scholarly journals Simultaneous Acquisition of Ultrasound and Gamma Signals with a Single-Channel Readout

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1048
Author(s):  
Muhammad Nasir Ullah ◽  
Yuseung Park ◽  
Gyeong Beom Kim ◽  
Chanho Kim ◽  
Chansun Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Source ◽  
Analog Circuit ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Gamma Probe ◽  
Water Tank ◽  
Switching Circuit ◽  
Single Output ◽  
Analog Switch ◽  
The Us

We propose an integrated front-end data acquisition circuit for a hybrid ultrasound (US)-gamma probe. The proposed circuit consists of three main parts: (1) a preamplifier for the gamma probe, (2) a preprocessing analog circuit for the US, and (3) a digitally controlled analog switch. By exploiting the long idle time of the US system, an analog switch can be used to acquire data of both systems using a single output channel simultaneously. On the nuclear medicine (NM) gamma probe side, energy resolutions of 18.4% and 17.5% were acquired with the standalone system and with the proposed switching circuit, respectively, when irradiated with a Co-57 radiation source. Similarly, signal-to-noise ratios of 14.89 and 13.12 dB were achieved when US echo signals were acquired with the standalone system and with the proposed switching circuit, respectively. Lastly, a combined US-gamma probe was used to scan a glass target and a sealed radiation source placed in a water tank. The results confirmed that, by using a hybrid US-gamma probe system, it is possible to distinguish between the two objects and acquire structural information (ultrasound) alongside molecular information (gamma radiation source).

64 Channel ASIC for Neurobiology Experiments

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 375-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Gryboś ◽  
Piotr Kmon ◽  
Robert Szczygieł ◽  
Mirosław Żołądź
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Supply Voltage ◽  
Single Output ◽  
Application Specific Integrated Circuits ◽  
Coupling Circuit ◽  
Analogue Signals ◽  
Readout Channel ◽  
Application Specific

64 Channel ASIC for Neurobiology ExperimentsThis paper presents the design and measurements of 64 channel Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC) for recording signals in neurobiology experiments. The ASIC is designed in 180 nm technology and operates with ± 0.9 V supply voltage. Single readout channel is built of AC coupling circuit at the input and two amplifier stages. In order to reduce the number of output lines, the 64 analogue signals from readout channels are multiplexed to a single output by an analogue multiplexer. The gain of the single channel can be set either to 350 V/V or 700 V/V. The low and the high cut-off frequencies can be tuned in 9 ÷ 90 Hz and in the 1.6 ÷ 24 kHz range respectively. The input referred noise is 7 μV rms in the bandwidth 90 Hz - 1.6 kHz and 9 μV rms in the bandwidth 9 Hz - 24 kHz. The single channel consumes 200 μW of power and this together with other parameters make the chip suitable for recording neurobiology signals.

scholarly journals Controller Design for Temperature Control of MISO Water Tank System

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Vishal Vishnoi ◽  
Sheela Tiwari ◽  
Rajesh Kumar Singla
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Temperature Control ◽  
Fuzzy Logic Controller ◽  
Controller Design ◽  
Water Tank ◽  
Single Output ◽  
Multiple Input ◽  
Tank System ◽  
Process Disturbances ◽  
The Impact

This article introduces the design of split range control and fuzzy logic control for temperature control of the MISO (multiple input single output) water tank scheme. A multiple input single output (MISO) system is considered for the proposed work as most of the practical systems comprise of numerous MISO system. Investigations are conducted on the impact of control parameters, system dynamics and process disturbances. From the simulation outcomes, it is clearly inferred that the fuzzy logic controller outperformed split range control over all parameters.

Alphanumeric Data Entry and Editing on a Telephone-Type Keypad

1996 ◽  
Vol 40 (19) ◽  
pp. 1012-1016
Author(s):  
Daniel D. Riley ◽  
Floyd A. Glenn
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Data Entry ◽  
The Other ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Us Army ◽  
The Us ◽  
Limited Function

Innovative alphanumeric data entry and edit procedures are required for input-output devices that, constrained by size and usage considerations, are limited to functionality available with multi-character and limited function keys. Such an interface was developed by the authors for Martin Marietta in support of the US Army Single Channel Anti-jam Man-Portable (SCAMP) Program. Two character entry schemes and three message editing protocols were developed and evaluated using a Macintosh-based, Supercard-configured prototype whose conventions were assessed by twelve subjects in a counter-balanced experimental design. One character entry scheme proved to be statistically superior to the other scheme in terms of time and number of keystrokes required, and was universally favored by subjects. Although there was no clearly superior message editing protocol among the three alternatives, one convention was generally favored over the others in terms of performance and ease of operation.

