scholarly journals Who Wants to Work More? Multilevel Study on Underemployment of Working Mothers in 22 European Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 283
Author(s):  
Milla Salin ◽  
Jouko Nätti
Keyword(s):  
Working Mothers ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Market Situation ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual

This study examines underemployment of working mothers in 22 European countries. Underemployed mothers are defined as those who wish to work longer hours than they are currently working. Compared to unemployment and employment in general, the research tradition of underemployment is less established. This article contributes to the existing knowledge on underemployment in two ways. First, it focuses on a specific group of workers: mothers. Secondly, while the vast majority of earlier studies has concentrated on single countries, this study is cross-national. Using data from the 2010/2011 European Social Survey (ESS), a multilevel analysis provides three major findings. First, underemployment exists in all countries examined, but the prevalence varies significantly. Second, the prevalence and depth (i.e., how large is the gap between preferred and current working hours) of underemployment are not necessarily correlated; a high prevalence can be accompanied by shallower underemployment and vice versa. Third, at the individual-level, underemployment particularly hurts mothers who are in a more insecure position in terms of their economic and labor market situation. At the country level, underemployment is related to a poorer economic situation and less-extensive childcare system.

Inequality in active ageing: evidence from a new individual-level index for European countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 541-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
MIKKEL BARSLUND ◽  
MARTEN VON WERDER ◽  
ASGHAR ZAIDI
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Active Ageing ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Share Data ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACTIn the context of emerging challenges and opportunities associated with population ageing, the study of inequality in active-ageing outcomes is critical to the design of appropriate and effective social policies. While there is much discussion about active ageing at the aggregate country level, little is known about inequality in active-ageing experiences within countries. Based on the existing literature on active ageing, this paper proposes an individual-level composite active ageing index based on Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) data. The individual-level nature of the index allows us to analyse inequality in experiences of active ageing within selected European countries. One important motivation behind measuring active ageing at the individual level is that it allows for a better understanding of unequal experiences of ageing, which may otherwise be masked in aggregate-level measures of active ageing. Results show large differences in the distribution of individual-level active ageing across the 13 European countries covered and across age groups. Furthermore, there is a positive association between the country-level active ageing index and the equality of its distribution within a country. Hence, countries with the lowest average active ageing index tend to have the most unequal distribution in active-ageing experiences. For nine European countries, where temporal data are also available, we find that inequality in active-ageing outcomes decreased in the period 2004 to 2013.

scholarly journals The Role of Individual- and Contextual-Level Social Capital in Product Boycotting: A Multilevel Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 949 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Zasuwa
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Sustainable Consumption ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Consumer Participation ◽  
Social Rules ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Consumer Activism ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The Individual

Product boycotts represent an important form of sustainable consumption, as withholding purchasing can restrain firms from damaging the natural environment or breaking social rules. However, our understanding of consumer participation in these protests is limited. Most previous studies have focused on the psychological and economic determinants of product boycotting. Drawing on social capital literature, this study builds a framework that explains how individual- and contextual-level social capital affects consumer participation in boycotts of products. A multilevel logistic regression analysis of 29 country representative samples derived from the European Social Survey (N = 54221) shows that at the individual level product boycotting is associated with a person’s social ties, whereas at the country level, generalized trust and social networks positively affect consumer decisions to take part in these protests. These results suggest that to better understand differences among countries in consumer activism, it is necessary to consider the role of social capital as an important predictor of product boycotting.

scholarly journals THE PROBLEM OF INSTITUTIONAL TRUST IN UKRAINE AND EUROPE: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 54-66
Author(s):  
Mykola Izha ◽  
Olena Knyazeva ◽  
Tetyana Pakhomova
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
The State ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Public Confidence ◽  
Institutional Trust ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Country Level

The article presents the results of studying the formation of institutional trust, which will help to clarify and, at the same time, raise questions regarding the determination of the level of trust in state and political institutions in Ukraine and in modern European countries. In the context of the study, the tasks were considered to identify the factors that influence the formation of citizens’ trust in political institutions, namely: the effectiveness of the activities of political institutions; personal experience of interaction of citizens with representatives of authorities; the level of trust in the state as a whole, which can be transferred to individual state institutions. Analyzing the data from the Rounds (waves) 1-9 of the European Social Survey (ESS) in 2002-2018, the level of confidence in Ukraine’s political and public institutions and in the other European countries is compared. The analysis makes it possible to determine the factors that are present at the supra-individual level (at the country level) and which can influence the public policy of the state. The results of the study can be used to suggest possible measures to increase public confidence in major public institutions.

