scholarly journals Influence of Wearing Ballistic Vests on Physical Performance of Danish Police Officers: A Cross-Over Study

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1795
Author(s):  
Henrik Koblauch ◽  
Mette K. Zebis ◽  
Mikkel H. Jacobsen ◽  
Bjarki T. Haraldsson ◽  
Klaus P. Klinge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Muscle Endurance ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Entry And Exit ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Lumbar Muscle ◽  
Police Cars

Purpose: We aimed to investigate the influence of wearing a ballistic vest on physical performance in police officers. Methods: We performed a cross-over study to investigate the influence of wearing a ballistic vest on reaction and response time, lumbar muscle endurance and police vehicle entry and exit times. Reaction and response time was based on a perturbation setup where the officers’ pelvises were fixed and EMG of lumbar and abdominal muscles was recorded. We used a modified Biering–Sørensen test to assess the lumbar muscle endurance and measured duration of entry and exit maneuvers in a variety of standard-issue police cars. Results: There was a significant difference of 24% in the lumbar muscle endurance test (no vest: 151 s vs. vest: 117 s), and the police officers experienced higher physical fatigue after the test when wearing a vest. Furthermore, officers took longer to both enter and exit police cars when wearing a vest (range: 0.24–0.56 s) depending on the model of the vehicle. There were no significant differences in reaction and response times between the test conditions (with/without vest). Discussion and Conclusion: Wearing of a ballistic vest significantly influenced the speed of movement in entry and exit of police cars and lumbar muscle endurance, although it does not seem to affect reaction or response times. The ballistic vest seems to impair performance of tasks that require maximal effort, which calls for better designs of such vests.

Lost in transition: The effects of transitioning between firearms and electronic control devices (ECDs) on perception-response times (PRTs)

2021 ◽  
pp. 0032258X2110441
Author(s):  
Paul L Taylor ◽  
Paul Sipe ◽  
Lon Bartel
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Policy Research ◽  
Police Training ◽  
Laboratory Setting ◽  
Training Simulator ◽  
Temporal Space

The research described in this article tested the perception-response times for experienced police officers to transition from a firearm to a TASER and from a TASER to a firearm. The theoretical models and police training on use of force have largely ignored the temporal space between force modalities. Escalating through force modalities has by default been treated as equivalent, in task and timing, to deescalating through force modalities. This study employed a randomized controlled experiment using a police firearms training simulator and 139 active law enforcement officers. The average perception-response time for transition from a TASER to a firearm was 2.49 seconds for experienced police officers in response to an anticipated visual stimulus in a laboratory setting. The average perception-response time for transition from a firearm to a TASER was 4.7 seconds for experienced police officers in a response to an anticipated visual stimulus in a laboratory setting. 70% of the officers that participated in the study had never participated in department training that required them to transition between a firearm and a TASER. The findings demonstrate that moving from TASER to firearm and from firearm to TASER are not equivalent tasks. In the case of firearms and TASERs, it is significantly faster to move up the force continuum—from TASER to firearm—than it is to move down the force continuum. This research has implications for police training, tactics, policy, research, and post hoc investigations involving the use or potential use of force.

A Method to Reduce Rural EMS Response Times

1991 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Johnson ◽  
W. Ann Maggiore ◽  
David Ralph Davis
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Patient Assessment ◽  
Mean Response Time ◽  
Response System ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Privately Owned ◽  
Made In

AbstractProlonged EMS response times are a significant problem in rural areas. In this study, VHF radios and personal medical kits were placed in the private vehicles of rescue squad members. By coordinating the responses using radios, higher level EMTs were sent directly to the scene to initiate patient assessment and other procedures while others proceeded to an unstaffed station to pick up the rescue truck.Using this response system, EMTs arrived at the scene prior to the rescue vehicle on 30 of 35 calls (85.7%). In 25 of 35 calls (71.4%), the first person at the scene was at an advanced EMT level even though the majority of responses (56%) were made by Basic EMTs (p<0.001). The mean response time for EMTs using privately owned vehicles was 9±4 minutes (means±SD) compared with 16±9 minutes for the rescue truck (p<0.01). There also was a significant difference in response times between the privately owned vehicles and the rescue truck when the time between the receipt of the call and the initial acknowledgement of response was measured (1±1 minutes vs. 7±3 minutes; p<0.01).An effective EMS response can be made in rural areas by sending EMTs directly to a scene in private vehicles. Providing EMTs with VHF radios and personal medical kits enhances this response.

