scholarly journals Lightweight Microcontroller with Parallelized ECC-Based Code Memory Protection Unit for Robust Instruction Execution in Smart Sensors

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
pp. 5508
Author(s):  
Myeongjin Kang ◽  
Daejin Park
Keyword(s):  
Embedded Systems ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Error Correcting Code ◽  
Data Integrity ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Harsh Environments ◽  
Processing Unit ◽  
Memory Usage ◽  
Instruction Fetch ◽  
Transmission Success

Embedded systems typically operate in harsh environments, such as where there is external shock, insufficient power, or an obsolete sensor after the replacement cycle. Despite these harsh environments, embedded systems require data integrity for accurate operation. Unintended data changes can cause a serious error in reduced instruction set computer (RISC)-based small embedded systems. For instance, if communication is performed on an edge, where there is insufficient power supply, the peak threshold is not reached, resulting in data transmission failure or incorrect data transmission. To ensure data integrity, we use an error-correcting code (ECC), which can detect and correct errors. The ECC parity bit and data are stored together using additional ECC memory, and the original data are extracted through the ECC decoding process. The process of extracting the original data is executed in the instruction fetch stage, where a bottleneck appears in the RISC-based structure. When the ECC decoding process is executed in the bottleneck, the instruction fetch stage increases the instruction fetch time and significantly reduces the overall performance. In this study, we attempt to minimize the effect of ECC on the transmission speed by executing the ECC decoding process in parallel to improve speed by degrading the bottleneck. To evaluate the performance of a parallelized ECC decoding block, we applied the proposed method to the tiny processing unit (TPU) with a RISC-based von Neumann structure and compared memory usage, speed, and reliability according to different transmission success rates in each model. The experiment was conducted using a benchmark that repeatedly executed several 3*3 matrix calculations, and reliability improvement was compared by corrupting the stored random date to confirm the reliability of the transmission success rate. As a result, in the proposed model, using the additional parity bits for parallel processing, memory usage increased by 10 bits per instruction, reducing the data rate from 80 to 61%. However, it showed an improvement in overall reliability and a 7% increase in speed.

Making more research count: a blockchain enabled one-stop shop for immutable behavioral research

foresight ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Hugo Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Economics ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Behavioral Science ◽  
Data Integrity ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
The Right

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to offer a panoramic view at the credibility issues that exist within social sciences research. Design/methodology/approach The central argument of this paper is that a joint effort between blockchain and other technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning and how they can prevent scientific data manipulation or data forgery as a way to make science more decentralized and anti-fragile, without losing data integrity or reputation as a trade-off. The authors address it by proposing an online research platform for use in social and behavioral science that guarantees data integrity through a combination of modern institutional economics and blockchain technology. Findings The benefits are mainly twofold: On the one hand, social science scholars get paired with the right target audience for their studies. On the other hand, a snapshot of the gathered data at the time of creation is taken so that researchers can prove that they used the original data set to peers in the future while maintaining full control of their data. Originality/value The proposed combination of behavioral economics with new technologies such as blockchain and AI is novel and translated into a cutting-edge tool to be implemented.

scholarly journals Real-Time 3D Reconstruction of Thin Surface Based on Laser Line Scanner

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan He ◽  
Shunyi Zheng ◽  
Fengbo Zhu ◽  
Xia Huang
Keyword(s):  
3D Reconstruction ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Laser Line ◽  
Frame Rate ◽  
Processing Unit ◽  
Memory Usage ◽  
Central Processing ◽  
Time Performance ◽  
Topological Errors ◽  
Line Scanner

