Female Strength and Neuromuscular Response Time: A Review

1994 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-72
Author(s):  
Nancy C. Rich
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Front Line ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
The Past ◽  
Neuromuscular Response ◽  
Line Work ◽  
And Performance

There are an abundant number of published studies in which the authors state that post-pubertal men are stronger, faster and more powerful and therefore more proficient than women in many motor skills. The topics of strength and neuromuscular response time are phenomena that have been used in the past as bases for the rationalization that women do not have the physical characteristics that are essential requirements for front-line work as soldiers, firepersons, police officers and construction workers, and also that they are not as proficient as men in other occupations. This paper is a review of physiological and performance data that have contributed to our knowledge base in the areas of strength and neuromuscular response times of women. In addition, data regarding the deterioration of these parameters that occur with aging and the potential determent of this deterioration as a consequence of a lifetime of activity will be considered. Finally, a suggestion will be made that female and male data should be analyzed and reported in ways that eliminate genetic characteristics which bias the data.

scholarly journals Shortening Ambulance Response Time Increases Survival in Out‐of‐Hospital Cardiac Arrest

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (21) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Holmén ◽  
Johan Herlitz ◽  
Sven‐Erik Ricksten ◽  
Anneli Strömsöe ◽  
Eva Hagberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Primary Outcome ◽  
Response Times ◽  
The Past ◽  
Confounding Variables ◽  
Initial Rhythm ◽  
Correct Understanding ◽  
Hospital Cardiac Arrest

Background The ambulance response time in out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) has doubled over the past 30 years in Sweden. At the same time, the chances of surviving an OHCA have increased substantially. A correct understanding of the effect of ambulance response time on the outcome after OHCA is fundamental for further advancement in cardiac arrest care. Methods and Results We used data from the SRCR (Swedish Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) to determine the effect of ambulance response time on 30‐day survival after OHCA. We included 20 420 cases of OHCA occurring in Sweden between 2008 and 2017. Survival to 30 days was our primary outcome. Stratification and multiple logistic regression were used to control for confounding variables. In a model adjusted for age, sex, calendar year, and place of collapse, survival to 30 days is presented for 4 different groups of emergency medical services (EMS)‐crew response time: 0 to 6 minutes, 7 to 9 minutes, 10 to 15 minutes, and >15 minutes. Survival to 30 days after a witnessed OHCA decreased as ambulance response time increased. For EMS response times of >10 minutes, the overall survival among those receiving cardiopulmonary resuscitation before EMS arrival was slightly higher than survival for the sub‐group of patients treated with compressions‐only cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Conclusions Survival to 30 days after a witnessed OHCA decreases as ambulance response times increase. This correlation was seen independently of initial rhythm and whether cardiopulmonary resuscitation was performed before EMS‐crew arrival. Shortening EMS response times is likely to be a fast and effective way of increasing survival in OHCA.

Emergency Medical Services Response Times to Motor Vehicle Crashes Increased over the Period 1987 to 2015

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Gravell
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Emergency Medical Services ◽  
Arrival Time ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Motor Vehicle Crashes ◽  
Hospital Arrival ◽  
The Past ◽  
Emergency Medical ◽  
The Individual

Emergency Medical Services (EMS) response time to motor vehicle crashes (MVC’s) have been studied to determine if reducing the individual components of EMS response time (notification, arrival at the crash scene, and hospital arrival) may affect survival rates. It has been proposed that a reduction to 1 and 15- minute EMS notification and arrival times at the crash would result in 1.84% and 5.2% fewer fatalities. The aim of this study was to analyze the changes in EMS response times (notification, arrival at the crash scene, and hospital arrival) over the past three decades, both individually and overall. An important change in the past three decades is the increased use of cellular phones. Therefore, we hypothesized that EMSnotification time would have decreased over the timeframe, yielding an overall decrease in EMS response time. Our data are based on the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) using the variables: Time of Crash, EMS Notification Time, EMS Arrival Time, EMS Hospital Arrival Time. This gives a total of 248,981 valid cases following the implementation of our inclusion criteria and truncation of the dataset to the 99th percentile to eliminate unexplainable outliers. We computed the individual and overall median EMS response times for each year from 1987 to 2015. Additionally, we analyzed the response times based on four separate crash factors: weather, total vehicles involved, time of day, and state population density. From 1987 to 2015 the individual EMS response times changed; while notification time has decreased, the arrival at both crash scene and hospital have steadily increased, resulting in overall increased total EMS response time.