Predictability of the Call Triage Protocol to Detect if Dispatchers Should Activate Community First Responders

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 484-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenji Narikawa ◽  
Tetsuya Sakamoto ◽  
Katsuaki Kubota ◽  
Masayuki Suzukawa ◽  
Chikara Yonekawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Response Times ◽  
First Responders ◽  
Medical Professionals ◽  
Publication Type ◽  
Triage Protocol ◽  
Dispatch System ◽  
Better Than

AbstractIntroductionShortening response time to an emergency call leads to the success of resuscitation by chest compression and defibrillation. However, response by ambulance or fire truck is not fast enough for resuscitation in Japan. In rural areas, response times can be more than 10 minutes. One possible way to shorten the response time is to establish a system of first responders (eg, police officers or firefighters) who are trained appropriately to perform resuscitation. Another possible way is to use a system of Community First Responders (CFRs) who are trained neighbors. At present, there are no call triage protocols to decide if dispatchers should activate CFRs.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine the predictability to detect if dispatchers should activate CFRs.MethodsTwo CFR call triage protocols (CFR protocol Ver.0 and Ver.1) were established. The predictability of CFR protocols was examined by comparing the paramedic field reports. From the results of sensitivity of CFR protocol, the numbers of annual CFR activations were calculated. All data were collected, prospectively, for four months from October 1, 2012 through January 31, 2013.ResultsThe ROC-AUC values appear slightly higher in CFR protocol Ver.1 (0.857; 95% CI, 79.8-91.7) than in CFR protocol Ver.0 (0.847; 95% CI, 79.0-90.3). The number of annual CFR activations is higher in CFR protocol Ver.0 (7.47) than in CFR protocol Ver.1 (5.45).ConclusionTwo call triage protocols have almost the same predictability as the Medical Priority Dispatch System (MPDS). The study indicates that CFR protocol Ver.1 is better than CFR protocol Ver.0 because of the higher predictability and low number of activations. Also, it indicates that CFRs who are not medical professionals can respond to a patient with cardiac arrest.NarikawaK, SakamotoT, KubotaK, SuzukawaM, YonekawaC, YamashitaK, ToyokuniY, YasudaY, KobayashiA, IijimaK. Predictability of the call triage protocol to detect if dispatchers should activate Community First Responders. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(5):1-5.

Female Strength and Neuromuscular Response Time: A Review

1994 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-72
Author(s):  
Nancy C. Rich
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Front Line ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
The Past ◽  
Neuromuscular Response ◽  
Line Work ◽  
And Performance

There are an abundant number of published studies in which the authors state that post-pubertal men are stronger, faster and more powerful and therefore more proficient than women in many motor skills. The topics of strength and neuromuscular response time are phenomena that have been used in the past as bases for the rationalization that women do not have the physical characteristics that are essential requirements for front-line work as soldiers, firepersons, police officers and construction workers, and also that they are not as proficient as men in other occupations. This paper is a review of physiological and performance data that have contributed to our knowledge base in the areas of strength and neuromuscular response times of women. In addition, data regarding the deterioration of these parameters that occur with aging and the potential determent of this deterioration as a consequence of a lifetime of activity will be considered. Finally, a suggestion will be made that female and male data should be analyzed and reported in ways that eliminate genetic characteristics which bias the data.

Lateralization of lexical processing in monolinguals and bilinguals

2021 ◽  
pp. 136700692110188
Author(s):  
Filiz Mergen ◽  
Gulmira Kuruoglu
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Visual Fields ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Bilingual Speakers ◽  
Visual Hemifield ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Brain Correlates ◽  
Orthographic Neighbors

