scholarly journals Soil Pollution Management in China: A Brief Introduction

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiankui Li ◽  
Yi Liu ◽  
Sijie Lin ◽  
Yangze Liu ◽  
Yunfeng Xie
Keyword(s):  
Soil Pollution ◽  
Management System ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Risk Control ◽  
Pollution Prevention ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Control Rules ◽  
Pollution Management

Soil pollution has become a severe environmental issue in China over the past few decades due to rapid industrialization and urbanization. However, traditionally, few laws and regulations have focused on soil pollution in China. In response to this emerging threat, new policies, regulations, and measures have been proposed and implemented in recent years. This paper summarizes the existing law, action plan, regulations, and risk control rules regarding soil pollution prevention in China. Moreover, it compares soil pollution management between China and other developed countries. China has now established a comprehensive soil management system based on risk-based control. Regulations have been formulated for agricultural land, contaminated land, and industrial and mining land. Separate risk control rules exist for agricultural land and development land. Agricultural land can be classified as priority protection, safe utilization, and strict management with respect to soil pollution levels and agricultural products. The risk control rules for development land set different standards for sensitive land and non-sensitive land. Comparisons with developed countries show that their experiences of risk-based control and the “polluter pays” principle have been adopted in China. Additional scientific research and public participation are recommended for future updates to these policies. This study provides a comprehensive introduction to the newly established soil management system in China.

Benefits of Recent Clean Air Actions in China on Global Air Quality and Climate Change

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuqiang Zhang ◽  
Drew Shindell ◽  
Karl Seltzer ◽  
Lu Shen ◽  
Qiang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Pollution Prevention ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
The Other ◽  
Emission Reductions ◽  
Emission Changes

<p>Significant emission reductions have been observed in China recently, especially after the the ‘Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan’ in 2013. Major air pollutants, such as NOx, CO, SO<sub>2</sub>, are found to reach their peak in 2012 or 2013. Few studies attempted to investigate how the recent emission reductions in China will affect global air quality and climate change. Here, by using global climate-chemistry models and health impact functions, we investigate how the contrasting emission changes in China from 2010 to 2017 will affect global air quality, mortality burden and climate change. We calculate that compared with the year 2010, 4800 deaths were avoided due to ozone reductions in 2017 globally, while 65% of the avoided deaths happen in China, and the other 35% worldwide. In 2017, 109,000 deaths were avoided due to PM<sub>2.5 </sub>reductions, while 92% of the avoided deaths happen in China, and the other 8% worldwide. We also find that the cooling effect from the emission reductions of SO<sub>2</sub> in China has been compensated by the warming effect from the emission reductions of black carbon at the same time in China, which is the opposite trend as found in the developed countries in previous decades.</p>

The New Orientation of Discharge Permit System in the Environmental Management System

2015 ◽  
Vol 737 ◽  
pp. 984-988
Author(s):  
Ruo Nan Zhao ◽  
Yan Ping Li ◽  
Xue Wen Hu ◽  
Lu Bai
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Management ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Management System ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Pollution Prevention ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Environmental Management System ◽  
Registration System ◽  
Management Policies ◽  
Permit System

The discharge permit system has been implemented for more than 20 years in China. Although some rules of discharge permit system can be found in laws and administrative rules and regulations, the discharge permit system has just been carried out as a pilot policy in some provinces. The discharge permit system only serves as a complementary measure of emissions reporting, registration system and total amount control system, while its important position in pollution management policies is still unclear. In fact, it can reduce the transaction cost by defining the property rights, to solve the problems of “free riders” and externalities in the first place. However, the pollution prevention system in China mostly works at a certain stage, with the lack of cohesion and connection. To problems existing in the environmental management, we should take advantage of the discharge permit system, and integrate the current environmental management system. The goal of atmospheric administration is better air quality, better public health, better public welfare, and better production capacity. To achieve this goal, we not only need to control total emissions, but also need to build continuously emission standards. Through the establishment of the atmospheric emission permit system, some of existing loose jumbled, high cost, inefficient management policies can be integrated together, which can benefit the improvement of the air quality, the reduction of the management cost and the increase of the management efficiency.The discharge permit system was first implemented in Sweden, after years of practice, its role in environmental management gains recognition. The discharge permit system in developed countries gradually became the pillar of pollution prevention, and became more institutionalized and normalized. The discharge permit system in China was first implemented in 1987, but our country doesn’t have a law of discharge permit system until now, and we have a certain gap with USA, Germany in emissions trading.

