scholarly journals Citizens’ Satisfaction with Air Quality and Key Factors in China—Using the Anchoring Vignettes Method

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zongfeng Sun ◽  
Jintao Li
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Dust Emission ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Anchoring Vignettes ◽  
Public Expectations ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Expectation Theory ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

This study uses the anchoring vignettes method to accurately measure citizens’ perceptions of air quality by correcting for the measurement errors which often exist in subjective satisfaction indexes. Our study shows that there is significant variation in satisfaction with air quality before and after using the anchoring vignettes method, especially when calculating and comparing satisfaction levels with the city-level air quality index. In addition, we found that the actual air pollution does indeed decrease citizens’ satisfaction with it, but that the relationship between the two is non-linear. However, among the relevant pollution indicators, citizens are more easily influenced by PM2.5 rather than by SO2 and dust emission concentrations. Finally, our research also found evidence to support the idea that public expectations of air quality in China affect satisfaction levels. Our findings therefore challenge the idea that the relationship between actual and perceived air quality is straightforward, and also confirm that expectation theory holds true for levels of satisfaction with air quality.

scholarly journals Air Quality Variation in Wuhan, Daegu, and Tokyo during the Explosive Outbreak of COVID-19 and Its Health Effects

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 4119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang-Jin Ma ◽  
Gong-Unn Kang
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Allergic Airway Inflammation ◽  
Pollution Monitoring ◽  
Air Pollution Monitoring ◽  
Self Reflection ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The City ◽  
Quality Variation ◽  
Pm2.5 Concentration

This study was designed to assess the variation of the air quality actually measured from the air pollution monitoring stations (AQMS) in three cities (Wuhan, Daegu, and Tokyo), in Asian countries experiencing the explosive outbreak of COVID-19, in a short period of time. In addition, we made a new attempt to calculate the reduced DosePM2.5 (μg) at the bronchiolar (Br.) and alveolar-interstitial (AI) regions of the 10-year-old children after the city lockdown/self-reflection of each city. A comparison of the average PM2.5 of a month before and after the lockdown (Wuhan) and self-reflection (Daegu and Tokyo) clearly shows that the PM2.5 concentration was decreased by 29.9, 20.9, and 3.6% in Wuhan, Daegu and Tokyo, respectively. Wuhan, Daegu and Tokyo also recorded 53.2, 19.0, and 10.4% falls of NO2 concentration, respectively. Wuhan, which had the largest decrease of PM2.5 concentration due to COVID-19, also marked the largest reduced DosePM2.5 10-year-old children (μg) (3660 μg at Br. and 6222 μg at AI), followed by Daegu (445 μg at Br. and 1287 μg at AI), and Tokyo (18 μg at Br. and 52 μg at AI), over two months after the city lockdown/self-reflection. Our results suggest that the city lockdown/self-reflection had the effect of lowering the concentration of PM2.5, resulting in an extension of the period it took to the acute allergic airway inflammation (AAI) for the 10-year-old children.

scholarly journals Urbanisation Footprints and the Distribution of Air Quality in Nairobi City, Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice O Oyugi
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Urban Morphology ◽  
Morphological Parameter ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Morphological Variables ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Morphological Variable

Various postulations on the relationship between urban morphology and air quality are qualitative. This fails to establish the strength of the contributions of each morphological parameter in the spatial distribution of the air quality. It is this gap in knowledge that this study sought to fill by modelling the correlation existing between the urban morphological variables of development density, land uses, biomass index and air quality values of Nairobi city. While 30 development zones of the city constituted the target population, IKONOS satellite imagery of the city for the year 2015 was utilised in establishing the development densities, land uses and biomass index. The parameters were transformed into numerical surrogates ranging from 1 to 10 with lower values accorded to zones with low biomass index, the highest development density, noxious land uses, high gaseous concentrations and vice-versa. Pearson’s correlation coefficients (r), coefficients of determination (R), t-tests and the Analysis of Variance (F-tests) with levels of significance being 95% were used to determine the strengths, significances and consistencies of the established relationships. The study established that development density is the most significant morphological variable influencing the distribution of air quality. This is followed by biomass index and to a weaker extent, land uses.

scholarly journals PARTISIPASI MASYARAKAT DALAM PENGGUNAAN TEKNIK BIOPORI UNTUK MENGENDALIKAN BANJIR KOTA (Studi Kasus : Kelurahan Tanjung Rejo – Medan)

NALARs ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Devin Defriza Harisdani ◽  
Dwi Lindarto
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Community Participation ◽  
Flood Control ◽  
Flood Management ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Control Environment ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Rainfall Volume ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

