scholarly journals Estimating the Young Generation’s Willingness to Pay (WTP) for PM2.5 Control in Daegu, Korea, and Beijing, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (20) ◽  
pp. 5704
Author(s):  
Ning ◽  
Lee
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Air Quality Improvement ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The One ◽  
Beijing China

This research aimed to examine the willingness to pay (WTP) of the young generation (the age group from 18 to 29) for the participatory solutions and actions on fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution control and abatement in Daegu, Korea, and Beijing, China. This study found out that Korean respondents and Chinese respondents shared a wide range of similarities, both in terms of socio-demographic characters like age, family size, and house/apartment ownership, as well as a number of perceptions related to environmental and social responsibilities. Around one-third of the Korean respondents and one-fifth of the Chinese respondents expressed negative WTP due to primary reasons such as lack of trust in the effectiveness of PM2.5 control measures (Korea) and limitation of budget (China). The mean estimated values of WTP with and without explanatory variables in Korea were merely slightly higher than those in China. The mean WTP without control variables in Korea was 11,882.97 KRW/month (10.61 USD/month) and the one in China was 65.09 CNY/month (9.48 USD/month). The mean WTP with explanatory variables for Daegu, Korea, was KRW 11,982.33 (USD 10.70) per person per month, and the one for Beijing, China, was CNY 64.84 (USD 9.40) per person per month. The annual total WTP for Daegu, Korea, was assessed around KRW 47572 million (USD 42.45 million), whereas the estimated total WTP for Beijing, China, was around CNY 3260.14 million (USD 474.94 million) per year. Based on the results and the findings, this study proposes to further strengthen the comprehensive cooperation between China and Korea in the field of air quality improvement, with a particular focus on PM2.5 control and abatement and cooperation in academic circles and among the general public.

scholarly journals Pollution Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Summertime Atmospheric Volatile Halogenated Hydrocarbons in a Typical Urban Area of Beijing, China

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1021
Author(s):  
Yuanyuan Ji ◽  
Linghong Xu ◽  
Hong Li ◽  
Chuhan Wang ◽  
Dongyao Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Mass Concentration ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Halogenated Hydrocarbons ◽  
Industrial Processes ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ozone Depleting Substances ◽  
Beijing China ◽  
Volatile Halogenated Hydrocarbons

Twenty-three atmospheric volatile halogenated hydrocarbons (VHHs) were detected in a typical urban area of Beijing, China from 24 August to 4 September, 2012. The mean and range in daily mass concentrations of the 23 VHHs were 30.53 and 13.45–76.33 µg/m3, respectively. Seven of those VHHs were controlled ozone-depleting substances in China, with a mean of 12.95 µg/m3, accounting for 42.43% of the total. Compared with other national and international cities, the concentrations of the selected 11 VHHs in this study were relatively higher. Dichloroethane had the highest mass concentration, followed by difluorochloromethane. Maxima of total VHHs occurred within the period 8:30–9:00 a.m., while minima occurred during 1:30–2:00 p.m. Source apportionment suggested that the main sources of VHHs in the study area were solvents usage and industrial processes, leakage of chlorofluorocarbons banks, refrigerants, and fumigant usage. Among the selected 7 VHHs, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, and 1,4-dichlorobenzene posed potential carcinogenic risks to exposed populations, while none of the selected 11 VHHs posed appreciable non-carcinogenic risks to exposed populations. The carcinogenic risks from atmospheric VHHs in Beijing are higher than in other Chinese cities, indicating that it is necessary to implement immediate control measures for atmospheric VHHs in Beijing.

scholarly journals Consumers' willingness to pay for ethical attributes

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 706-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Wei Mai
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Purchase Decision ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Level Of Consciousness ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The One ◽  
Additional Value

