scholarly journals Urbanisation Footprints and the Distribution of Air Quality in Nairobi City, Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice O Oyugi
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Urban Morphology ◽  
Morphological Parameter ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Morphological Variables ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Morphological Variable

Various postulations on the relationship between urban morphology and air quality are qualitative. This fails to establish the strength of the contributions of each morphological parameter in the spatial distribution of the air quality. It is this gap in knowledge that this study sought to fill by modelling the correlation existing between the urban morphological variables of development density, land uses, biomass index and air quality values of Nairobi city. While 30 development zones of the city constituted the target population, IKONOS satellite imagery of the city for the year 2015 was utilised in establishing the development densities, land uses and biomass index. The parameters were transformed into numerical surrogates ranging from 1 to 10 with lower values accorded to zones with low biomass index, the highest development density, noxious land uses, high gaseous concentrations and vice-versa. Pearson’s correlation coefficients (r), coefficients of determination (R), t-tests and the Analysis of Variance (F-tests) with levels of significance being 95% were used to determine the strengths, significances and consistencies of the established relationships. The study established that development density is the most significant morphological variable influencing the distribution of air quality. This is followed by biomass index and to a weaker extent, land uses.

scholarly journals The Contribution of Urban Morphology to the Formation of the Microclimate in Compact Urban Cores: A Study in the City Center of Thessaloniki

Urban Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Georgios-Rafail Kouklis ◽  
Athena Yiannakou
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Simulation Method ◽  
Urban Morphology ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
City Center ◽  
Outdoor Spaces ◽  
Microclimatic Conditions ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the contribution of urban morphology to the formation of microclimatic conditions prevailing within urban outdoor spaces. We studied the compact form of a city and examined, at a detailed, street plan level, elements related to air temperature, urban ventilation, and the individual’s thermal comfort. All elements examined are directly affected by both the urban form and the availability of open and green spaces. The field study took place in a typical compact urban fabric of an old city center, the city center of Thessaloniki, where we investigated the relationship between urban morphology and microclimate. Urban morphology was gauged by examining the detailed street plan, along with the local building patterns. We used a simulation method based on the ENVI-met© software. The findings of the field study highlight the fact that the street layout, the urban canyon, and the open and green spaces in a compact urban form contribute decisively both to the creation of the microclimatic conditions and to the influence of the bioclimatic parameters.

scholarly journals Building a timeline, developing a narrative: visualising fringe belt formation alongside street network development

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilaria Geddes ◽  
Nadia Charalambous
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Urban Morphology ◽  
Composite Methods ◽  
The Social ◽  
Cyclical Process ◽  
Diachronic Analysis ◽  
Generative Mechanisms ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Related Paper

This project was developed as an attempt to assess the relationship between different morphogenetic processes, in particular, those of fringe belt formation as described by M.R.G. Conzen (1960) and Whitehand (2001), and of centrality and compactness as described by Hillier (1999; 2002). Different approaches’ focus on different elements of the city has made it difficult to establish exactly how these processes interact or whether they are simply different facets of development reflecting wider socio-economic factors. To address this issue, a visual, chronological timeline of Limassol’s development was constructed along with a narrative of the socio-economic context of its development.  The complexity of cities, however, makes static visualisations across time difficult to read and assess alongside textual narratives. We therefore took the step of developing an animation of land use and configurational analyses of Limassol, in order bring to life the diachronic analysis of the city and shed light on its generative mechanisms. The video presented here shows that the relationship between the processes mentioned above is much stronger and more complex than previously thought. The related paper explores in more detail the links between fringe belt formation as a cyclical process of peripheral development and centrality as a recurring process of minimisation of gains in distance. The project’s outcomes clearly show that composite methods of visualisations are an analytical opportunity still little exploited within urban morphology. References Conzen, M.R.G., 1960. Alnwick, Northumberland: A Study in Town-Plan Analysis, London: Institute of British Geographers. Hillier, B., 2002. A Theory of the City as Object: or how spatial laws mediate the social construction of urban space. Urban Des Int, 7(3–4), pp.153–179. Hillier, B., 1999. Centrality as a process: accounting for attraction inequalities in deformed grids. Urban Des Int, 4(3–4), pp.107–127. Whitehand, J.W.R., 2001. British urban morphology: the Conzenian tradition. Urban Morphology, 5(2), pp.103–109.