ABSTRAK. Permasalahan banjir merupakan hal utama kinerja utilitas kota Medan. Banjir pada suatu kawasan terjadi antara lain karena drainase yang tidak memadai untuk menampung volume air hujan akibat curah hujan yang cukup tinggi. Tingkat partisipasi masyarakat ditentukan dari pemahaman dan pengetahuan yang diterima tentang pengelolaan banjir. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan nilai hubungan antara persepsi dan partisipasi, dengan metoda uji (sebelum – setelah) melalui serangkaian FGD dan simulasi penggunaan teknik biopori. Nilai korelasi 0,998 menunjukkan persepsi berkaitan erat dengan pengetahuan akan mempengaruhi tingkat partisipasi masyarakat sebelum dan sesudah FGD dan simulasi dengan nilai korelasi 0,954. Tingkat partisipasi masyarakat cukup antusias terhadap teknik biopori setelah dilakukan pengkayaan pengetahuan, pelatihan dan simulasi penggunaan untuk mengendalikan banjir kota. Penelitian ini berguna sebagai masukan kepada Pemerintah Daerah untuk meningkatkan kegiatan alternatif pengendalian banjir lingkungan. Kata Kunci: banjir, biopori, persepsi, partisipasi masyarakat ABSTRACT. Flood problems are the main performance of utilities in Medan. Flooding in an area occurs due to inadequate drainage to accommodate rainfall volume due to high rainfall. The level of community participation is determined by the understanding and knowledge received about flood management. This study aims to obtain the value of the relationship between perception and participation, with the test method (before-after) through a series of FGD and simulation of the use of biopore techniques. The correlation value of 0.998 indicates that perception closely related to knowledge will influence the participatory level of society before and after FGD and simulation with a correlation value of 0.954. The level of community participation is enthusiastic about biopore techniques after enrichment of knowledge, training, and simulation of use to control the city flood. This research is a useful solution as an input to Local Government to increase an alternative activity of flood control environment. Keywords: flood, biopore, perception, community participation

scholarly journals The efficiency of the fare-free public transport for the air pollution reduction

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (8) ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
Mikulski Maciej
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Nitrogen Oxide ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Pollution Reduction ◽  
Heating Season ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The City

The article presents the problem of air pollution in polish cities on the example of Cracow. The focus was on one of the corrective actions taken by the city – free-fare public transport during high air pollution. Changes in the city's approach to this service since 2015 and consequences for the city budget were presented. Then, the efficiency of free-fare public transport in attracting new passengers was considered. The example of the Nysa town was cited, which introduced such permission for car drivers, but withdrew it three years later. In the next step, the concentration of air pollution before and after the activation of free-fare public transport in the heating season 2018/2019 was analyzed. Particulate matter PM10, nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide were taken into account. There was no constant relationship between the changes in the level of these pollutants in the air and the full-paid (or fare-free) public transport. There is also no reason for the need to change parameters based on witch the fare-free public transport is activated. Finally, the necessity of further efforts of central and local authorities to improve air quality as well as further research on sources of air pollution and efficiency of undertaken actions was emphasized. Keywords: fare-free public transport, air pollution, environmental protection

scholarly journals Cross-Regional Highway Built through a City Centre as an Example of the Sustainable Development of Urban Transport

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 10403
Author(s):  
Magdalena Żak ◽  
Anna Mainka
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
City Centre ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Technical Solutions ◽  
The City

Sustainable development requires ensuring the mobility of residents and must not cause deterioration of the quality of the environment in the selected area. The purpose of this study is to verify if the construction of a cross-regional highway through the city centre affected air quality in the neighbourhood of a newly built road. Air quality was assessed based on measurements of concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, which is considered to be typical for automotive sources air pollution. The spectrophotometric method with passive sampling was used in the 24 h NO2 measurements. The calculated mean NO2 concentrations in the periods before and after road construction were within the ranges of 23.2–31.9 μg/m3 and 22.3–28.9 μg/m3, respectively. The relative NO2 concentrations determined in the study for 10 out of 11 sampling points were lower than the unity, including 5 points markedly lower (0.82–0.89). The obtained results indicate that the construction of the new artery by the city centre, using appropriate technical solutions and traffic organization (tunnel, noise barriers, roundabouts, speed limit) likely contributed to an overall reduction in NO2 concentrations. The presented solution may serve as an example for other cities struggling with problems of low air quality associated with inefficient transportation systems.