The truncated signed distance field (TSDF) has been applied as a fast, accurate, and flexible geometric fusion method in 3D reconstruction of industrial products based on a hand-held laser line scanner. However, this method has some problems for the surface reconstruction of thin products. The surface mesh will collapse to the interior of the model, resulting in some topological errors, such as overlap, intersections, or gaps. Meanwhile, the existing TSDF method ensures real-time performance through significant graphics processing unit (GPU) memory usage, which limits the scale of reconstruction scene. In this work, we propose three improvements to the existing TSDF methods, including: (i) a thin surface attribution judgment method in real-time processing that solves the problem of interference between the opposite sides of the thin surface; we distinguish measurements originating from different parts of a thin surface by the angle between the surface normal and the observation line of sight; (ii) a post-processing method to automatically detect and repair the topological errors in some areas where misjudgment of thin-surface attribution may occur; (iii) a framework that integrates the central processing unit (CPU) and GPU resources to implement our 3D reconstruction approach, which ensures real-time performance and reduces GPU memory usage. The proposed results show that this method can provide more accurate 3D reconstruction of a thin surface, which is similar to the state-of-the-art laser line scanners with 0.02 mm accuracy. In terms of performance, the algorithm can guarantee a frame rate of more than 60 frames per second (FPS) with the GPU memory footprint under 500 MB. In total, the proposed method can achieve a real-time and high-precision 3D reconstruction of a thin surface.

Research of Test Method for the Robustness of Large-Scale Network Control Software

2014 ◽  
Vol 602-605 ◽  
pp. 1499-1502
Author(s):  
Xian Rui Jian
Keyword(s):  
Data Transmission ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Network Control ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Harsh Environments ◽  
Link Failure ◽  
Control Software ◽  
Large Scale Network ◽  
High Bandwidth ◽  
Scale Network

How to test the communication robustness of high-bandwidth and low-latency network under harsh environments is critical for evaluating reliability of network. The accuracy of data transmitted by large-scale network control software under busy communication is fully verified in the paper, by means of the simulation to simulate uncertainty time and link failure phenomenon of data transmission occurs in the real application environment to complete the test of robustness for the large-scale network control software, which is useful for assessing the reliability of the network.

scholarly journals Particle swarm optimisation of memory usage in embedded systems

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose L. Risco Martin ◽  
Oscar Garnica ◽  
Juan Lanchares ◽  
J. Ignacio Hidalgo ◽  
David Atienza
Keyword(s):  
Embedded Systems ◽  
Particle Swarm ◽  
Particle Swarm Optimisation ◽  
Memory Usage

scholarly journals An NB-IoT-Based Edge-of-Things Framework for Energy-Efficient Image Transfer

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (17) ◽  
pp. 5929
Author(s):  
Sikandar Zulqarnain Khan ◽  
Yannick Le Moullec ◽  
Muhammad Mahtab Alam
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Transmission Time ◽  
Processing Unit ◽  
Image Transfer ◽  
Visual Data ◽  
Smart Gateway

Machine Learning (ML) techniques can play a pivotal role in energy efficient IoT networks by reducing the unnecessary data from transmission. With such an aim, this work combines a low-power, yet computationally capable processing unit, with an NB-IoT radio into a smart gateway that can run ML algorithms to smart transmit visual data over the NB-IoT network. The proposed smart gateway utilizes supervised and unsupervised ML algorithms to optimize the visual data in terms of their size and quality before being transmitted over the air. This relaxes the channel occupancy from an individual NB-IoT radio, reduces its energy consumption and also minimizes the transmission time of data. Our on-field results indicate up to 93% reductions in the number of NB-IoT radio transmissions, up to 90.5% reductions in the NB-IoT radio energy consumption and up to 90% reductions in the data transmission time.

scholarly journals A Hybrid Vision Processing Unit with a Pipelined Workflow for Convolutional Neural Network Accelerating and Image Signal Processing

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (23) ◽  
pp. 2989
Author(s):  
Peng Liu ◽  
Yan Song
Keyword(s):  
Signal Processing ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
High Speed ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Vision System ◽  
Processing Unit ◽  
Processing Elements ◽  
Vision Processing ◽  
Field Programmable