Aims and objectives: This study aims to investigate how lexical processing (LP) is organized in early Turkish–English bilinguals and Turkish monolinguals. Methodology: We used a visual hemifield paradigm where bilingual ( n = 48) and monolingual ( n = 53) participants performed a lexical decision task. Bilingual participants performed the task in both their languages. Data and analysis: We recorded response times (RTs) and the accuracy rates (ARs) of the participants. An analysis of variance and t-test were run to analyze the bilingual and monolingual data, respectively. Findings: The results obtained from the analysis of the RTs and ARs for the Turkish and English words showed a balanced hemispheric organization in LP in bilingual speakers. The RTs for Turkish words in the monolingual group provided supportive evidence for the predominant role of the left hemisphere in LP. However, no significant difference was found in the accuracy of their answers, suggesting that the monolingual participants’ performance was not influenced by visual field of presentation of the words. Finally, the comparison of the two groups revealed that bilingual participants’ performance was inferior to monolinguals’ in speed and accuracy of processing of words presented in both visual fields. This result gives further support for the differential representation of LP in monolinguals and bilinguals. Originality: The psycholinguistic literature abounds with studies of LP in bilinguals and monolinguals from a variety of language backgrounds; however, there is much less data regarding the brain correlates of LP in Turkish–English bilinguals and Turkish monolinguals. Implications: Since Turkish–English bilinguals and Turkish monolinguals are underrepresented in the literature as compared to the population who speak other languages with alphabetic writing, this study provides preliminary data for future studies. Limitations: We did not control for gender or lexical factors such as orthographic neighbors when designing the word sets used as stimuli.

scholarly journals Stimulus-response time to invasive blood pressure alarms: implications for the safety of critical-care patients

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adele Kuckartz Pergher ◽  
Roberto Carlos Lyra da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Hemodynamic Instability ◽  
Military Hospital ◽  
Invasive Blood Pressure ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
The City ◽  
Physical Layout

Observational, descriptive, exploratory, case study with the objective of measuring the stimulus-response time of the team to alarms monitoring invasive blood pressure (IBP) and analyzing the implications of this time for the safety of the patient. From January to March 2013, 60 hours of structured observation were conducted with registration of the alarms activated by IBP monitors in an adult ICU at a military hospital in the city of Rio de Janeiro. 76 IBP alarms were recorded (1.26 alarms/hour), 21 of which (28%) were attended to and 55 (72%) considered as fatigued. The average response time to the alarms was 2 min. 45 sec. The deficit in human resource and physical layout were factors determining the delay in response to the alarms. The increase in response times to these alarms may compromise the safety of patients with hemodynamic instability, especially in situations such as shock and the use of vasoactive drugs.

scholarly journals The effects of a single session of lumbar spinal manipulative therapy in terms of physical performance test symmetry in asymptomatic athletes: a single-blinded, randomised controlled study.

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. e000389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno A P Alvarenga ◽  
Ricardo Fujikawa ◽  
Filipa João ◽  
Jerusa P R Lara ◽  
António P Veloso
Keyword(s):  
Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Spinal Manipulative Therapy ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Manipulative Therapy ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Randomised Controlled

Background and aimMusculoskeletal disorders in athletes, including spinal biomechanical dysfunctions, are believed to negatively influence symmetry. Spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) is recognised as a safe and effective treatment for musculoskeletal disorders, but there is little evidence about whether it can be beneficial in symmetry. Therefore, this study aimed to measure the effects of lumbar SMT in symmetry.MethodsForty asymptomatic athletes participated in the study. The randomisation procedure was performed according to the following group allocation: group 1 (SMT) and group 2 (SHAM). Each participant completed a physical activity questionnaire, and also underwent clinical and physical evaluation for inclusion according to eligibility criteria. Statistical significance (P<0.05) between groups and types of therapy were calculated by physical performance tests symmetry (static position, squat and counter movement jump (CMJ), pre- and post-SMT and SHAM. There were 14 trials of three symmetry tests for each participant, for a total of 560 trials.ResultsLumbar SMT produced immediate effects in symmetry in the static position; however, the same effects were not found in squat and CMJ on symmetry 1. Therefore, our results showed a significant difference in pre- (mean 16.3%) and post-lumbar SMT (mean 3.7%) in static symmetry. However, symmetry 2 showed no statistical significant differences for any of the tests and intervention groups. No statistically significant effects in symmetry pre- to post-SHAM were found in any of the tests.ConclusionsStatistically significant differences were found in lumbar SMT, but only for static symmetry. These findings suggest that SMT was effective in producing immediate effects in symmetry in the static position, but none in dynamic tests. Future studies could address our study's limitations.Clinical trials register numberNCT03361592.