scholarly journals Convergence Optimization and Verification for Single-Channel Remote Parameter Control of a Nonlinear System

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 549
Author(s):  
Meng Li ◽  
Yong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Single Channel ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Iteration Process ◽  
Parameter Control ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Function Estimation ◽  
Single Input Single Output ◽  
Single Output ◽  
Convergence Control ◽  
Hydraulic Servo

In this paper, the theory of RPC (remote parameter control) iteration process of linear situation without and with iteration coefficient as well as nonlinear situation with coefficient is analyzed. The influence of iteration coefficient on iterative convergence control condition is analyzed. Two kinds of optimized control method for iteration coefficient based on the system transfer function estimation are proposed. A lightweight motorcycle and electro-hydraulic servo road vibration test bench are used to verify the feasibility of the optimized control methods for the reproduction of road profiles of SISO (single-input, single-output) system. According to the experiment result, which is the RMS (root mean square) of the NSRE (normalized spectrum of response error) of system, the convergent precision, convergent speed and iteration stability are discussed to present the advantage and disadvantage of the optimized control methods. Compared with three commonly used manual methods, the result shows the rapidity and stability of optimized control methods.

Formation and Encapsulation of Biomolecular Arrays for Developing Arrays of Membrane-Based Artificial Hair Cell Sensors

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen A. Sarles ◽  
Kevin L. Garrison ◽  
Taylor T. Young ◽  
Donald J. Leo
Keyword(s):  
Hair Cell ◽  
Lipid Bilayers ◽  
Hair Cells ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Flexible Substrate ◽  
Transmembrane Proteins ◽  
Channel Measurements ◽  
Switching Circuit ◽  
Capacitance Measurements ◽  
Artificial Cell

Recent research in our group has shown that artificial cell membranes formed at the base of a hair-like structure can be used to sense air flow in a manner similar to the mechanotransduction processes found in mammalian hair cells. Our previous work demonstrated that a single artificial hair cell can be formed in an open substrate. However, that study also motivated the need to develop fully-encapsulated devices that feature arrays of hair-cells. Since the transduction element in this concept is an artificial cell membrane, or lipid bilayer, this work investigates two parallel substrate designs for providing encapsulation and a method for forming arrays of bilayers. In one effort, a flexible substrate with internal compartments for hosting the biomolecules and mating cap are constructed and experimentally characterized. The regulated attachment method (RAM) is used to form interface bilayers within the sealed device. Capacitance measurements of the sealed interface bilayer show that the sealing cap slightly compresses the bottom insert and reduces the size of the enclosed bilayer. Single channel measurements of alamethicin peptides further verify that the sealed device, which is also leak-proof under water, can be used to detect the insertion and gating activity of transmembrane proteins in the membrane. The second effort pursued herein is the fabrication and initial testing of a method to form arrays of interface bilayers by using anchored hydrogel pads that support curved aqueous lenses in oil. In this fashion, the configuration of the array does not require manipulating droplets, but instead depends on the arrangement of the built-in gels used to support the aqueous lenses. As with RAM, mechanical force is used to promote contact of adjacent aqueous lenses held in the flexible substrate. Initial tests show that gel-supported lenses can be used for forming multiple lipid bilayers within the device and that these interfaces can be interrogated individually or collectively using an electrode switching circuit.

scholarly journals Mechanism of activation of the prokaryotic channel ELIC by propylamine: A single-channel study

2014 ◽  
Vol 145 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Marabelli ◽  
Remigijus Lape ◽  
Lucia Sivilotti
Keyword(s):  
Ion Channel ◽  
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Intermediate State ◽  
Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Kinetic Properties ◽  
Open Probability ◽  
Single Channel Currents