The Water Management Mechanism Improvement in the Zone of Risked Land Use

2019 ◽  
pp. 46-56
Author(s):  
Katerina I. Ryzhova ◽  
Valerii N. Mandzyk ◽  
Andriy I. Holybkov
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Management System ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Investment Activity ◽  
Water Users ◽  
Domestic Capital

The peculiarities of forming an effective water management system in the area of risk agricultural land use are considered. The main tendencies of capital investments financing and current expenses for protection and rehabilitation of soil, underground and surface waters are analyzed. In addition, as the analysis shows, low investment attractiveness, especially in the melioration zone, does not contribute to the flow not only of foreign but also of domestic capital, which multiplier influences the slowdown in the rates of socio-economic functioning of settlements located in areas of melioration land concentration. It has been shown that best practices prove that investing in the functioning of land melioration is a major factor in improving the efficiency of agrarian production. That is why it has been recognized as one of the priority directions of the stable functioning of agrarian production. The developed countries use quite different forms of investment activities, and in the process of regulation of investment activity such countries use various measures that form favorable conditions for attracting both domestic and foreign capital. It is shown that the formation of effective management system is impossible without institutionalization of a wide spectrum of forms of partnership relations between different objects of functioning. The prospects for increasing the amount of land melioration financing are associated with the spread of cooperation processes between the state and the water users association regarding the operation of land melioration systems with the ability to combine budget financing with investments of private business entities, both domestic and foreign. The prospects of foreign experience regarding the investing in the functioning of agricultural land melioration are analyzed. The agricultural land melioration is the most important factor in improving the efficiency of agricultural production in Ukraine. It is shown that the reforming of irrigation systems management should be carried out on the basis of decentralization with the transfer of water management and water operating functions to water users on the basis of their association. Key words: association of water users, water resources, irrigated agriculture, investment, integrated management.

Chemistry of Variable Charge Soils

1997 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Pollution ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
Basic Difference ◽  
The Past ◽  
Variable Charge ◽  
Constant Charge ◽  
Variable Charge Soils

This book, based on research carried out at the Academia Sinica over the past 30 years, explains the basic difference between the variable charge soils of tropical and subtropical regions, and the constant charge soils of temperate regions. It will focus on the chemical properties of the variable charge soils--properties which have important bearing on soil management practices, including maximizing soil productivity and combating soil pollution.

scholarly journals Assessment of Emission Reduction and Meteorological Change in PM2.5 and Transport Flux in Typical Cities Cluster during 2013–2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5685
Author(s):  
Panbo Guan ◽  
Hanyu Zhang ◽  
Zhida Zhang ◽  
Haoyuan Chen ◽  
Weichao Bai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Pollution Prevention ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Yangtze River Delta ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Joint Control ◽  
Air Quality Model ◽  
Quality Model

Under the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan (APPCAP) implemented, China has witnessed an air quality change during the past five years, yet the main influence factors remain relatively unexplored. Taking the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) and Yangtze River Delta (YRD) regions as typical cluster cities, the Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) and Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extension (CAMx) were introduced to demonstrate the meteorological and emission contribution and PM2.5 flux distribution. The results showed that the PM2.5 concentration in BTH and YRD significantly declined with a descend ratio of −39.6% and −28.1%, respectively. For the meteorological contribution, those regions had a similar tendency with unfavorable conditions in 2013–2015 (contribution concentration 1.6–3.8 μg/m3 and 1.1–3.6 μg/m3) and favorable in 2016 (contribution concentration −1.5 μg/m3 and −0.2 μg/m3). Further, the absolute value of the net flux’s intensity was positively correlated with the degree of the favorable/unfavorable weather conditions. When it came to emission intensity, the total net inflow flux increased, and the outflow flux decreased significantly across the border with the emission increasing. In short: the aforementioned results confirmed the effectiveness of the regional joint emission control and provided scientific support for the proposed effective joint control measures.

scholarly journals Pavement Quality Index Rating Strategy Using Fracture Energy Analysis for Implementing Smart Road Infrastructure

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 4231
Author(s):  
Samuel Abejide ◽  
Mohamed M. H. Mostafa ◽  
Dillip Das ◽  
Bankole Awuzie ◽  
Mujib Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Management System ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Pavement Management ◽  
Sustainable Transportation ◽  
Base Layer ◽  
Deformation Model ◽  
Content Increase

Developing a responsive pavement-management infrastructure system is of paramount importance, accentuated by the quest for sustainability through adoption of the Road Traffic Management System. Technological advances have been witnessed in developed countries concerning the development of smart, sustainable transportation infrastructure. However, the same cannot be said of developing countries. In this study, the development of a pavement management system at network level was examined to contribute towards a framework for evaluating a Pavement Quality Index and service life capacity. Environmental surface response models in the form of temperature and moisture variations within the pavement were applied, using sensor devices connected to a data cloud system to carry out mathematical analysis using a distinctive mesh analysis deformation model. The results indicated variation in the Resilient Modulus of the pavement, with increasing moisture content. Increase in moisture propagation increased saturation of the unbound granular base which reduced the elastic modulus of the sub-base and base layer and reduced the strength of the pavement, resulting in bottom-up cracks and cracking failure. The horizontal deformation reduced, indicating that the material was experiencing work hardening and further stress would not result in significant damage. Increasing temperature gradient resulted in reduced stiffness of the asphalt layer. In tropical regions, this can result in rutting failure which, over time, results in top-down cracks and potholes, coupled with increasing moisture content.

