scholarly journals Decelerations of Passenger Vehicles on Gravel Arrester Beds

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1761
Author(s):  
Miha Ambrož ◽  
Jovan Trajkovski ◽  
Robert Kunc
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
Road Vehicles ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Standard Size ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Safety Feature ◽  
The Road ◽  
Passenger Vehicles

Gravel-filled arrester beds, also called safety-escape ramps or vehicle run-out areas, have long been a road-safety feature for safely stopping heavy road vehicles from running off the road. In the recent past, there has been consideration given to installing these features on highway access ramps to provide safe areas to stop passenger cars driving at highway speeds. The work presented in this article was performed to investigate the behaviour of standard-size passenger cars on gravel-filled arrester beds, with a particular focus on the achievable vehicle decelerations and the ability of the arrester beds to safely stop a passenger car coasting in an uncontrolled manner. The findings show that the achievable average decelerations are in the range of 0.3 g for coasting vehicles and up to 0.9 g when the vehicles are braking. The results prove that more research is required to quantify the influence of the gravel parameters on the achievable decelerations.

scholarly journals The system of removing slush in passenger cars - a concept

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 217-220
Author(s):  
Michał Rubach ◽  
Konrad Waluś
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Road Safety ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Dew Point ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Dew Point Temperature ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Vehicle Movement ◽  
Temperature Surface

The appearance of slush on the road is determined by the intensity of precipitation, ambient temperature, surface and dew point temperature, atmospheric pressure and road traffic. The condition of slush (mixture of snow, ice, sand and chemicals such as salt) significantly affects the scope of road safety and the acceleration achieved in the driving processes. The agglomeration of slush in the space between the wheel and the wheel arches increases the resistance of the vehicle movement and increases the load on the suspension system and the steering. Excess snow and ice increases the risk of damage to these systems and may affect the steering and stability of the vehicle. The process of "deposition" of slush is particularly noticeable in environmental conditions with high humidity, and ambient and surface temperatures are below zero degrees Celsius. The article presents the idea of a system for removing slush from wheelhouse liners.

scholarly journals Influence of the Load Distribution And Sizes on the Wheel Geometry in Passenger Cars

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. B1-B12
Author(s):  
Jarosław Gonera ◽  
Jerzy Napiórkowski ◽  
Kamil Ciborowski
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Load Distribution ◽  
Rear Axle ◽  
Front Axle ◽  
Suspension System ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Load Size ◽  
System Designs

This paper discusses impact of changes in the load size and distribution in passenger cars on geometry of the suspension and steering systems. It was found to have a major impact on the road safety. The research was carried out with the four most popular suspension system designs used in modern passenger cars, i.e. multi-link suspension on both front and rear axles, only on the front axle, only on the rear axle and a simple suspension design for both front and rear axles. Eight load variants were used for the tests. Changes in the following wheel geometry parameters were identified: toe-in and camber angles of all the wheels and castors for the front wheels. The numerical relationships were determined between the load distribution and sizes and changes in suspension and steering systems in passenger cars. It was found that cars with multi-link suspension in both front and rear axles adapt best to changes in weight and load distribution.

scholarly journals Flammability tests of materials used inside automotive vehicles

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 74-78
Author(s):  
Piotr Kaczmarzyk ◽  
Piotr Lesiak ◽  
Łukasz Warguła ◽  
Konrad Waluś
Keyword(s):  
Flame Propagation ◽  
Road Vehicles ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Materials Used

This publication presents the flame propagation rates of tested materials according to PN-ISO 3795 requirements. Road vehicles and tractors, agricultural and forestry machinery - Determination of combustibility of materials used inside vehicles for upholstery taken from 15 different passenger car models and assessment of the possibility of using an alternative verification procedure flammability of products used in passenger cars.

