scholarly journals RM-ADR: Resource Management Adaptive Data Rate for Mobile Application in LoRaWAN

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (23) ◽  
pp. 7980
Author(s):  
Khola Anwar ◽  
Taj Rahman ◽  
Asim Zeb ◽  
Inayat Khan ◽  
Mahdi Zareei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
Packet Loss ◽  
Mobile Application ◽  
Data Rate ◽  
Packet Transmission ◽  
Convergence Time ◽  
Received Power ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
The Internet Of Things ◽  
Transmission Information

LoRaWAN is renowned and a mostly supported technology for the Internet of Things, using an energy-efficient Adaptive Data Rate (ADR) to allocate resources (e.g., Spreading Factor (SF)) and Transmit Power (TP) to a large number of End Devices (EDs). When these EDs are mobile, the fixed SF allocation is not efficient owing to the sudden changes caused in the link conditions between the ED and the gateway. As a result of this situation, significant packet loss occurs, increasing the retransmissions from EDs. Therefore, we propose a Resource Management ADR (RM-ADR) at both ED and Network Sides (NS) by considering the packet transmission information and received power to address this issue. Through simulation results, RM-ADR showed improved performance compared to the state-of-the-art ADR techniques. The findings indicate a faster convergence time by minimizing packet loss ratio and retransmission in a mobile LoRaWAN network environment.

scholarly journals Improving the Convergence Period of Adaptive Data Rate in a Long Range Wide Area Network for the Internet of Things Devices

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
pp. 5614
Author(s):  
Khola Anwar ◽  
Taj Rahman ◽  
Asim Zeb ◽  
Yousaf Saeed ◽  
Muhammad Adnan Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Data Rate ◽  
Convergence Time ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Packet Losses ◽  
The Internet Of Things

A Long-Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is one of the most efficient technologies and is widely adopted for the Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The IoT consists of massive End Devices (EDs) deployed over large geographical areas, forming a large environment. LoRaWAN uses an Adaptive Data Rate (ADR), targeting static EDs. However, the ADR is affected when the channel conditions between ED and Gateway (GW) are unstable due to shadowing, fading, and mobility. Such a condition causes massive packet loss, which increases the convergence time of the ADR. Therefore, we address the convergence time issue and propose a novel ADR at the network side to lower packet losses. The proposed ADR is evaluated through extensive simulation. The results show an enhanced convergence time compared to the state-of-the-art ADR method by reducing the packet losses and retransmission under dynamic mobile LoRaWAN network.

scholarly journals Design and Evaluation of Large-Scale IoT-Enabled Healthcare Architecture

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 3623
Author(s):  
Omar Said ◽  
Amr Tolba
Keyword(s):  
Packet Loss ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Medical System ◽  
Healthcare Data ◽  
High Altitude Platforms ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Healthcare Architecture ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Employment of the Internet of Things (IoT) technology in the healthcare field can contribute to recruiting heterogeneous medical devices and creating smart cooperation between them. This cooperation leads to an increase in the efficiency of the entire medical system, thus accelerating the diagnosis and curing of patients, in general, and rescuing critical cases in particular. In this paper, a large-scale IoT-enabled healthcare architecture is proposed. To achieve a wide range of communication between healthcare devices, not only are Internet coverage tools utilized but also satellites and high-altitude platforms (HAPs). In addition, the clustering idea is applied in the proposed architecture to facilitate its management. Moreover, healthcare data are prioritized into several levels of importance. Finally, NS3 is used to measure the performance of the proposed IoT-enabled healthcare architecture. The performance metrics are delay, energy consumption, packet loss, coverage tool usage, throughput, percentage of served users, and percentage of each exchanged data type. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed IoT-enabled healthcare architecture outperforms the traditional healthcare architecture.

scholarly journals A Guideline on Pseudorandom Number Generation (PRNG) in the IoT