Lost in transition: The effects of transitioning between firearms and electronic control devices (ECDs) on perception-response times (PRTs)

2021 ◽  
pp. 0032258X2110441
Author(s):  
Paul L Taylor ◽  
Paul Sipe ◽  
Lon Bartel
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Policy Research ◽  
Police Training ◽  
Laboratory Setting ◽  
Training Simulator ◽  
Temporal Space

The research described in this article tested the perception-response times for experienced police officers to transition from a firearm to a TASER and from a TASER to a firearm. The theoretical models and police training on use of force have largely ignored the temporal space between force modalities. Escalating through force modalities has by default been treated as equivalent, in task and timing, to deescalating through force modalities. This study employed a randomized controlled experiment using a police firearms training simulator and 139 active law enforcement officers. The average perception-response time for transition from a TASER to a firearm was 2.49 seconds for experienced police officers in response to an anticipated visual stimulus in a laboratory setting. The average perception-response time for transition from a firearm to a TASER was 4.7 seconds for experienced police officers in a response to an anticipated visual stimulus in a laboratory setting. 70% of the officers that participated in the study had never participated in department training that required them to transition between a firearm and a TASER. The findings demonstrate that moving from TASER to firearm and from firearm to TASER are not equivalent tasks. In the case of firearms and TASERs, it is significantly faster to move up the force continuum—from TASER to firearm—than it is to move down the force continuum. This research has implications for police training, tactics, policy, research, and post hoc investigations involving the use or potential use of force.

scholarly journals Target controlled infusion pump occlusion alarm response times and their clinical implications: A bench-top and simulation study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Doyle ◽  
Viola Kooij ◽  
Philippa Stennings-Smith ◽  
Syed Qureshi ◽  
Prasanna Tilakaratna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Delay ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Drug Effect ◽  
Infusion Pump ◽  
Alarm Response ◽  
Effect Site ◽  
Target Controlled Infusion ◽  
Slow Infusion ◽  
And Performance

Abstract Background: There is a time-delay between obstruction of the infusion apparatus and the onset of the occlusion alarm on both the Alaris PK and Braun Perfusor Space target controlled infusion (TCI) pumps. Depending on the extent of this time-delay, it is possible that drug effect-site concentrations could decrement below minimally effective levels during this period, potentially exposing patients to the risk of accidental awareness under general anaesthesia. Methods: In a bench-top experiment, we recorded the alarm response time of both devices after intentional obstruction using a standardised protocol. We then computer-simulated a series of clinically relevant TCIs to determine if the effect-site concentration of propofol or remifentanil could decrement below 2 ug.mL-1 or 3 ng.mL-1 before the alarm was predicted to sound. Results: The alarm response time of both devices was longer at higher alarm level settings and slower infusion rates, but different between brands at equivalent alarm level settings (p < 0.0001 for all comparisons). The simulations revealed that the drug effect-site concentrations of propofol and remifentanil could decrement below minimally effective levels within the alarm response time of either device, when Schnider or Minto effect kinetics utilising slow infusion rates were combined with high alarm level settings. Conclusions: Our study suggests that, under certain conditions of use, the design and performance of the occlusion alarm on the Alaris PK and Braun Perfusor Space TCI pumps can potentially permit inadequate drug delivery during TCI anaesthesia. We believe our findings should serve as a warning to clinicians to be wary of utilising slow infusion rates in combination with high alarm level settings and propose that clinicians mitigate against this risk by choosing alarm level settings based upon the baseline alarm performance in order to minimise any redundancy in the alarm response time. Keywords: Infusion Pumps, Patient Safety, Anaesthetics i.v., Propofol

Predictability of the Call Triage Protocol to Detect if Dispatchers Should Activate Community First Responders

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 484-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenji Narikawa ◽  
Tetsuya Sakamoto ◽  
Katsuaki Kubota ◽  
Masayuki Suzukawa ◽  
Chikara Yonekawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Response Times ◽  
First Responders ◽  
Medical Professionals ◽  
Publication Type ◽  
Triage Protocol ◽  
Dispatch System ◽  
Better Than