Purpose – In recent years, there has been a big increase in the use of ethical attributes as marketing appeals. The purpose of this paper is to examine consumers’ willingness to pay for three selected ethical attributes, namely “Organic”, “Recyclable Packaging” and “Fairtrade” in monetary terms. Design/methodology/approach – A modified choice-based experimental design with manipulation of the key constructs was used to estimate the mean value of how much consumers are willing to pay for the selected attributes attached to a box of premium chocolates. The results are based on the responses of a total of 208 consumers. Findings – Of the three attributes, “Recyclable Packaging” has the strongest influence on the purchase decision, although this attribute generates the least additional value. The aggregated result shows that although consumers are willing to pay more for the product with ethical attributes than the one that is without, still around a half of them are not willing to pay more. In terms of demographics, the results show no significant differences between the two genders or different age groups in their willingness to pay for ethical attributes. As might be expected, willingness to pay was correlated with the level of consciousness of the ethical attributes. Originality/value – The findings of this study help management to think practically about the value consumers willing to pay for the selected attributes. The results show a significant synergy in a combination of ethical attributes in products.

Existence of a sharp transition in the peak propulsive efficiency of a low- pitching foil

2016 ◽  
Vol 800 ◽  
pp. 307-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anil Das ◽  
Ratnesh K. Shukla ◽  
Raghuraman N. Govardhan
Keyword(s):  
Power Coefficient ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Thrust Coefficient ◽  
Propulsive Efficiency ◽  
Von Karman ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The One ◽  
Von Kármán

We perform a comprehensive characterization of the propulsive performance of a thrust generating pitching foil over a wide range of Reynolds ($10\leqslant Re\leqslant 2000$) and Strouhal ($St$) numbers using a high-resolution viscous vortex particle method. For a given $Re$, we show that the mean thrust coefficient $\overline{C_{T}}$ increases monotonically with $St$, exhibiting a sharp rise as the location of the inception of the wake asymmetry shifts towards the trailing edge. As a result, the propulsive efficiency too rises steeply before attaining a maximum and eventually declining at an asymptotic rate that is consistent with the inertial scalings of $St^{2}$ for $\overline{C_{T}}$ and $St^{3}$ for the mean power coefficient, with the latter scaling holding, quite remarkably, over the entire range of $Re$. We find the existence of a sharp increase in the peak propulsive efficiency ${\it\eta}_{max}$ (at a given $Re$) in the $Re$ range of 50 to approximately 1000, with ${\it\eta}_{max}$ increasing rapidly from about 1.7 % to the saturated asymptotic value of approximately $16\,\%$. The $St$ at which ${\it\eta}_{max}$ is attained decreases progressively with $Re$ towards an asymptotic limit of $0.45$ and always exceeds the one for transition from a reverse von Kármán to a deflected wake. Moreover, the drag-to-thrust transition occurs at a Strouhal number $St_{tr}$ that exceeds the one for von Kármán to reverse von Kármán transition. The $St_{tr}$ and the corresponding power coefficient $\overline{C_{p,}}_{tr}$ are found to be remarkably consistent with the simple scaling relationships $St_{tr}\sim Re^{-0.37}$ and $\overline{C_{p,}}_{tr}\sim Re^{-1.12}$ that are derived from a balance of the thrust generated from the pitching motion and the drag force arising out of viscous resistance to the foil motion. The fact that the peak propulsive efficiency degrades appreciably only below $Re\approx 10^{3}$ establishes a sharp lower threshold for energetically efficient thrust generation from a pitching foil. Our findings should be generalizable to other thrust-producing flapping foil configurations and should aid in establishing the link between wake patterns and energetic cost of thrust production in similar systems.

scholarly journals Acinetobacter spp in a Third World Country with Socio-economic and Immigrants Challenges

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 948-955
Author(s):  
Iman Dandachi ◽  
Eid Azar ◽  
Ramzi Hamouch ◽  
Peter Maliha ◽  
Samah Abdallah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Infection ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Acinetobacter Species ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Third World Country ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Potential Pathogen ◽  
Acinetobacter Spp ◽  
The One