Properties of synaptic transmission from photoreceptors to bipolar cells in the mudpuppy retina

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 352-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. Kim ◽  
R. F. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Kynurenic Acid ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Slice Preparation ◽  
Peak Response ◽  
Rods And Cones ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pharmacological Studies ◽  
Whole Cell Recordings

1. Simultaneous, whole-cell recordings were obtained from synaptically coupled photoreceptor/bipolar cell pairs, by the use of direct visualization in a superfused, mudpuppy retinal slice preparation. 2. OFF-bipolar cells (BPs) generated sign-conserving responses when extrinsic current was injected into rods and cones, whereas ON-BPs generated a sign-reversing response. OFF-BPs (n = 24) responded faster than ON-BPs (n = 12), in terms of response latency (27.8 vs. 80.6 ms) and peak response times (50.5 vs. 159.8 ms) when current was injected into photoreceptors. We did not detect any significant difference between rod- versus cone-mediated latency or peak response times in the ON- and OFF-BP subtypes. 3. Rod and cone inputs to OFF-BPs were blocked by kynurenic acid (Kyn), but the doses required were significantly higher for rod inputs: the IC50 (the concentration at which an antagonist blocks 50% of the responses) for Kyn was 0.3 mM for cone inputs and 1 mM for rod inputs. 4. Rod inputs to OFF-BPs showed the same Kyn sensitivity as rod inputs to horizontal cells (HCs). However, cone inputs to HCs (IC50 < 200 microM) were more sensitive to Kyn than those to OFF-BPs. 5. The pharmacological studies presented here, together with previous studies, suggest that the sign-conserving pathway in the outer plexiform layer of the mudpuppy retina involves at least three subtypes of glutamate receptors: 1) cone-activated receptors of HCs; 2) cone-activated receptors of OFF-BPs; and 3) rod-activated receptors found in HCs and BPs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals English Speakers’ Implicit Gender Concepts Influence Their Processing of French Grammatical Gender: Evidence for Semantically Mediated Cross-Linguistic Influence

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Nicoladis ◽  
Chris Westbury ◽  
Cassandra Foursha-Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Response Times ◽  
First Language ◽  
Grammatical Gender ◽  
Word Embedding ◽  
English Speakers ◽  
French Words ◽  
L1 English ◽  
French Gender

Second language (L2) learners often show influence from their first language (L1) in all domains of language. This cross-linguistic influence could, in some cases, be mediated by semantics. The purpose of the present study was to test whether implicit English gender connotations affect L1 English speakers’ judgments of the L2 French gender of objects. We hypothesized that gender estimates derived from word embedding models that measure similarity of word contexts in English would affect accuracy and response time on grammatical gender (GG) decision in L2 French. L2 French learners were asked to identify the GG of French words estimated to be either congruent or incongruent with the implicit gender in English. The results showed that they were more accurate with words that were congruent with English gender connotations than words that were incongruent, suggesting that English gender connotations can influence grammatical judgments in French. Response times showed the same pattern. The results are consistent with semantics-mediated cross-linguistic influence.

scholarly journals Relationship between the police and crime victims: An analysis of the process and the level of satisfaction with police work

Temida ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-130
Author(s):  
Milan Klisaric ◽  
Aurelija Djan
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Police Work ◽  
Crime Victims ◽  
Criminal Offenses ◽  
Level Of Satisfaction ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Lgbt Community ◽  
Victims Of Crime ◽  
Treat All ◽  
And Behavior

The task of this study was to investigate the level of satisfaction of various categories of crime victims with various aspects of police work and behavior. The aim of this research was to examine whether the police treat all victims of crime equally responsibly, or whether there is a significant difference in the satisfaction of various categories of crime victims with various aspects of police work and behavior. On an occasional sample of 150 examinees, we analyzed the level of satisfaction of crime victims in relation to the expectations of the police regarding the reported criminal offenses and then the level of satisfaction towards different aspects of work and conduct of the police, such as reporting crime to the police, environmental conditions of interview and human compassion/empathy of police officers. The results indicate a significant difference in the satisfaction of specified aspects of police work among different categories of victims. Most dissatisfaction was expressed by members of the LGBT community and convicted persons when they appear in the role of victims. The research makes recommendations for improving the quality of the work and behavior of the police towards victims of crime.

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