AbstractIntroductionShortening response time to an emergency call leads to the success of resuscitation by chest compression and defibrillation. However, response by ambulance or fire truck is not fast enough for resuscitation in Japan. In rural areas, response times can be more than 10 minutes. One possible way to shorten the response time is to establish a system of first responders (eg, police officers or firefighters) who are trained appropriately to perform resuscitation. Another possible way is to use a system of Community First Responders (CFRs) who are trained neighbors. At present, there are no call triage protocols to decide if dispatchers should activate CFRs.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine the predictability to detect if dispatchers should activate CFRs.MethodsTwo CFR call triage protocols (CFR protocol Ver.0 and Ver.1) were established. The predictability of CFR protocols was examined by comparing the paramedic field reports. From the results of sensitivity of CFR protocol, the numbers of annual CFR activations were calculated. All data were collected, prospectively, for four months from October 1, 2012 through January 31, 2013.ResultsThe ROC-AUC values appear slightly higher in CFR protocol Ver.1 (0.857; 95% CI, 79.8-91.7) than in CFR protocol Ver.0 (0.847; 95% CI, 79.0-90.3). The number of annual CFR activations is higher in CFR protocol Ver.0 (7.47) than in CFR protocol Ver.1 (5.45).ConclusionTwo call triage protocols have almost the same predictability as the Medical Priority Dispatch System (MPDS). The study indicates that CFR protocol Ver.1 is better than CFR protocol Ver.0 because of the higher predictability and low number of activations. Also, it indicates that CFRs who are not medical professionals can respond to a patient with cardiac arrest.NarikawaK, SakamotoT, KubotaK, SuzukawaM, YonekawaC, YamashitaK, ToyokuniY, YasudaY, KobayashiA, IijimaK. Predictability of the call triage protocol to detect if dispatchers should activate Community First Responders. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(5):1-5.

scholarly journals Influence of Wearing Ballistic Vests on Physical Performance of Danish Police Officers: A Cross-Over Study

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1795
Author(s):  
Henrik Koblauch ◽  
Mette K. Zebis ◽  
Mikkel H. Jacobsen ◽  
Bjarki T. Haraldsson ◽  
Klaus P. Klinge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Muscle Endurance ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Entry And Exit ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Lumbar Muscle ◽  
Police Cars

Purpose: We aimed to investigate the influence of wearing a ballistic vest on physical performance in police officers. Methods: We performed a cross-over study to investigate the influence of wearing a ballistic vest on reaction and response time, lumbar muscle endurance and police vehicle entry and exit times. Reaction and response time was based on a perturbation setup where the officers’ pelvises were fixed and EMG of lumbar and abdominal muscles was recorded. We used a modified Biering–Sørensen test to assess the lumbar muscle endurance and measured duration of entry and exit maneuvers in a variety of standard-issue police cars. Results: There was a significant difference of 24% in the lumbar muscle endurance test (no vest: 151 s vs. vest: 117 s), and the police officers experienced higher physical fatigue after the test when wearing a vest. Furthermore, officers took longer to both enter and exit police cars when wearing a vest (range: 0.24–0.56 s) depending on the model of the vehicle. There were no significant differences in reaction and response times between the test conditions (with/without vest). Discussion and Conclusion: Wearing of a ballistic vest significantly influenced the speed of movement in entry and exit of police cars and lumbar muscle endurance, although it does not seem to affect reaction or response times. The ballistic vest seems to impair performance of tasks that require maximal effort, which calls for better designs of such vests.

Animal Recognition and Eye Movements

2010 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toby J. Lloyd-Jones ◽  
Juergen Gehrke ◽  
Jason Lauder
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Object Orientation ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
Object Decision ◽  
Individual Features ◽  
And Performance

We assessed the importance of outline contour and individual features in mediating the recognition of animals by examining response times and eye movements in an animal-object decision task (i.e., deciding whether or not an object was an animal that may be encountered in real life). There were shorter latencies for animals as compared with nonanimals and performance was similar for shaded line drawings and silhouettes, suggesting that important information for recognition lies in the outline contour. The most salient information in the outline contour was around the head, followed by the lower torso and leg regions. We also observed effects of object orientation and argue that the usefulness of the head and lower torso/leg regions is consistent with a role for the object axis in recognition.