Disability in a perspective of generalized trust. Comparative analysis in selected European countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-28
Author(s):  
Tomasz Masłyk
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Social Order ◽  
General Public ◽  
People With Disabilities ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Generalized Trust ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Cultural Pattern ◽  
The Individual

The aim of the article was to present the results of a comparative analysis between levels of generalized trust of people with disabilities in fourteen European countries in the context of the general public. The data used in the analysis came from the European Social Survey 2002–2016. The basis of the analysis was the assumption that generalized trust is a reflection of a certain cultural pattern affecting all of society, which is built on the assessment regarding the quality of the functioning of the state and its institutions. This assessment showed differences not only between individual countries, but also indiacated a distance that separates disabled people from the rest of society. Comparison of results from several countries differing in social and economic development showed coherent and universal dependency patterns. Firstly, countries characterized by a higher level of development showed a higher level of trust in the whole society including people with disabilities. Secondly, regardless of differences in the level of development amongst individual countries, the differences in the level of trust between the general public and of people with disabilities were similar. Thirdly, in most of the countries surveyed, disability at the individual level was not a determinant to the assessment of generalized trust if an influence of sociodemographic characteristics and social order assessment were controlled for.

scholarly journals How Poor Are the Poor? Looking beyond the Binary Measure of Income Poverty

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 525-549
Author(s):  
Iryna Kyzyma
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Line ◽  
Educational Background ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Income Poverty ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Binary Measure

Abstract This paper contributes to the literature by analysing how poor the income poor are in European countries. Using data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions, I go beyond average estimates of the intensity of poverty and analyse the distribution of individual-level poverty gaps in each country of interest. As a next step, I identify which personal and household characteristics predict how far away incomes of the poor fall from the poverty line. The results indicate that, in most European countries, half of the poor have income shortfalls not exceeding 30% of the poverty line whereas only a few percent of the poor have income deficits of 80% and more. The results also suggest that traditional poverty correlates (e.g. age, gender, educational background) are not always significantly associated with the size of normalised poverty gaps at the individual level, or the nature of these associations differs as compared to when the same characteristics are linked to the probability of being poor.

Activism Gone Shopping: An Empirical Exploration of Individual-Level Determinants of Political Consumerism and Donating

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 328-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Elena Sandovici ◽  
Terri Davis
Keyword(s):  
European Social Survey ◽  
Political Consumerism ◽  
Science Data ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Data Services ◽  
Social Science Data ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual

AbstractUsing data collected from the European Social Survey (made available by the Norwegian Social Science Data Services), we compare the political acts of buycotting, boycotting, and direct monetary donation and examine the different individual-level attributes that determine people to engage in these political acts. Specifically, we examine the individual attributes that best indicate an individual’s propensity to engage in these activities. Our main findings are that women and young people participate in political consumerism more than men and older people. We also find that donors differ substantially from buycotters and boycotters, which leads us to conclude that donating is a different, more traditional type of participation than is political consumerism. This sets the stage for studying nontraditional realms of political expression and in particular indicates a need for future studies on political actors most likely to engage in political consumerism.

scholarly journals Explaining the Relationship between Social Trust and Value Similarity: The Case of Estonia

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Mai Beilmann ◽  
Laur Lilleoja
Keyword(s):  
Social Trust ◽  
Well Being ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Value Similarity ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