Prokaryotic channels, such as Erwinia chrysanthemi ligand-gated ion channel (ELIC) and Gloeobacter violaceus ligand-gated ion channel, give key structural information for the pentameric ligand-gated ion channel family, which includes nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. ELIC, a cationic channel from E. chrysanthemi, is particularly suitable for single-channel recording because of its high conductance. Here, we report on the kinetic properties of ELIC channels expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Single-channel currents elicited by the full agonist propylamine (0.5–50 mM) in outside-out patches at −60 mV were analyzed by direct maximum likelihood fitting of kinetic schemes to the idealized data. Several mechanisms were tested, and their adequacy was judged by comparing the predictions of the best fit obtained with the observable features of the experimental data. These included open-/shut-time distributions and the time course of macroscopic propylamine-activated currents elicited by fast theta-tube applications (50–600 ms, 1–50 mM, −100 mV). Related eukaryotic channels, such as glycine and nicotinic receptors, when fully liganded open with high efficacy to a single open state, reached via a preopening intermediate. The simplest adequate description of their activation, the “Flip” model, assumes a concerted transition to a single intermediate state at high agonist concentration. In contrast, ELIC open-time distributions at saturating propylamine showed multiple components. Thus, more than one open state must be accessible to the fully liganded channel. The “Primed” model allows opening from multiple fully liganded intermediates. The best fits of this type of model showed that ELIC maximum open probability (99%) is reached when at least two and probably three molecules of agonist have bound to the channel. The overall efficacy with which the fully liganded channel opens was ∼102 (∼20 for α1β glycine channels). The microscopic affinity for the agonist increased as the channel activated, from 7 mM for the resting state to 0.15 mM for the partially activated intermediate state.

scholarly journals Steady-State Performance of an Adaptive Combined MISO Filter Using the Multichannel Affine Projection Algorithm

Algorithms ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Danilo Comminiello ◽  
Michele Scarpiniti ◽  
Luis Azpicueta-Ruiz ◽  
Aurelio Uncini
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Adaptive Filters ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Projection Algorithm ◽  
Adaptive Combination ◽  
Affine Projection ◽  
Affine Projection Algorithm ◽  
Single Output ◽  
Combination Scheme ◽  
Multiple Input

The combination of adaptive filters is an effective approach to improve filtering performance. In this paper, we investigate the performance of an adaptive combined scheme between two adaptive multiple-input single-output (MISO) filters, which can be easily extended to the case of multiple outputs. In order to generalize the analysis, we consider the multichannel affine projection algorithm (APA) to update the coefficients of the MISO filters, which increases the possibility of exploiting the capabilities of the filtering scheme. Using energy conservation relations, we derive a theoretical behavior of the proposed adaptive combination scheme at steady state. Such analysis entails some further theoretical insights with respect to the single channel combination scheme. Simulation results prove both the validity of the theoretical steady-state analysis and the effectiveness of the proposed combined scheme.

scholarly journals Ligand discrimination and gating in cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels from apo and partial agonist-bound cryo-EM structures

eLife ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Rheinberger ◽  
Xiaolong Gao ◽  
Philipp AM Schmidpeter ◽  
Crina M Nimigean
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Nucleotide ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Partial Agonist ◽  
Visual Signal ◽  
Functional Responses ◽  
Binding Domains ◽  
Single Channel Activity ◽  
Functional States

Cyclic nucleotide-modulated channels have important roles in visual signal transduction and pacemaking. Binding of cyclic nucleotides (cAMP/cGMP) elicits diverse functional responses in different channels within the family despite their high sequence and structure homology. The molecular mechanisms responsible for ligand discrimination and gating are unknown due to lack of correspondence between structural information and functional states. Using single particle cryo-electron microscopy and single-channel recording, we assigned functional states to high-resolution structures of SthK, a prokaryotic cyclic nucleotide-gated channel. The structures for apo, cAMP-bound, and cGMP-bound SthK in lipid nanodiscs, correspond to no, moderate, and low single-channel activity, respectively, consistent with the observation that all structures are in resting, closed states. The similarity between apo and ligand-bound structures indicates that ligand-binding domains are strongly coupled to pore and SthK gates in an allosteric, concerted fashion. The different orientations of cAMP and cGMP in the ‘resting’ and ‘activated’ structures suggest a mechanism for ligand discrimination.

scholarly journals Controller design for temperature control of MISO water tank system

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Temperature Control ◽  
Fuzzy Logic Controller ◽  
Controller Design ◽  
Water Tank ◽  
Single Output ◽  
Multiple Input ◽  
Tank System ◽  
Process Disturbances ◽  
The Impact

This article introduces the design of split range control and fuzzy logic control for temperature control of the MISO (multiple input single output) water tank scheme. A multiple input single output (MISO) system is considered for the proposed work as most of the practical systems comprise of numerous MISO system. Investigations are conducted on the impact of control parameters, system dynamics and process disturbances. From the simulation outcomes, it is clearly inferred that the fuzzy logic controller outperformed split range control over all parameters.

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