global energy crisis and growing ecological concerns. A key component in this effort is the ultra-high performance battery, which will play a major role in the energy industry. To meet the demands in portable electronic devices, electric vehicles, and large-scale energy storage systems, it is necessary to prepare advanced batteries with high safety, fast charge ratios, and discharge capabilities at a low cost. Cathode materials play a significant role in determining the performance of batteries. Among the possible electrode materials is vanadium pentoxide, which will be discussed in this review, due to its low cost and high theoretical capacity. Additionally, aqueous electrolytes, which are environmentally safe, provide an alternative approach compared to organic media for safe, cost-effective, and scalable energy storage. In this review, we will reveal the industrial potential of competitive methods to grow cathodes with excellent stability and enhanced electrochemical performance in aqueous media and lay the foundation for the large-scale production of electrode materials.

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III–V Nanowires: Synthesis, Property Manipulations, and Device Applications

Journal of Nanomaterials ◽

10.1155/2014/702859 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Ming Fang ◽

Ning Han ◽

Fengyun Wang ◽

Zai-xing Yang ◽

SenPo Yip ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Low Cost ◽

Volume Ratio ◽

Chemical Vapor ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Research Field ◽

Synthesis Methods ◽

Comprehensive Overview ◽

Device Applications ◽

Property Control

III–V semiconductor nanowire (NW) materials possess a combination of fascinating properties, including their tunable direct bandgap, high carrier mobility, excellent mechanical flexibility, and extraordinarily large surface-to-volume ratio, making them superior candidates for next generation electronics, photonics, and sensors, even possibly on flexible substrates. Understanding the synthesis, property manipulation, and device integration of these III–V NW materials is therefore crucial for their practical implementations. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the recent development in III–V NWs with the focus on their cost-effective synthesis, corresponding property control, and the relevant low-operating-power device applications. We will first introduce the synthesis methods and growth mechanisms of III–V NWs, emphasizing the low-cost solid-source chemical vapor deposition (SSCVD) technique, and then discuss the physical properties of III–V NWs with special attention on their dependences on several typical factors including the choice of catalysts, NW diameters, surface roughness, and surface decorations. After that, we present several different examples in the area of high-performance photovoltaics and low-power electronic circuit prototypes to further demonstrate the potential applications of these NW materials. Towards the end, we also make some remarks on the progress made and challenges remaining in the III–V NW research field.

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Approaches to the Design and Processing of Novel Titanium Alloys

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.29-30.127 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 29-30 ◽

pp. 127-130

Author(s):

Colleen J. Bettles ◽

Rimma Lapovok ◽

H.P. Ng ◽

Dacian Tomus ◽

Barry C. Muddle

Keyword(s):

Titanium Alloys ◽

High Performance ◽

Powder Processing ◽

Low Cost ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Processing Technologies ◽

Shape Processing ◽

New Processing ◽

The Cost ◽

Processing Techniques

The range of commercial titanium alloys available is currently extremely restricted, with one alloy (Ti-6Al-4V), and derivatives of it, accounting for a very large proportion of all applications. High performance alloys are costly to fabricate and limited to low-volume applications that can sustain the cost. With the emergence of new processing technologies that promise to reduce significantly the cost of production of titanium metal, especially in powder form, there is an emerging imperative for cost-effective near net shape powder processing techniques to permit the benefit of reduced metal cost to be passed on to higher-volume applications. Equally, there is a need for the design and development of new alloys that are intrinsically low-cost and lend themselves to fabrication by novel cost-effective net shape processing. The approaches that might be used to select, design and process both conventional alloys and novel alloy systems will be reviewed, with a focus on innovation in design of low-cost alloys amenable to new processing paths and increasingly tolerant of variability in composition.