Introduction: In the last decade, Acinetobacter species have taken a major public health concern. This is mainly due the increased resistance to a wide range of antibiotics causing treatment challenges. In view of the constant population mobilization and the economic crisis that Lebanon is currently facing, it becomes a necessity to re-evaluate the real threat of Acinetobacter spp and its implication in the one health. Methodology: This review was conducted through the analysis of 45 research papers and reports pertaining to Acinetobacter spp performed in Lebanon. More than 82% of the papers consulted were published in international journals and more than 70 percent of them had received impact factor. Results: An in depth description of the involvement of this organism in human infection and its role as potential pathogen or simple colonizer was performed. In addition, the different aspects of resistance, mostly to carbapenems and colistin was studied and summarized. While in animals and environment, susceptible strains were mostly isolated, OXA-23/OXA-24 were predominant in humans. Recently, NDM-1 producing Acinetobacter spp was detected in a Syrian refugee which then was reported in Lebanese patients. The bacterial identification procedures are non-systematic and not always reliable in the Lebanese studies presenting sometimes discrepancies an inconsistency. Conclusion: Acinetobacter is commonly isolated Lebanon. In view of the spread of resistance among these isolated and their dissemination, Infection control measures attempting to control the spread of this genus in and outside hospitals are lacking and thus require more attention and stewardship activities.

Foreign Natives: Psychoactivity, Policing, and the Elusive Corporeality of the Post-Soviet Rave

2021 ◽  
pp. 009145092110468
Author(s):  
Pavel Vasilyev ◽  
Viktoria Vinokurova
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Drug Research ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Drug Control ◽  
Resistance Strategies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The One ◽  
Material Studies

This article focuses on the rave subculture of St. Petersburg in the 1990s and demonstrates how new forms of psychoactive control and resistance emerged in the wake of the Soviet collapse. By staying sensitive to the material and corporeal aspects of these phenomena, it contributes to the socio-material studies of drug control and emphasizes that the physical body itself should be an important venue for drug research. In doing so, we build on existing literature that discusses bodies as information resources to detect drug use and identifies resistance strategies to increasingly technological drug control measures. We advance this discussion by suggesting that the psychoactive setting of rave in post-Soviet St. Petersburg gave rise to a highly particular yet notably elusive and difficult-to-define type of corporeality. On the one hand, this corporeality could be positively interpreted as a marker of resistance and belonging on the “inside.” At the same time, it could also be employed strategically by law enforcement officers to detect and prosecute drug-consuming individuals. Moreover, we propose to view this psychoactive “rave body” as deeply embedded in its spatio-temporal context—thus accounting for the influence of time and space on the materiality of drug control and resistance. In examining these dynamics, we draw on a wide range of sources, including memoirs, press materials, early Internet archives, publicly printed interviews, photographs, and video materials.

Assessment of the Value of Air Quality Improvement in Tehran

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (04) ◽  
pp. 1750018
Author(s):  
Mohamad Hadian ◽  
Mahya Razimoghadam ◽  
Ali Abutorabi
Keyword(s):  
Quality Improvement ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Contingent Valuation Method ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Valuation Method ◽  
Air Quality Improvement ◽  
The Mean

Air pollution in Tehran, the capital city of Iran, has led to poor air quality, with consequences for the health of residents. This study uses a contingent valuation method to estimate the willingness to pay of Tehran’s residents for air quality improvement. Open-ended and stochastic payment card approaches were used to determine the willingness to pay of the sample. The mean individual willingness to pay for a specified air quality improvement was approximately US $6.40 per month, and the variance of the willingness to pay was approximately U.S. $4, as estimated using the SPC approach. Open-ended questions revealed that the mean individual willingness to pay was approximately U.S. $4 per month. Significant positive effects of income, use of public transportation, marriage, job and health status on the mean willingness to pay were observed. Although most respondents believed that air quality improvement is the government’s responsibility, they are willing to bear the cost as a supplement to achieve better air quality.