Vision processing chips have been widely used in image processing and recognition tasks. They are conventionally designed based on the image signal processing (ISP) units directly connected with the sensors. In recent years, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have become the dominant tools for many state-of-the-art vision processing tasks. However, CNNs cannot be processed by a conventional vision processing unit (VPU) with a high speed. On the other side, the CNN processing units cannot process the RAW images from the sensors directly and an ISP unit is required. This makes a vision system inefficient with a lot of data transmission and redundant hardware resources. Additionally, many CNN processing units suffer from a low flexibility for various CNN operations. To solve this problem, this paper proposed an efficient vision processing unit based on a hybrid processing elements array for both CNN accelerating and ISP. Resources are highly shared in this VPU, and a pipelined workflow is introduced to accelerate the vision tasks. We implement the proposed VPU on the Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) platform and various vision tasks are tested on it. The results show that this VPU achieves a high efficiency for both CNN processing and ISP and shows a significant reduction in energy consumption for vision tasks consisting of CNNs and ISP. For various CNN tasks, it maintains an average multiply accumulator utilization of over 94% and achieves a performance of 163.2 GOPS with a frequency of 200 MHz.

scholarly journals Data Privacy Protection Algorithm Based on Redundant Slice Technology in Wireless Sensor Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Peng Li ◽  
Chao Xu ◽  
He Xu
Keyword(s):  
Packet Loss ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Data Privacy ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Privacy Preserving ◽  
Communication Overhead ◽  
Hidden Information ◽  
Perturbation Data ◽  
Hidden Data ◽  
Routing Tree

In order to solve the problem that the privacy preserving algorithm based on slicing technology is incapable of dealing with packet loss, this paper presents the redundancy algorithm for privacy preserving. The algorithm guarantees privacy by combining disturbance data and ensures redundancy via carrying hidden data. It also selects the routing tree that is generated by the CTP protocol as the routing path for data transmission. Through division at the source node, the method adds hidden information and disturbance data. This algorithm uses hidden data and adds perturbation data to improve the privacy preserving. Nonetheless, it can restore the original data when data are partly lost. According to the simulation via TOSSIM (TinyOS simulator), in the case of partial packet loss, the algorithm can completely restore the original data. Furthermore, the authors compared accuracy of proposed algorithm, probability of data reduction, data fitting degree, communication overhead, and PLR. As a result, it improves the reliability and privacy of data transmission while ensuring data redundancy.

scholarly journals Rateless Codes-Based Secure Communication Employing Transmit Antenna Selection and Harvest-To-Jam under Joint Effect of Interference and Hardware Impairments

Entropy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phu Tran Tin ◽  
Tan Nguyen ◽  
Nguyen Sang ◽  
Tran Trung Duy ◽  
Phuong Tran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Transmission ◽  
Secure Communication ◽  
Antenna Selection ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Joint Effect ◽  
Rateless Codes ◽  
Transmit Antenna Selection ◽  
Hardware Impairments ◽  
Intercept Probability

In this paper, we propose a rateless codes-based communication protocol to provide security for wireless systems. In the proposed protocol, a source uses the transmit antenna selection (TAS) technique to transmit Fountain-encoded packets to a destination in presence of an eavesdropper. Moreover, a cooperative jammer node harvests energy from radio frequency (RF) signals of the source and the interference sources to generate jamming noises on the eavesdropper. The data transmission terminates as soon as the destination can receive a sufficient number of the encoded packets for decoding the original data of the source. To obtain secure communication, the destination must receive sufficient encoded packets before the eavesdropper. The combination of the TAS and harvest-to-jam techniques obtains the security and efficient energy via reducing the number of the data transmission, increasing the quality of the data channel, decreasing the quality of the eavesdropping channel, and supporting the energy for the jammer. The main contribution of this paper is to derive exact closed-form expressions of outage probability (OP), probability of successful and secure communication (SS), intercept probability (IP) and average number of time slots used by the source over Rayleigh fading channel under the joint impact of co-channel interference and hardware impairments. Then, Monte Carlo simulations are presented to verify the theoretical results.

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