scholarly journals Impacts of Anthropogenic Factors on Urban Air Quality in Lagos Metropolis

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Peter Nkashi AGAN
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Industrial Land ◽  
The City

Land use is the utilization and reordering of land cover for human comfort. This process disrupts the pristine state of the environment reducing the quality of environmental receptors like water, air, vegetation etc. Air pollution is introduced into the environment as a result of anthropogenic activities from commercial, industrial and residential areas. These activities are burning of fossil fuels for power generation, transport of goods and services, valorization of raw materials into finished products, bush burning, use of gas cookers, generators and electric stove etc. The introduction of pollutants into the planetary layer of the atmosphere has impacted negatively on the quality of the environment posing threat to humans and the survival of the ecosystem. In Lagos metropolis, commercial activities and high population densities have caused elevated levels of pollution in the city. This study aimed to investigate the spatial distribution of pollutant in Lagos metropolis with a view to revealing the marked spatial/temporal difference in pollutants levels over residential, commercial and industrial land uses. Commercial and industrial land uses revealed higher levels of pollutants than the residential areas. Pearson product moment correlation coefficients revealed strong positive relationship between land use and air quality in the city.

Relationship between Air Pollutants and Visibility in Shanghai during 2006-2010

2014 ◽  
Vol 675-677 ◽  
pp. 314-317
Author(s):  
Dan Xue ◽  
Qian Liu
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Secondary Pollutants ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship

Air pollution has been deteriorated seriously in Shanghai as a result of urbanization and modernization. Visibility reduction is the most apparent symptom of air pollution. This paper aims to describe the characteristics of visibility and air pollutants in Shanghai, and to investigate the relationship between them. Visibility in Shanghai was higher in summer and lower in winter. The mean value of visibility during 2006-2010 was 17.8km. Air pollution in Shanghai was also serious. In 2010, Shanghai got the relative better air quality compared with the former four years. Air pollutants and visibility were negatively correlated. SO2 and NO2 had higher correlation coefficients with visibility than PM10. This suggested that the visibility in Shanghai was mainly due to secondary pollutants.

scholarly journals Urban form and vacant shops: can one explain the other? – a case study in Portugal

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Saraiva ◽  
Teresa Sá Marques ◽  
Paulo Pinho
Keyword(s):  
Urban Form ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Urban Morphology ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Economic Market ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Morphological Variables ◽  
The City

Shopping is much more than a wealth-generator in post-modern societies; it is intrinsically linked with the way people experience the city and an indivisible part of their day-to-day social experiences. Consequently, the literature has gradually recognized that commercial geographies are not just a consequence of economic market logics. It has been proven that there is a relationship between store-types and urban morphology, and that commerce is an important catalyst for urban regeneration and revitalization. Thus, the urban form can also be a cause for the lack of success of a shop. The amount of vacant shops has been signaled as an important problem in urban areas, affecting the structure and the identity of neighborhoods, and reflects the negative effects of the economic-crisis. Strategies to overcome this problem are usually economically-oriented and fail to capitalize on the new-found relationships between store-success and urban morphology. Thus this research wishes to test whether there are indeed correlations between specific morphological features and the existence of vacant shops, and consequently to propose how changes in the urban environment can contribute to overcome, and even prevent, such cases. The geographical distribution of vacant shops in a sample of Portuguese cities was set against morphological variables such as building age or centrality in the network (Space Syntax). Positive association was found, for example, between new developments and vacant shops, questioning the need for more store space in certain areas; and, particularly outside central neighborhoods, between open shops and high ‘choice’ (rather than high ‘integration’) axes.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Impact of Quantitative and Qualitative Price-setting Attributes on a Market of Real Estate Intended for the Purpose of the Transformer Stations on the Example of Krakow

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Butryn ◽  
Edward Preweda
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Price Setting ◽  
Relevant Market ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Standardized Regression Coefficients ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