scholarly journals Independent and Opposing Associations of Habitual Exercise and Chronic PM 2.5 Exposures on Hypertension Incidence

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (7) ◽  
pp. 645-656
Author(s):  
Cui Guo ◽  
Yiqian Zeng ◽  
Ly-yun Chang ◽  
Zengli Yu ◽  
Yacong Bo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Risk ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Spatiotemporal Model ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Joint Associations

Background: We investigated the joint associations of habitual physical activity (PA) and long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) with the development of hypertension in a longitudinal cohort in Taiwan. Methods: We selected 140 072 adults (≥18 years of age) without hypertension who joined a standard medical screening program with 360 905 medical examinations between 2001 and 2016. PM 2.5 exposure was estimated at each participant’s address using a satellite data-based spatiotemporal model with 1 km 2 resolution. Information on habitual PA and a wide range of covariates was collected using a standard self-administered questionnaire. We used the Cox regression model with time-dependent covariates to examine the joint associations. Results: The mean age of all observations was 41.7 years, and 48.8% were male. The mean value for systolic and diastolic blood pressure was 112.5 and 68.7mm Hg, respectively. Approximately 34.2% of all observations were inactive (0 metabolic equivalence values-hours), 29.8% had moderate-PA (median [interquartile range]; 3.75 [3.38 to 4.38] metabolic equivalence values-hours), and 36.0% had high-PA (15.7 [10.3 to 24.8] metabolic equivalence values-hours). The mean±SD of PM 2.5 was 26.1±7.3 μg/m 3 . The prevalence of cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and cancer was 2.1%, 2.9%, and 1.5%, respectively. After adjusting for a wide range of covariates (including a mutual adjustment for PA or PM 2.5 ), a higher PA level was associated with a lower risk of hypertension (hazard ratio [HR] for the moderate- and high-PA was 0.93 [95% CI, 0.89–0.97] and 0.92 [95% CI, 0.88–0.96], respectively, as compared with the inactive-PA), whereas a higher level of PM 2.5 was associated with a higher risk of hypertension (HR for the moderate- and high-PM 2.5 was 1.37 [95% CI, 1.32–1.43] and 1.92 [95% CI, 1.81–2.04], respectively, as compared with the low-PM 2.5 group]. No significant interaction was observed between PA and PM 2.5 (HR 1.01 [95% CI, 1.00–1.02]). Conclusions: A high-PA and low PM 2.5 exposure were associated with a lower risk of hypertension. The negative association between PA and hypertension remained stable in people exposed to various levels of PM 2.5 , and the positive association between PM 2.5 and hypertension was not modified by PA. Our results indicated that PA is a suitable hypertension prevention strategy for people residing in relatively polluted regions.

Redistribution of soil water after infiltration

Soil Research ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 59 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ Peck
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Surface Zone ◽  
Order Ordinary Differential Equation ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Homogeneous Soil ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The One ◽  
Different Soils

The one-dimensional vertical redistribution of water is studied following infiltration into deep homogeneous soil with an initially uniform moisture content. There is assumed to be no loss of water by evaporation or transpiration during the redistribution. Assuming two factors to be constants, a first-order ordinary differential equation is derived which can be integrated numerically to compute the mean moisture content in the surface zone of draining soil as a function of the redistribution time. The depth of the draining zone increases with time, and this can be calculated too. That these factors are relatively constant is indicated by analysis of data for several soils and wetting depths over a wide range of redistribution times. Using mean values of the factors for several soils, and only wetting values of the diffusivity and conductivity functions, predicted redistribution behaviour agrees well with experimental data in four of six soils. In the remaining cases calculation of the factors for the particular soils, using an approximate method which includes hysteresis data, gives better results. The model is applied to predict the redistribution behaviour of different soils under identical treatments, and of a single soil for various infiltration quantities and initial moisture contents.

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