PASSENGER CARS TESTED AT THE MOTOR TRANSPORT INSTITUTE IN THE 1950s OF THE 20th CENTURY – THE PROTOTYPE OF THE FSO SYRENA

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-77
Author(s):  
Bartosz Zakrzewski
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Series Production ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Motor Transport ◽  
The Road ◽  
The 1950S

The article presents and characterizes the results of road tests conducted in the Institute of Road Transport (ITS) in Warsaw, the prototype of the passenger car FSO Syrena in 1955. The final report of the research carried out at MTI, stored in the archives, was thoroughly analyzed and the conclusions were presented in this article. The road tests carried out at MTI in 1955 served the FSO engineers in designing the series-production version of the Syrena car, whose production started in 1957. The FSO Syrena, almost 30 years ago, was the first popular car for hundreds of thousands of Polish families, and today it is a legendary vehicle, which is associated with the motoring of the Polish People's Republic.

Ride Comfort Optimisation of Passenger Car Passive Suspension Systems Using ADAMS/ Insight

2013 ◽  
Vol 395-396 ◽  
pp. 1142-1145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ai Hua Tang
Keyword(s):  
Multibody Dynamics ◽  
Ride Comfort ◽  
Optimal Designs ◽  
Test Rig ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Passive Suspension ◽  
The Road ◽  
Suspension Systems ◽  
Iso 2631

The arising health problems of ride comfort of passenger cars point out that a lot of effort still has to be put into the design of passive suspension systems.The comfort problem originates from the vibrations transmitted to the driver and passengers caused by the unevenness of the road. This paper reports on an investigation to determine the spring and damper settings that will ensure optimal ride comfort of a passenger car at different speeds. D-optimal designs are developed via multibody dynamics software (ADAMS/Insight) with a model. Evaluation of the comfort improvement was done using an objective function according to the international organisation for standardisation (ISO)2631(1997). The optimised passive suspensions equipped in a passenger car were tested on a test rig in ADAMS/Car. The results show that the vibration levels can be reduced by 47%, generating a drastic comfort improvement.

scholarly journals Passenger car equivalents for urban roads using average time headway of car following conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 168781401989751
Author(s):  
Hongwei Li ◽  
Yunyue Zhou ◽  
Sulan Li ◽  
Hongwei Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Flow ◽  
Service Level ◽  
Road Segment ◽  
Heavy Vehicles ◽  
Road Vehicles ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Car Following ◽  
Time Headway ◽  
The Road ◽  
Total Average

Passenger car equivalents are used to calculate capacity and evaluate service level of urban roads. This article uses the average time headway of different car following conditions to replace the total average time headway of road vehicles, and the proportion of large vehicles to improve the headway method. This article analyzes the influence of several factors such as the proportion of large vehicles, road attributes, and traffic flow on passenger car equivalents, and obtains the following conclusions: (1) the behavior of vehicles crossing the opposite lanes has an important influence on the passenger car equivalents of the road; (2) passenger car equivalents of vertical sections at the center of central isolation belt are different from those at the start of the road; (3) the road attributes affect the passenger car equivalents; and (4) the passenger car equivalents of heavy vehicles on roads that allow two-way crossover are less than the specific value, however, the passenger car equivalents of heavy vehicles in the road segment without two-way crossing-line are greater than the specific value.

Improvement Design for Rollover Accidents Involving Large Passenger Vehicles

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyun Zhang ◽  
Xiaoping Du ◽  
Rui Wang
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Uniform Design ◽  
Optimal Size ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Side Window ◽  
Design Improvement ◽  
The Road ◽  
Passenger Vehicles ◽  
On The Road

Public transportation provides a crucial solution to economic, energy, and environmental challenges. Large passenger vehicles in public transportation, however, often cause more serious accidents than passenger cars. It is therefore critical to improve both the designs of large passenger vehicles and road safety facilities. This work develops a design methodology to minimize the accident damage of large passenger vehicle rollover against guardrails. The design improvement is based on the finite element analysis (FEA) that reconstructs the common accident — bus rollover against guardrail on the road side. For the vehicle design, the FEA simulation reveals that strengthening side window pillars is effective, and the side window pillars are therefore improved by selecting proper parameters of material and thickness. The study also shows that the design of guardrail could be improved with an optimal size through uniform design (a methodology of Design of Experiments). The research results not only benefit the design improvement of large passenger vehicles and guardrails, but also provide useful information to the policy makers of safety regulations.

