scholarly journals Multispectral Mid-Infrared Camera System for Accurate Stand-Off Temperature and Column Density Measurements on Flames

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (24) ◽  
pp. 8395
Author(s):  
Juan Meléndez ◽  
Guillermo Guarnizo
Keyword(s):  
Column Density ◽  
Multispectral Imaging ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Infrared Camera ◽  
Emission Spectra ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Bunsen Flame ◽  
Camera System ◽  
Ir Camera

Accurate measurement of temperature in flames is a challenging problem that has been successfully addressed by hyperspectral imaging. This technique is able to provide maps of not only temperature T (K) but also of column density Q (ppm·m) of the main chemical species. Industrial applications, however, require cheaper instrumentation and faster and simpler data analysis. In this work, the feasibility and performance of multispectral imaging for the retrieval of T and QCO2 in flames are studied. Both the hyperspectral and multispectral measurement methods are described and applied to a standard flame, with known T and QCO2, and to an ordinary Bunsen flame. Hyperspectral results, based on emission spectra with 0.5 cm−1 resolution, were found in previous works to be highly accurate, and are thus considered as the ground truth to compare with multispectral measurements of a mid-IR camera (3 to 5 μm) with a six interference filter wheel. Maps of T and Q obtained by both methods show that, for regions with T ≳1300 K, the average of relative errors in multispectral measurements is ∼5% for T (and can be reduced to ∼2.5% with a correction based on a linear regression) and ∼20% for Q. Results obtained with four filters are very similar; results with two filters are also similar for T but worse for Q.

scholarly journals Infrared Camera Analysis of Laser Hardening

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Tesar ◽  
P. Vacikova ◽  
O. Soukup ◽  
S. Houdkova
Keyword(s):  
Laser Energy ◽  
Surface Hardness ◽  
Infrared Camera ◽  
Laser Hardening ◽  
Material Surface ◽  
Hardness Profile ◽  
Camera System ◽  
Ir Camera ◽  
Heated Sample ◽  
Scanning Velocity

The improvement of surface properties such as laser hardening becomes very important in present manufacturing. Resulting laser hardening depth and surface hardness can be affected by changes in optical properties of material surface, that is, by absorptivity that gives the ratio between absorbed energy and incident laser energy. The surface changes on tested sample of steel block were made by engraving laser with different scanning velocity and repetition frequency. During the laser hardening the process was observed by infrared (IR) camera system that measures infrared radiation from the heated sample and depicts it in a form of temperature field. The images from the IR camera of the sample are shown, and maximal temperatures of all engraved areas are evaluated and compared. The surface hardness was measured, and the hardening depth was estimated from the measured hardness profile in the sample cross-section. The correlation between reached temperature, surface hardness, and hardening depth is shown. The highest and the lowest temperatures correspond to the lowest/highest hardness and the highest/lowest hardening depth.

An Infrared Microscope for Use on a Focused Ion Beam for Circuit Edit and Backside Edit Applications

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Richards ◽  
Matthew Weschler ◽  
Michael Durller
Keyword(s):  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Visible Spectrum ◽  
Camera System ◽  
Buried Structures ◽  
Ir Camera ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Near Ultraviolet ◽  
Infrared Microscope

Abstract To help solve the navigational problem, i.e., being able to successfully locate a circuit for probing or editing without destroying chip functionality, a near-infrared (NIR), near-ultraviolet (NUV), and visible spectrum camera system was developed that attaches to most focused ion beam (FIB) or scanning electron microscope vacuum chambers. This paper reviews the details of the design and implementation of the NIR/NUV camera system, as instantiated upon the FEI FIB 200, with a particular focus on its use for the visualization of buried structures, and also for non-destructive real time area of interest location and end point detection. It specifically considers the use of the micro-optical camera system for its benefit in assisting with frontside and backside circuit edit, as well as other typical FIB milling activities. The quality of the image obtained by the IR camera rivals or exceeds traditional optical based imaging microscopy techniques.

scholarly journals Supermicrosurgical Suture-Stent Technique for A Lymphaticovenular Bypass

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2595
Author(s):  
Ryo Karakawa ◽  
Hidehiko Yoshimatsu ◽  
Keisuke Kamiya ◽  
Yuma Fuse ◽  
Tomoyuki Yano
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Success Rate ◽  
Infrared Camera ◽  
Conventional Technique ◽  
Minimal Risk ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
Back Wall ◽  
Camera System ◽  
Good Patency