Progress and Prospects in Translating Nanobiotechnology in Medical Theranostics

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 685-707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amna Batool ◽  
Farid Menaa ◽  
Bushra Uzair ◽  
Barkat Ali Khan ◽  
Bouzid Menaa
Keyword(s):  
Biological Properties ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Intrinsic Properties ◽  
The Past ◽  
Profound Influence ◽  
Functionalized Nanomaterials ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Properties Of Materials ◽  
Targeted Drug ◽  
And Performance

: The pace at which nanotheranostic technology for human disease is evolving has accelerated exponentially over the past five years. Nanotechnology is committed to utilizing the intrinsic properties of materials and structures at submicroscopic-scale measures. Indeed, there is generally a profound influence of reducing physical dimensions of particulates and devices on their physico-chemical characteristics, biological properties, and performance. The exploration of nature’s components to work effectively as nanoscaffolds or nanodevices represents a tremendous and growing interest in medicine for various applications (e.g., biosensing, tunable control and targeted drug release, tissue engineering). Several nanotheranostic approaches (i.e., diagnostic plus therapeutic using nanoscale) conferring unique features are constantly progressing and overcoming all the limitations of conventional medicines including specificity, efficacy, solubility, sensitivity, biodegradability, biocompatibility, stability, interactions at subcellular levels. : This review introduces two major aspects of nanotechnology as an innovative and challenging theranostic strategy or solution: (i) the most intriguing (bare and functionalized) nanomaterials with their respective advantages and drawbacks; (ii) the current and promising multifunctional “smart” nanodevices.

Pupil with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-25
Author(s):  
Karolina Diallo
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
School Performance ◽  
School Environment ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
The Past ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact

Pupil with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Over the past twenty years childhood OCD has received more attention than any other anxiety disorder that occurs in the childhood. The increasing interest and research in this area have led to increasing number of diagnoses of OCD in children and adolescents, which affects both specialists and teachers. Depending on the severity of symptoms OCD has a detrimental effect upon child's school performance, which can lead almost to the impossibility to concentrate on school and associated duties. This article is devoted to the obsessive-compulsive disorder and its specifics in children, focusing on the impact of this disorder on behaviour, experience and performance of the child in the school environment. It mentions how important is the role of the teacher in whose class the pupil with this diagnosis is and it points out that it is necessary to increase teachers' competence to identify children with OCD symptoms, to take the disease into the account, to adapt the course of teaching and to introduce such measures that could help children reduce the anxiety and maintain (or increase) the school performance within and in accordance with the school regulations and curriculum.

scholarly journals Characterizing Bilingual Effects on Cognition: The Search for Meaningful Individual Differences

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Kristina C. Backer ◽  
Heather Bortfeld
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Language Background ◽  
Bilingual Advantage ◽  
The Past ◽  
General Movement ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
Analytical Approaches ◽  
The Relationship

A debate over the past decade has focused on the so-called bilingual advantage—the idea that bilingual and multilingual individuals have enhanced domain-general executive functions, relative to monolinguals, due to competition-induced monitoring of both processing and representation from the task-irrelevant language(s). In this commentary, we consider a recent study by Pot, Keijzer, and de Bot (2018), which focused on the relationship between individual differences in language usage and performance on an executive function task among multilingual older adults. We discuss their approach and findings in light of a more general movement towards embracing complexity in this domain of research, including individuals’ sociocultural context and position in the lifespan. The field increasingly considers interactions between bilingualism/multilingualism and cognition, employing measures of language use well beyond the early dichotomous perspectives on language background. Moreover, new measures of bilingualism and analytical approaches are helping researchers interrogate the complexities of specific processing issues. Indeed, our review of the bilingualism/multilingualism literature confirms the increased appreciation researchers have for the range of factors—beyond whether someone speaks one, two, or more languages—that impact specific cognitive processes. Here, we highlight some of the most salient of these, and incorporate suggestions for a way forward that likewise encompasses neural perspectives on the topic.

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