Stiffness of passenger cars: a class analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Francesco Saverio Capaldo
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Degree Of Approximation ◽  
Related Phenomenon ◽  
Road Accidents ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
The Road ◽  
Stiffness Coefficients ◽  
Phases Of Development ◽  
The Impact

The increase in traffic flows on the roads causes an increase in road accidents. The study of the road safety deals on how to reduce the related phenomenon to non-pathological levels; to be able to operate correctly, much different information are needed. For some different levels of investigation of the phenomenon, only the incidental statistics may be necessary. To plan the interventions it needs information on the single incidents that occur in some areas. Each incident has some evolution characteristics that are repeated in a non-random manner, and these recurrences must be highlighted and studied to obtain effective countermeasures. The study methodologies of the road accidents maybe not only on their typology and imply the possibility of reconstruction, even if approximate, of the incident and its temporal phases of development. In some cases, it may also be necessary to evaluate the impact speed between vehicles. Some incident reconstruction techniques allow obtaining reliable speed values before the impact starting from the evidence left on the roadway. If these are not present, it is possible to use methodologies that provide speed values starting from the deformations of the vehicles as a relationship to the structural stiffness coefficients. Some databases are available: these concerning the coefficients obtained for a number of passenger cars and others concerning sister cars: these are used with a reasonable degree of approximation in forensic engineering works. A road safety engineer may not need values with a high degree of approximation but may wish to proceed more quickly with some stiffness coefficients that are not exactly those of a single model of car but only for those of car that has similar characteristics, not equal, with the full advantage of the speed of accident reconstruction. In research work, different stiffness coefficients for passenger cars were analysed and grouped for displacement classes, length and pitch.

A Dynamometer on Which the Dynamic Behaviour of a Passenger Car can be Simulated

1972 ◽  
Vol 186 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Odier
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Dynamic Behaviour ◽  
Great Contribution ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Moving Vehicle ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road

The development of a new stationary dynamometer is described, in which a passenger car is subjected to a system of forces and couples similar to that which it would experience on the roads. Speeds up to 200 km/h can be simulated. Tests on the dynamometer can be carried out in complete safety, and measurements made with an accuracy that would not be possible in tests on the road; indeed, measurements can be made on the rig which would be very difficult to make on a moving vehicle. Some of the possible applications of the dynamometer are discussed; it could, for example, be used for the study of braking, traction, steering, road holding, tyre behaviour, and deflection of headlight beams. Some of the work that has already been done is described. It is considered that dynamometers of this nature can make a great contribution to road safety.

scholarly journals Comparative assessment of braking properties of operated passenger cars, according to brake wear

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-84
Author(s):  
Alexander Nazarov ◽  
◽  
Ivan Nazarov ◽  
Yevhen Shpinda ◽  
Sergiy Shablenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Assessment ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Adhesion Properties ◽  
The Road ◽  
Braking System ◽  
Brake Force ◽  
Output Characteristics ◽  
Braking Process

The article proposes a method for assessing the change in the braking properties of passenger cars during operation following a change in the main characteristic of the brake system - the coefficient of distribution of braking forces between the axles of vehicles, both equipped and not equipped with tracking systems for the braking process by installing brake force regulators in the brake circuits, working according to different laws of changing the drive pressure. The aim of the work is a comparative assessment of the braking efficiency of passenger cars using the example of Lanos cars, the braking systems of which are equipped with various devices for changing the coefficient of distribution of braking forces between the axles, under changing operating conditions. It is known that braking efficiency is an indicator characterizing the braking properties and the ability of a car to maintain a given law of motion during braking, which is determined both by the nature of the adhesion properties of the wheels to the road and the capabilities of the braking system itself to implement these properties. Since the operating conditions of passenger cars significantly affect the braking properties, in order to ensure the required braking efficiency, it is necessary to take into account the change in the primary distribution coefficient of the braking forces generated by the braking mechanisms and the change in their implementation during the operation period. In order to assess the change in the braking properties in the general case of the operation of a passenger car, the dependence of the actual coefficient of distribution of braking forces between the axles on the braking coefficient was proposed. Moreover, the value of the coefficient of distribution of braking forces between the axles depends both on the type of laws of regulation of braking forces and on the residual values of the parameters of braking systems that determine these laws. These dependences on the parameters of the braking systems and the parameters of the passenger car in operation are a function of the goal for determining the residual output characteristics of its braking system.

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