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 1-38
Author(s):  
Peter Kietzmann ◽  
Thomas C. Schmidt ◽  
Matthias Wählisch
Keyword(s):  
General Purpose ◽  
Packet Transmission ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Systematic Evaluation ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Random Numbers ◽  
Essential Input ◽  
Attack Surface ◽  
Pseudorandom Number Generation ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Random numbers are an essential input to many functions on the Internet of Things (IoT). Common use cases of randomness range from low-level packet transmission to advanced algorithms of artificial intelligence as well as security and trust, which heavily rely on unpredictable random sources. In the constrained IoT, though, unpredictable random sources are a challenging desire due to limited resources, deterministic real-time operations, and frequent lack of a user interface. In this article, we revisit the generation of randomness from the perspective of an IoT operating system (OS) that needs to support general purpose or crypto-secure random numbers. We analyze the potential attack surface, derive common requirements, and discuss the potentials and shortcomings of current IoT OSs. A systematic evaluation of current IoT hardware components and popular software generators based on well-established test suits and on experiments for measuring performance give rise to a set of clear recommendations on how to build such a random subsystem and which generators to use.

scholarly journals The Devices of the Internet of Things Based on the Recognition of Handwriting Words with Mobile Assisted

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (04) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Ghazi Hussein Shakah
Keyword(s):  
Remote Control ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Mobile Application ◽  
Handwriting Recognition ◽  
Cloud Services ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Type Machine ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Internet Of Things ◽  
Server System

<span>At the moment, all observed forms of communication are reduced either to a person-to-person scheme or person-to-device. But the Internet of Things (IoT) offers us a tremendous Internet future, in which will appear the communication type machine-machine (M2M). This makes it possible to integrate all communications into a common infrastructure, allowing not only to manage everything that is around us but also providing information about the state of these things. The purpose of this paper is to create the client part of the client-server system for remote control of home appliances using cloud services through commands entered using handwritten words. For this, we develop algorithms and methods for handwriting recognition using neural networks and implement a mobile application on the Android platform, which allows remote control of devices via cloud services based on commands entered using handwritten words. Anyway, this article will give a good understanding to other researchers who want to start their research on the IoT and will contribute to the effective accumulation of knowledge.</span>

Packet loss rate monitoring model of IOT based on differential evolution algorithm

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Yinghua Feng ◽  
Wei Yang
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Differential Evolution ◽  
Packet Loss ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Differential Evolution Algorithm ◽  
Packet Loss Rate ◽  
Data Space ◽  
Monitoring Model ◽  
Evolution Algorithm ◽  
The Internet Of Things

In order to overcome the problems of high energy consumption and low execution efficiency of traditional Internet of things (IOT) packet loss rate monitoring model, a new packet loss rate monitoring model based on differential evolution algorithm is proposed. The similarity between each data point in the data space of the Internet of things is set as the data gravity. On the basis of the data gravity, combined with the law of gravity in the data space, the gravity of different data is calculated. At the same time, the size of the data gravity is compared, and the data are classified. Through the classification results, the packet loss rate monitoring model of the Internet of things is established. Differential evolution algorithm is used to solve the model to obtain the best monitoring scheme to ensure the security of network data transmission. The experimental results show that the proposed model can effectively reduce the data acquisition overhead and energy consumption, and improve the execution efficiency of the model. The maximum monitoring efficiency is 99.74%.

Design for Power Control in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

2011 ◽  
Vol 403-408 ◽  
pp. 2901-2904
Author(s):  
Jin Wei Xia
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Power Control ◽  
Wireless Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Packet Transmission ◽  
Transmission Power ◽  
Control Protocol ◽  
Received Power ◽  
Hidden Terminal ◽  
Wireless Nodes

Analysised and researched for the power control problem in Ad Hoc network, and Proposed an improved power control protocol based on 802.11MAC layer of CSMA /CA mechanism . The algorithm increased the transmission power value and the received power threshold in the RTS/CTS control packets, the node and its adjacent node can determined the data packet transmission power and received power accorded it, Thus effectively reduced the nodes between the hidden terminal and exposed terminal interference, and can reduced the power consumption of wireless nodes. It is compared with the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol by simulation. The results show that the power control protocol can improve the system end to end throughput performance, and minimize the power consumption of wireless nodes, so as to saved the network power consumption .

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