Factors affecting neonatal viability and the relationship between it and subsequent creep feeding behaviour of suckling piglets

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 221-221
Author(s):  
H. F. Lee ◽  
C. A. Morgan ◽  
M. C. Appleby ◽  
N. K. Waran
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Food Resource ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Creep Feeding ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Neonatal Piglets ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Suckling Piglets ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
The Relationship

Neonatal viability is one of the key factors affecting piglets’ vitality, which ultimately affects the survival and growth of piglets (England, 1974). As colostrum is the only food resource of neonatal piglets, their ability to acquire the colostrum as early as possible after their birth can determine their vitality. Piglets are usually supplied with creep food at some time during the suckling period in order to improve their performance before and after weaning. However, the creep food intake varies between litters and between individuals. Furthermore, the relationship between viability in early life and the acceptance of a new food (e.g. creep food) when they first encounter it, is not fully understood. The objectives of this study were to investigate factors affecting the neonatal viability of piglets at birth and to identify the relationship between neonatal viability and subsequent creep feeding behaviour by piglets on d14-d15.

scholarly journals Effect of Road Traffic on Air Pollution. Experimental Evidence from COVID-19 Lockdown

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 8984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riccardo Rossi ◽  
Riccardo Ceccato ◽  
Massimiliano Gastaldi
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Traffic Flows ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Sources Of Pollution ◽  
Urban Contexts ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

The increasing concentration of human activities in cities has been leading to a worsening in air quality, thus negatively affecting the lives and health of humans living in urban contexts. Transport is one of the main sources of pollution in such environments. Several local authorities have therefore implemented strict traffic-restriction measures. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness and limitations of these interventions, by analyzing the relationship between traffic flows and air quality. The used dataset contains concentrations of NO, NO2, NOx and PM10, vehicle counts and meteorology, all collected during the COVID-19 lockdown in the city of Padova (Italy), in which severe limitations to contain the spread of the virus simulated long and large-scale traffic restrictions in normal conditions. In particular, statistical tests, correlation analyses and multivariate linear regression models were applied to non-rainy days in 2020, 2018 and 2017, in order to isolate the effect of traffic. Analysis indicated that vehicle flows significantly affect NO, NO2, and NOx concentrations, although no evidence of a relationship between traffic and PM10 was highlighted. According to this perspective, measures to limit traffic flows seem to be effective in improving air quality only in terms of reducing nitrogen oxide.

scholarly journals Pre and Post Covid-19 Lockdown: How the AQI of Three Major Cities of Pakistan will Change?

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 1377-1387
Author(s):  
Ume Laila ◽  
Najma Sadiq ◽  
Tahir Mehmood ◽  
Tooba Rehan Haqqi
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Atmospheric Condition ◽  
Situational Analysis ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The City ◽  
Quality Indexes

Pakistan being in the list of developing countries has shown tremendous response towards the control of pandemic COVID-19. This paper evaluates the pre and post COVID 19 lockdown situation of air quality and provides an evidence of the air quality amid the lockdown and how it started to improve. The air quality indexes of three major cities of Pakistan i.e. Karachi, Islamabad and Lahore are compared, taking into account the indexes before and after the imposition of lockdown.  The city wide presence of major pollutants like Sulphur Dioxide and Nitrogen Dioxide also reduced. The results show how taking serious measures can help in reducing the air pollution and help the environment to restore.  Following analytical approach and situational analysis certain inferences have been drawn that the air quality index has worsen, and the atmospheric condition have turn out to be shoddier than the pre-pandemic situation. In the last section certain policy recommendations have been provided in order to maintain a healthy air quality.

Effective Transportation Demand Management: Combining Parking Pricing, Transit Incentives, and Transportation Management in a Commercial District of Portland, Oregon

2000 ◽  
Vol 1711 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha J. Bianco
Keyword(s):  
Demand Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Transportation Demand Management ◽  
Transportation Management ◽  
Transportation Demand ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Residential District ◽  
Parking Pricing ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

The Lloyd District is a high-density commercial and residential district located a short distance from downtown Portland, Oregon. To address parking and congestion problems, the city of Portland implemented a Lloyd District Partnership Plan in September 1997. This plan consists of a number of elements aimed at curbing single-occupancy vehicle use for the commute to and from the district. This plan included parking pricing in the form of meters (whereas on-street parking had been free), discounted transit passes, and other transportation demand management strategies. The effects of these strategies on travel and parking behavior were assessed, with an emphasis on the relationship between parking pricing and mode choice. A random sample of 1,000 employees in the Lloyd District was surveyed about their travel and parking behavior before and after the installation of the new meters. Research found that, during the 1 year that had elapsed between the implementation of the Lloyd District transportation management programs and the survey information collected, the drive-alone mode for the trip to work by employees in the Lloyd District had decreased by 7 percent. For the district as a whole, the drive-alone commute share is now about 56 percent. The program strategies that have emerged as the most significant in effecting this decrease are the installation of the meters and the discounted transit pass program.

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