Based on appraisal reports, obtained from the City Office of Krakow, there were formulated base of real estate properties on which is situated the building of transformer station or which are intended for such purpose. The base consists of 90 properties located in the administrative boundaries of the city of Krakow. Most of these properties are the plots of very small areas, mainly in the range from 30 to 70 square meters. Based on the completed database, there were conducted a statistical analysis of the relevant market the property. In order to determine the relationship between the attributes and the price of real estate, there were calculated coefficients of the Pearson complete correlation and coefficients of the Spearman correlation. The analysis showed significant differences between quantitative and qualitative correlation coefficients for some variables. In order to improve the consistency of the database, using statistical methods eliminated property turned out. Finally, the analysis considered two bases, numbering respectively 90 and 77 real estates. In the following values, there were defined standardized regression coefficients (scale 9), the partial correlation coefficients for the dependent variable (price) relative to the rest of variables and coefficients of determination. On the basis of calculations and analysis, there have been drawn conclusions on the impact of each attribute on the market prices of these unusual properties.

scholarly journals A Field Study to Determine Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction in Hotel Businesses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aydın Yilmazer ◽  
Hasan Önal Şeyhanlıoğlu ◽  
Said Kingir
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Organizational Commitment ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Emotional Commitment ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
One Way Anova

For organizations to shape their future of Tourism industry, it is essential for them to hire and retain top talent. Therefore, in this research, the relationship between organizational commitment and job satisfaction was examined. A quantitative research method was applied to test between the variables. The questionnaire technique has been used. The data were collected from 218 employees working in five-star and four-star hotels in the city of Ankara, capital of Turkey. First, the correlation coefficients between variables were calculated. Then, T test and One Way Anova analysis were conducted to determine whether there was a difference between variables and demographic characteristics. Finally, it was found that there was a positive and significant relationship between emotional commitment, a sub dimension of organizational commitment and job satisfaction. Further results indicated there is a negative and significant relationship between job satisfaction and other sub dimensions of organizational commitment, normative commitment and continuation commitment. Key words: Organizational Commitment, Job Satisfaction, Hotel Employees, Tourism Establishments, Human Resources, Tourism.

scholarly journals Citizens’ Satisfaction with Air Quality and Key Factors in China—Using the Anchoring Vignettes Method

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zongfeng Sun ◽  
Jintao Li
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Dust Emission ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Anchoring Vignettes ◽  
Public Expectations ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Expectation Theory ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

This study uses the anchoring vignettes method to accurately measure citizens’ perceptions of air quality by correcting for the measurement errors which often exist in subjective satisfaction indexes. Our study shows that there is significant variation in satisfaction with air quality before and after using the anchoring vignettes method, especially when calculating and comparing satisfaction levels with the city-level air quality index. In addition, we found that the actual air pollution does indeed decrease citizens’ satisfaction with it, but that the relationship between the two is non-linear. However, among the relevant pollution indicators, citizens are more easily influenced by PM2.5 rather than by SO2 and dust emission concentrations. Finally, our research also found evidence to support the idea that public expectations of air quality in China affect satisfaction levels. Our findings therefore challenge the idea that the relationship between actual and perceived air quality is straightforward, and also confirm that expectation theory holds true for levels of satisfaction with air quality.

The Habit of Watching Television and Using Computer in Primary School Children

2019 ◽  
pp. 209-222
Author(s):  
Aynur Örnek ◽  
Hicabi Arslan
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Schools ◽  
School Children ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Male Students ◽  
City Center ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

The study is limited with I. and II. grade students studying at public elementary schools in İzmir province Güzelbahçe district. While the target population of the study consists of students attending elementary schools in the district, the sample consists of 4. and 8. grade students. The reason for selecting students from two different grades was to determine the preferences of students from different age groups. The study also investigated the relationship between the preferences of girls and boys. The reason for selecting Güzelbahçe in this study was that the district was distant from the city center and was generally inhabited by middle-income families. A questionnaire was applied to students in the study and the data of the questionnaire were explained by associating the general features of female and male students regarding the aforementioned age groups and their answers to the question.

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