Sequential Damming Induced Winter Season Flash Flood in Uttarakhand Province of India

204 persons were killed while two hydropower projects located in close proximity at Rishiganga (13.2 MW), and Tapoban (520 MW) were damaged in Dhauliganga flood of February 7, 2021 in the Indian Himalaya. This incidence occurred during the winter season when the discharge of the glacier fed rivers is minimal, and no rain was experienced in the region around the time of the flood. Despite discharge of the main river, Rishiganga, not involved in the flood due to damming upstream of its confluence with Raunthi Gadhera, based on field evidences massive volume of around 6 million cu m water involved in this flood is attributed to sequential intermittent damming at three different places; (i) Raunthi Gadhera was dammed first in its upper reaches, (ii) Rishiganga river was then dammed to the north of Murunna, and (iii) finally Dhauliganga river was dammed around Rini village to the upstream of its confluence with Rishiganga river. Lacking warning system only enhanced the flood-induced devastation. Legally binding disaster risk assessment regime, together with robust warning generation, and dissemination infrastructure are therefore recommended for all major infrastructure projects.

A Comparative Study of Groundwater between Geological Groups of Southern Benue Trough, Nigeria Using Modelling Approach

Groundwater studies were carried out between two geological groups to evaluate factors that influences groundwater geochemistry. To achieve this, 30 groundwater samples were collected. Parameters such as pH, Electrical Conductivity (Ec), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Hardness (TH), and hydrochemical characteristics (Na2+, K+ , Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3¯, NO3¯, Cl¯, CO23¯, and SO42¯) of groundwater were determined. Findings revealed that the pH value for Asu River Group ranges from 5.3 to 7.5, and that of Eze Aku Group ranges from 4.1 to 7.9. It was observed that areas around the mines had low pH values. Analyzed results that were obtained were interpreted using various hydrogeochemical models. Parson plots reflected that groundwater within the two geological groups fell within Ca˗Mg˗SO4 and Ca˗Mg˗Cl. Results from End˗member plots showed that 96% of groundwater samples analyzed were categorized under carbonate weathering, 4% fell silicate weathering. Gibbs plots revealed that interactions between groundwater and surrounding host rocks are mostly the main processes responsible for chemical characteristics of groundwater, Diamond field plots suggested that groundwater within the study were categorized to be high in Ca + Mg & SO4 + Cl, the plot of Ca2+/(HCO3¯+SO42¯) against Na+/Cl¯ revealed that groundwater was considered to be within the natural state for the two group. The plot of TDS against TH showed that groundwater is classified as soft freshwater. The study revealed there was no significant difference between factors that influence groundwater within the two geological.

Efficacy of Acid-treated Sawdust in Decolourization of Tanning Wastewater

Colour removal from dye-bearing effluent is a serious challenge due to the difficulty in treating such wastewater by conventional treatment methods. The present investigation explores the decolourization of contaminated wastewater using acid-activated sawdust as an adsorbent. The physicochemical properties of wastewater samples labelled A, B, and C vizaverage temperature; pH; electrical conductivity; and total dissolved solids were determined using standard methods to be 302.63; 6.1; 284.47 µS/cm;35116.66 mg/L respectively. Colour removal efficiency of the adsorbent was studied under variable conditions (contact time, rate of agitation,loading). Experimental results demonstrated that the sawdust adsorbent has a significant capacity for colour removal from tannery effluent. There was significant variation in the absorbance of the treated samples. Adsorbent dose, stirring rate, and contact time were found to be directly proportional to colour removal while pH variation of the samples show that the effluents became less alkaline (slightly acidic) after decolourization.

Assessment of Rainwater and Groundwater Quality in Izombe Town, Oguta Local Government Area of Imo State

Rainwater and groundwater quality in Izombe were assessed. Five water samples were collected from five (5) different locations, with at least one location from one of the four autonomous communities in Izombe, Oguta L.G.A of Imo State. The physicochemical and microbial parameters of rainwater and groundwater samples from Umuakpa, Ndeuloukwu, Ugbele, Ndioko, and Orsu were assessed using Varian Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The study was aimed to assess the physicochemical and microbial qualities of groundwater and rainwater in Izombe and how these affect their health as individual members of the community, and their environment when compared to WHO standards. The water samples were collected from five different locations, with at least one location from each of the four autonomous communities, and were assessed. The result indicated that rainwater and groundwater pollutants in the community were turbidities, ammonia, copper and temperatures 7.59±0.02 ph, 6.42±0.28 nitrate, 59.56±0.50 ammonia, 0.29±0.07 phosphate, 0.88±0.03 iron, copper, lead, nickel, aluminum, mercury, manganese, cadmium, bacteria count, coliform count, and E-coli. Also, all the pollutant parameters were identified, only iron, copper, aluminum, and bacteria count were not identified as being associated with petroleum products and exploratory activities. This research has broadened the understanding of the suitability of Izombe water sources for both consumption and other purposes. The findings show that the rain and groundwater sources of the community are not fit for human consumption, due to the contaminants inherent in them, attributed majorly to the oil production activities in the area which corroborates other research studies.

Urbanisation Footprints and the Distribution of Air Quality in Nairobi City, Kenya

Various postulations on the relationship between urban morphology and air quality are qualitative. This fails to establish the strength of the contributions of each morphological parameter in the spatial distribution of the air quality. It is this gap in knowledge that this study sought to fill by modelling the correlation existing between the urban morphological variables of development density, land uses, biomass index and air quality values of Nairobi city. While 30 development zones of the city constituted the target population, IKONOS satellite imagery of the city for the year 2015 was utilised in establishing the development densities, land uses and biomass index. The parameters were transformed into numerical surrogates ranging from 1 to 10 with lower values accorded to zones with low biomass index, the highest development density, noxious land uses, high gaseous concentrations and vice-versa. Pearson’s correlation coefficients (r), coefficients of determination (R), t-tests and the Analysis of Variance (F-tests) with levels of significance being 95% were used to determine the strengths, significances and consistencies of the established relationships. The study established that development density is the most significant morphological variable influencing the distribution of air quality. This is followed by biomass index and to a weaker extent, land uses.