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Prefab Materials for Self Build Housing System in Malaysia

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.747.250 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 747 ◽

pp. 250-253

Author(s):

Wan Srihani Wan Mohamed ◽

Yahaya Ahmad ◽

Nik Fazlysham Nik Mat ◽

Aznida Azlan

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Low Cost ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Income Group ◽

Housing System ◽

Housing Provision ◽

Skill Levels ◽

Self Help ◽

House Construction ◽

Low Cost Housing

Prefabricated system has been used extensively in many developed and developing countries to provide low cost housing. There are many case studies that took the advantage of prefabricated system as part of self help approach in house construction. Prefabricated system in self help housing proved to be cost effective, provide employment opportunities, utilise low skill levels and maximise local natural resources. Malaysia is also promoting prefabricated system to be used in low cost housing provision. There are obstacles to implement such technology into the conventional construction industry. This paper investigates the possibility of adapting local resources, such as timber, into prefabricated components as a mean to promote not only modular coordination concept but also promote self build approach in the community at a lower skill labour. It is not an immediate solution to housing issues yet it provides alternatives to house the low income group and contribute to increase the supply of housing.

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A Lithography-Based Compliant Chip-to-Substrate Wafer-Level Interconnect

Electronic and Photonic Packaging, Electrical Systems Design and Photonics, and Nanotechnology ◽

10.1115/imece2002-39679 ◽

2002 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Qi Zhu ◽

Lunyu Ma ◽

Suresh K. Sitaraman

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Coefficient Of Thermal Expansion ◽

Low Cost ◽

Optimization Technique ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Organic Substrate ◽

Electrical Performance ◽

Wafer Level ◽

Good Reliability ◽

Mechanical Compliance

As the rapid advances in IC design and fabrication continue to challenge and push the electronic packaging technology, in terms of fine pitch, high performance, low cost, and good reliability, compliant interconnects show great advantages for next-generation packaging. β-fly is designed as a compliant chip-to-substrate interconnect for performing wafer-level probing and for packaging without underfill. β-fly has good compliance in all directions to compensate the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between the silicon die and an organic substrate. The fabrication of β-fly is similar to standard IC fabrication, and wafer-level packaging makes it cost effective. In this work, self-weight effect and stress distribution under planar displacement loading of β-fly is studied. The effect of geometry parameters on mechanical and electrical performance of β-fly is also studied. β-fly with thinner and narrower arcuate beams with larger radius and taller post is found to have better mechanical compliance. In addition to mechanical compliance, electrical characteristics of β-fly have also been studied in this work. However, it is found that structures with excellent mechanical compliance cannot have good electrical performance. Therefore, a trade off is needed for the design of β-fly. Response surface methodology and an optimization technique have been used to select the optimal β-fly structure parameters.

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The Influence of Fiber Cross-Section on Fabric Far-Infrared Properties

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym10101147 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 1147 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Yifei Tao ◽

Tenghao Li ◽

Chenxiao Yang ◽

Naixiang Wang ◽

Feng Yan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Low Cost ◽

Far Infrared ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Optical Path Difference ◽

Path Difference ◽

Environmental Stability ◽

Theoretical Simulation ◽

Circular Fiber ◽

Facile Fabrication

Far-infrared radiation (FIR) possesses various promising properties that are beneficial to an individuals’ health. Exploring the interaction between fiber shapes and FIR performance is thought to be a significant means to develop highly-efficient FIR textile products. In this study, a non-additive triangular polyamide (PA) fiber showed excellent FIR properties in both theoretical simulation and experimental verification aspects. The triangular PA fiber affords a higher probability to facilitate large optical path difference, improving both FIR absorption and emission. Textiles woven with the specific triangular PA fiber achieved a remarkable emissivity of 91.85% and temperature difference of 2.11 Celsius, which is obviously superior to the reference circular fiber (86.72%, 1.52 Celsius). Considering the low cost, environmental stability, facile fabrication, as well as being environmentally friendly, this non-additive triangular PA fiber has great potential for high-performance and cost-effective FIR textiles in the future.

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