Background: Lymphaticovenular anastomosis (LVA) is a challenging procedure and requires a sophisticated supermicrosurgical technique. The aim of this study was to evaluate and establish a discrete supermicrosurgical anastomosis method using the “suture-stent technique”. Methods: Forty-eight LVA sites of twenty patients with lower extremity lymphedema who had undergone LVA between July 2020 and January 2021 were included in this study. LVA was performed with the conventional technique or with the suture-stent technique. The patency of the anastomoses was evaluated using an infrared camera system intraoperatively. The success rate on the first try and the final success rate for each group were compared. Results: After full application of the exclusion criteria, 35 LVAs of 16 patients including 20 limbs were included in the analysis. The ratio of good patency findings after anastomosis in the suture-stent technique group was 100%. The incidences of leakage or occlusion on the first try were statistically greater in the conventional technique group (29.4%) than in the suture-stent technique group (0%) (p = 0.0191). All anastomoses achieved good patency in the final results. Conclusion: With its minimal risk of catching the back wall during the anastomosis, the suture-stent technique can be considered an optimal anastomosis option for LVA.

Characterization of Fouled Flat Sheet Membranes by Infrared Thermography

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kennethrex O. Ndukaife ◽  
George Agbai Nnanna
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Infrared Thermography ◽  
Spectral Power ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Infrared Camera ◽  
Feed Solution ◽  
Feed Concentration ◽  
Ir Camera ◽  
Measure Surface Temperature

An Infrared thermography (IRT) technique for characterization of fouling on membrane surface has been developed. The emitted spectral power from the fouled membrane is a function of emissivity and surface morphology. In this work, a FLIR A320 IR camera was used to measure surface temperature and emissivity. The surface temperature and the corresponding emissivity value of various areas on the fouled membrane surface is measured by the infrared camera and recorded alongside its thermogram. Different fouling experiments were performed using different concentrations of aluminum oxide nanoparticle mixed with deionized water as feed solution (333 ppm, 1833 ppm and 3333 ppm) so as to investigate the effect of feed concentration on the degree of fouling and thus its effect on the emissivity values measured on the membrane surfaces. Surface plots in 3D and Line plots are obtained for the measured emissivity values and thickness of the fouling deposit on the membrane surface respectively. The results indicate that the IRT technique is sensitive to changes that occur on the membrane surface due to deposition of contaminants on the membrane surface and that emissivity is a function of temperature, surface roughness and thickness of the specimen under investigation.

Use of Multivariate Analysis to Determine Temperature from Low-Resolution Infrared Spectra of Carbon Dioxide

2000 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. Szczepanski ◽  
Augustus W. Fountain
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Principal Component Regression ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Low Resolution ◽  
Band Shape ◽  
Temperature Spectra ◽  
Plume Temperature ◽  
Industrial Monitoring

The remote optical monitoring of gaseous contaminants is important for both military and industrial applications. An important parameter for quantifying chemical species and for predicting plume dynamics is the temperature. While in some industrial monitoring situations it may be practical to independently measure the temperature of stack emissions, for compliance monitoring and military chemical reconnaissance a remote optical means of estimating gas plume temperature is required. It was noticed that the band shape of low-resolution spectra of carbon dioxide in equilibrium with an exhaust plume was very sensitive to temperature. Spectra of carbon dioxide were acquired under controlled laboratory conditions in 5° increments from 20 to 200 °C. Various multivariate models were used to predict the temperature. It was found that partial least-squares (PLS) was unable to effectively model the simultaneous changes in amplitude and bandwidth with temperature. However, principal component regression (PCR) was found to be well correlated with temperature and allowed cross-validated prediction within 4% error.

scholarly journals Annealing effects on luminescent properties of Eu3+ doped Gd2Zr2O7 nanopowders

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.S. Rabasovic ◽  
D. Sevic ◽  
J. Krizan ◽  
M.D. Rabasovic ◽  
N. Romcevic
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Emission Spectra ◽  
Luminescent Properties ◽  
Combustion Method ◽  
Luminescence Properties ◽  
Camera System ◽  
Strong Emission ◽  
Structure Morphology ◽  
Annealing Effects ◽  
Size And Morphology