The article is dedicated to explaining why value similarity fosters generalised social trust in high-trust societies. Previous findings by Beilmann and Lilleoja suggest that value similarity is more important in generating individual-level social trust in countries where the overall levels of social trust are higher, while in countries with a low level of social trust, congruity of the personal value structure with the country-level value structure tends to be coupled with lower trustfulness on the part of individuals. The article explores the meso-level indicators that could explain this relationship. The relationship between social trust and human values was examined in a sample of 2,051 people in Estonia, using data from the European Social Survey, round 7. The results suggest that when differences in socio-economic factors are controlled for, value similarity remains a significant factor in fostering generalised social trust in Estonian society. However, its direct effect is relatively low when compared with predictors such as trust in certain institutions, economic well-being, and ethnicity. Trust in the legal system and the police plays a particularly important role in fostering generalised social trust in a high-trust society wherein people believe that other people in general treat them honestly and kindly.

scholarly journals The Politics of the Basic Income Guarantee: Analysing Individual Support in Europe

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Vlandas
Keyword(s):  
European Social Survey ◽  
Basic Income ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Central Eastern Europe ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Individual Support ◽  
Confounding Variables ◽  
Low Incomes ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Welfare State Regimes

Abstract This article analyses individual level support for a Basic Income Guarantee (BIG) using the European Social Survey. At the country level, support is highest in South and Central Eastern Europe, but variation does not otherwise seem to follow established differences between varieties of capitalisms or welfare state regimes. At the individual level, findings are broadly in line with the expectations of the political economy literature. Left-leaning individuals facing high labour market risk and/or on low incomes are more supportive of a BIG, whereas current union members are less likely to support a BIG, consistent with the insider-outsider literature. However, when controlling for confounding variables, union membership is not statistically significant, suggesting that it is not membership per se, but the characteristics of unionised workers that make them less supportive. In many countries, a coalition between centrist and left-leaning individuals therefore seems most promising, but its political feasibility depends on whether enough union members are favourable to a BIG and on the level of opposition from high income and/or conservative parts of the electorate.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic context and welfare nationalism in the Euro area following the Great Recession

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Luis Fernandez-Barutell
Keyword(s):  
Social Services ◽  
Great Recession ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Socioeconomic Context ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Using Data

This study examined the association between the socioeconomic context of the Eurozone countries in the post-Great Recession era and attitudes of solidarity towards immigrants among the general population. A multilevel analysis was conducted using data from Round 8 (2016) of the European Social Survey as well as Eurostat and OECD statistics. Specifically, we assessed the link between the share of people at risk of poverty/social exclusion in 2016 and citizens´ support for excluding immigrants from the rights to social services. Our results, in agreement with theories explaining that anxiety over-scarcity compromises out-group solidarity, confirmed the existence of such a relationship. Additional findings, however, suggested that some factors, such as holding individual-level universalism values, or the persistence of hardship during the recession recovery period (2011-2016) at country-level, may have had a protective role against chauvinistic attitudes. Recommendations for practice and research are discussed.

Different patterns for different conditions

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (11) ◽  
pp. 1024-1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cem Başlevent ◽  
Tugba Maran
Keyword(s):  
Hair Loss ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Medicine Use ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual

Purpose – Using data from the European Social Survey, the purpose of this paper is to examine the individual-level determinants of the attitudes toward the use of medicines to treat common conditions such as hair loss and weight gain. Design/methodology/approach – The authors estimate ordered logit models in which the five conditions inquired about in the survey are the dependent variables. Findings – The variation in the average approval scores for medicine use implies differing degrees of medicalization for the five conditions inquired about in the survey, and the associations observed in the multivariate analysis reveal that part of the subjectivity in attitudes can be attributed to basic personal characteristics, namely age, gender, and education. Self-evaluations of general health, happiness, religiosity, and political ideology are also found to influence people’s attitudes in predictable ways. Research limitations/implications – The examinations point to the shortcomings of the available data sets in sorting out the roles of different factors – such as the presence of effective treatments without side effects – in reaching the observed attitudes for medicine use. Social implications – The empirical findings suggest that the overuse of medicines can become a more serious problem in the near future in aging European societies. Originality/value – The authors demonstrate that higher approval scores among younger and more educated people on the whole and among women with respect to hair loss suggest that more medicalized attitudes are not necessarily found among groups the most likely to have the condition in question, but those who find it the most difficult to imagine themselves being in that situation.

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