Improving the quality and safety of dairy products by implementing a management system

2021 ◽  
pp. 28-31
Author(s):  
Natalia A. Jurk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Management System ◽  
Safety Management ◽  
Quality Management System ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Control Points ◽  
Quality And Safety ◽  
Critical Control Points ◽  
Safety Risks

In order to achieve a certain level of food production, it is necessary to manage its quality and safety. Currently, the quality management system based on the principles of HACCP is widely recognized and is the only method for ensuring food security in all developed countries. The ultimate goal of this system is to eliminate or reduce any food safety risks by preventing them. During the research, the main, auxiliary raw materials and the finished product were identified; flowcharts for the production of an enriched whey drink were developed. On the basis of the developed block diagrams, an analysis of microbiological, chemical, physical and qualitative hazards was carried out, it was determined which of the hazardous factors are the most critical, can harm health and must be eliminated or reduced to acceptable levels. Based on the analysis of significant hazards using the Decision Tree algorithm, two critical control points (pasteurization and cooling) were established. Measures for the management of critical control points are established in the HACCP plan, which reflects all CCPs of the production process of the research object and actions for monitoring and managing them. The introduction of elements of a food safety management system into practice contributes to the production of safe products of appropriate quality in compliance with applicable requirements and standards.

scholarly journals THE BASIC FRAMEWORK FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE GREEN ECONOMY MODEL IN THE BUSINESS PROCESSES OF THE FOOD INDUSTRY

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (167) ◽  
pp. 28-33
Author(s):  
S. Burlutska ◽  
D. Krasovsky
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Management System ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Green Economy ◽  
Economic Science ◽  
Growth Strategies ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
The World

At present, the totality of global environmental and economic threats and challenges has put the world economic science in front of the need to find a new way of developing the world economy. The new model of economic growth must satisfy two main criteria: firstly, to find a qualitatively new direction of growth, and secondly, to ensure the preservation and improvement of the quality of the environment for human life, that is, to ensure new economic growth without negative consequences for the environment. Many modern scientists see the solution of these problems in a relatively new direction in the economy, which has existed for just over 30 years - the "green" economy. Their opinion is shared by leading politicians and civil servants of the world's economic powers. The directions of the "green" economy system are considered: introduction of renewable energy sources; improvement of the waste management system; improvement of the water resources management system; development of "clean" transport; organic farming in agriculture; energy efficiency in housing and communal services; conservation and effective management of ecosystems. As a result of the analysis, key ones were identified directions in which the green economy is moving, systematized basic support tools that divided into price and non-price, in more detail characterized by price with the separation of financial tools that experts focus on international organizations for sustainable development. The main elements of the state are defined green growth strategies and analyzed the situation harmonization of the influence of developed countries on the development of "green" economy. An understanding of the essence and description of the goals of "green" technologies is proposed, which implies work not with the consequences, but with the causes of environmental problems. Considered the "green" experience of developed countries and global companies. In conclusion, the author emphasizes that the concept of a "green" economy is an innovative development project, but to achieve sustainability it is necessary to use the experience of other companies. One of the main problems was noticed, this is the use of pseudo environmental friendliness by companies for their own commercial purposes.

scholarly journals Soil Carbon Transitions Supporting Climate Change Mitigation

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 134
Author(s):  
Kurniatun Hairiah
Keyword(s):  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Agricultural Intensification ◽  
Climate Change Mitigation ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Soil Carbon Storage ◽  
Soil Carbon Stocks ◽  
Supporting Soil ◽  
Change Mitigation

Maintaining and where feasible restoring soil carbon stocks is part of all sustainable development strategies that have a chance of meeting the global commitment of the Paris Agreement to contain global warming within a 1.5<sup>o</sup>C limit. Active policies to incentivize increased soil carbon storage require under­standing of the drivers of soil carbon decline, as well as the conditions under which soil management leads to an increase. Soil carbon transitions -- shifts from decline to increase of soil carbon stocks -- have been recorded as part of agricultural intensification. Organic inputs supporting soil carbon may primarily depend on roots, rather than aboveground inputs, and thus on the choice of crops, trees, and grasses that make up an agricultural land use system.

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