In this report presented are structure, morphology and luminescence properties of nanopowders based on gadolinium zirconium oxide (Gd2Zr2O7) doped by europium ions (Eu3+). The nanopowders were prepared using a flame combustion method, the most frequently used process due to the simplicity and low cost of the synthesis procedures and also due to the possibility of tailoring the size and morphology of particles. The produced material is suitable for various optical devices. The luminescence properties of synthesized nanopowders were characterized by emission spectra and luminescence lifetimes obtained by using the streak camera system. Moreover, emission spectra were obtained and compared for powders as-obtained and after additional annealing at 1200o C. Luminescence emission spectra clearly show peaks characteristic for the strong emission lines at 611 nm and 630 nm corresponding to the 5D0 ? 7F2 long lived transition.

scholarly journals Towards Expert-Inspired Automatic Criterion to Cut a Dendrogram for Real-Industrial Applications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shikha Suman ◽  
Ashutosh Karna ◽  
Karina Gibert
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Clustering ◽  
Clustering Algorithms ◽  
Computational Cost ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Underlying Structure ◽  
Cluster Validity ◽  
Cluster Validity Index ◽  
Number Of Clusters

Hierarchical clustering is one of the most preferred choices to understand the underlying structure of a dataset and defining typologies, with multiple applications in real life. Among the existing clustering algorithms, the hierarchical family is one of the most popular, as it permits to understand the inner structure of the dataset and find the number of clusters as an output, unlike popular methods, like k-means. One can adjust the granularity of final clustering to the goals of the analysis themselves. The number of clusters in a hierarchical method relies on the analysis of the resulting dendrogram itself. Experts have criteria to visually inspect the dendrogram and determine the number of clusters. Finding automatic criteria to imitate experts in this task is still an open problem. But, dependence on the expert to cut the tree represents a limitation in real applications like the fields industry 4.0 and additive manufacturing. This paper analyses several cluster validity indexes in the context of determining the suitable number of clusters in hierarchical clustering. A new Cluster Validity Index (CVI) is proposed such that it properly catches the implicit criteria used by experts when analyzing dendrograms. The proposal has been applied on a range of datasets and validated against experts ground-truth overcoming the results obtained by the State of the Art and also significantly reduces the computational cost.

scholarly journals Plant Leaf Detection and Counting in a Greenhouse during Day and Nighttime Using a Raspberry Pi NoIR Camera

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (19) ◽  
pp. 6659
Author(s):  
Aryuanto Soetedjo ◽  
Evy Hendriarianti
Keyword(s):  
Execution Time ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Infrared Camera ◽  
Raspberry Pi ◽  
Camera System ◽  
Detection And Counting ◽  
Outdoor Environments ◽  
Static Images ◽  
Leaf Detection ◽  
Non Destructive

A non-destructive method using machine vision is an effective way to monitor plant growth. However, due to the lighting changes and complicated backgrounds in outdoor environments, this becomes a challenging task. In this paper, a low-cost camera system using an NoIR (no infrared filter) camera and a Raspberry Pi module is employed to detect and count the leaves of Ramie plants in a greenhouse. An infrared camera captures the images of leaves during the day and nighttime for a precise evaluation. The infrared images allow Otsu thresholding to be used for efficient leaf detection. A combination of numbers of thresholds is introduced to increase the detection performance. Two approaches, consisting of static images and image sequence methods are proposed. A watershed algorithm is then employed to separate the leaves of a plant. The experimental results show that the proposed leaf detection using static images achieves high recall, precision, and F1 score of 0.9310, 0.9053, and 0.9167, respectively, with an execution time of 551 ms. The strategy of using sequences of images increases the performances to 0.9619, 0.9505, and 0.9530, respectively, with an execution time of 516.30 ms. The proposed leaf counting achieves a difference in count (DiC) and absolute DiC (ABS_DiC) of 2.02 and 2.23, respectively, with an execution time of 545.41 ms. Moreover, the proposed method is evaluated using the benchmark image datasets, and shows that the foreground–background dice (FBD), DiC, and ABS_DIC are all within the average values of the existing techniques. The results suggest that the proposed system provides a promising method for real-time implementation.

Camera system for multispectral imaging of documents

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Christens-Barry ◽  
Kenneth Boydston ◽  
Fenella G. France ◽  
Keith T. Knox ◽  
Roger L. Easton, Jr. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multispectral Imaging ◽  
Camera System
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