Geochemical trends in weathering profiles and their underlying Precambrian basement rocks in Akure, Southwestern Nigeria

Akure area in southwestern Nigeria falls within the basement complex underlain by migmatite, quartzite granite and charnockite. Geochemical features of these crystalline rocks and their overlying in-situ weathering profiles are investigated and reported. Analytical result from ICP-MS facility at the University of Malaya reveals average SiO2 content in quartzite (91.1%), granite (73.8%), migmatite (67.4%) and charnockite (58.6%) categorize the rocks as siliceous. SiO2 contents in the weathering profiles above these rocks are 61.9%, 60.2%, 52.2% and 54.6% respectively. Alumina contents in the weathering profiles overlying quartzite (23.8%), granite (19.9%), migmatite (26.3%) and charnockite (24.3%) are substantially higher than the precursor rocks. In the same order, average alkali (Na2O+K2O) contents in the profiles are 3.38%, 3.42%, 3.48% and 2.68%. Chemical features of the profiles reflect that there exists some correlation between the chemistry of crystalline basement and their in-situ weathering profiles. The residual soils contain low plastic clays with kaolinitic characteristics and compare well with other clays reported from other parts of Nigeria basement complex.

Environmental Problem Analysis and Policy Recommendations on Pacific Northwest Salmon

Environmental issues are becoming hot topics nowadays. As the steps of industrialization and urbanization expand, the conflict between economic development and environmental protection appears to intensify and catch people’s eyes more frequently, from the disappearing Amazon rainforest to the pollution of Mississippi River. Over the past few months, the news of one species, salmon, dying out in the northwestern part of the United States drew our team’s attention. In this paper, I would like to present my research on Pacific Northwest salmon from the perspectives of problem statement, policy proposal, and political analysis.

Wolf is Coming— Dynamic Classification Prediction Model of Vespa Mandarinia

Given the threat of Vespa mandarinia invasion to ecological balance, according to the data and information provided, the dynamic reproduction model of Vespa mandarinia is established by using natural domain interpolation, and the variation law of total bumblebee with time, latitude, and longitude is obtained. At the same time, we established theclassification prediction model by using a neural network and established the mapping relationship between time and space to evaluation grade.we meshed the area provided by the title, assigned values to the location of Vespa mandarinia(VM), and established a VM diffusion model with natural neighborhood interpolation. Its propagation process is simulated by cellular automata. It is determined that VM spreads in a circular shape centered at (122.93174°W, 48.93457°N) and (122.57376°W, 49.07848°N) in the Washington area, with the farthest distance being 1184.4 km and 985 km respectively.we set up a classification prediction model for better classification. According to the image upload time and location, SVM and neural network are used for classification prediction, and the classification accuracy is 74.26% and 97.60%, respectively, and the neural network has higher classification accuracy. So we choose the neural network.

Quantum Biophysics of the Atmosphere:Factor Analysis of the Annual Dynamics of Maximum, Mininum and Average Temperatures from 1879 to 2017 to Hadley English Temperature Center (Hadcet)

Factor analysis of annual dynamics from 1879 to 2017 was carried out by the method of identification of stable regularities: maximum, minimum and average air temperature of Central England according to HadCET. The sample capacity was 139 rows. In factor analysis, time is excluded, and it acts only as a system-forming factor that ensures the relationship between the three parameters of climate and weather. Therefore, the adequacy of the dynamics models is taken into account in the diagonal cells of the correlation matrix. In addition to time, different lists of objects are possible in factor analysis. The coefficient of correlation variation, that is, a measure of the functional relationship between the parameters of the system (annual weather at the weather station in Central England) is 0.8230 for trends, 0.8603 taking into account the annual dynamics of the four-membered model obtained from the computational capabilities of the software environment CurveExpert-1.40, and 0.9578 for the full up to the error of measurement wavelet analysis of the dynamics of the values of three factors. In all three methods of factor analysis, the meteorological parameter «average Annual temperature» was in the first place as the influencing variable, the «Maximum temperature» was in the second place, and the «Minimum temperature» was in the third place. As the dependent measure in these areas there are three kind of temperature. The comparison shows that among the binary relations between the three temperatures, the average temperature on the maximum air temperature in the surface layer of the atmosphere has the greatest influence on the correlation coefficient 0.9765. At the same time, all six equations refer to strong connections, so there is a high quantum certainty between the three types of temperature. But when predicting the most meaningful essence showed the maximum temperature.

A Review of Water Resources in Delta State, Nigeria With Emphasis on Hydrogeochemical and Microbial Assessment

This research presents a review on water resources in Delta state, southern part of Nigeria, with emphasis on hydrogeochemical and microbial assessment. It also evaluate factors responsible for water contamination, and their resulting health problems within the study area. To achieve the objective of this study, related articles were downloaded from Google, published article on influence of hydrogeochemical and microbial activities on water resources, these articles were thoroughly studied. Findings from this study revealed that groundwater was more studied than surface water. It was observed that groundwater within the riverine communities are much more prone to pollution when compared to groundwater in upland area. From reviewed article, it was observed that, larger percentage of groundwater showed presence of coliform. Study from reviewed article further suggested that hydrogeochemical processes such as rock water interaction, saltwater intrusion and precipitation influences groundwater quality within the study area especially within Sombreiro-Warri Deltaic Plain Deposit.