scholarly journals From Progressive Property to Progressive Cities: Can Socially Sustainable Interpretations of Property Contribute toward Just and Inclusive City-Planning? Global Lessons

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 4472
Author(s):  
Nir Mualam ◽  
Debora Sotto
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
City Planning ◽  
Legal Theory ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Perspective ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
The Right ◽  
The City ◽  
Do So

This paper explores if and how the idea of progressive property can help to shape more inclusive, sustainable, and just cities around the globe. While quite nuanced, at its heart the progressive perspective on property considers property as a means of addressing important human needs. It is consistent with reciprocal and communitarian approaches to property rights. Nowhere are these insights more relevant or needed than in cities—dense urban areas where legacies of exclusion have deprived disadvantaged groups of housing and public services. In cities and neighboring suburbs, the right to exclude collides head-on with the need to share limited space with those of little means. By re-examining the work of progressive property scholars, we suggest concrete ways of reconceptualizing access to the city. This paper ties legal theory to housing and city-planning by proposing an international perspective to progressive property scholarship, with a focus on local government policies pertaining to housing. We do so by comparatively examining case studies from the United States (US), Spain, Brazil, and Israel—four countries that are actively experimenting with progressive definitions of property in a manner which affects urban planning and housing in cities.

scholarly journals The importance of changing urban scenery in the assessment of citizens’ soundscape perception. On the need for different time-related points of view

Noise Mapping ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 138-161
Author(s):  
Jerónimo Vida Manzano ◽  
José Antonio Almagro Pastor ◽  
Rafael García Quesada
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Noise Exposure ◽  
Noise Control ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Heavy Traffic ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Complementary Method ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
The Right ◽  
The City

Abstract The city of Granada is experimenting a big urban transformation, attending national and international commitments on clean air, energy efficiency and savings linked to greenhouse gases reduction strategies and sustainable development action plans. This situation constitutes a good scenario for new noise control approaches that take into account the sound variable and citizens empowering in urban design, such as the soundscape assessment of urban territory. In this way, soundscape tools have been used in Granada as a complementary method for environmental noise characterisation where traditional noise control techniques are difficult to be carried out or give limited results. After 2016 strategic noise map and in the preparation of the new noise action plan, the city came across a great acoustic challenge in a new area located outskirts characterised by growing urbanisation, still under development, the greatest legal protection because of sensitive teaching and hospital buildings and the greatest noise exposure from nearby ring-way supporting heavy traffic flow. As quiet urban areas are not characterised by the absence of noise but for the presence of the right noise, this research intended to provide the local administration with results and proposals to transform this conflict area in a pleasant or quiet urban place. Main results came from important and significative differences in morning and evening characterisation, as great differences appear in soundscape assessment over the day and along the soundwalk path, indicating the importance of time and local issues to adequately characterised citizens perception to be considered by administration in the development of strategies and effective noise control actions.

Agriculture in urban and peri-urban areas in the United States: Highlights from the Census of Agriculture

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Rogus ◽  
Carolyn Dimitri
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
The United States ◽  
Land Values ◽  
Local Policy ◽  
Urban Core ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Vegetable Farm ◽  
The City

AbstractUrban agriculture, a current trend in many US cities, is purported to bring enhanced food security, reduction of food waste, community building, open green space in cities and higher property values. However, the literature lacks an understanding of whether urban farming has extended beyond a compelling concept into the practice of farming in the city and peri-urban areas. The exact definition of an urban farm is challenging, since many urban farms have a primary mission of supporting social goals rather than providing food. Use of the USDA definition of farm omits many self-identified urban farms, but the most consistent measure of agriculture is the Census of Agriculture. Using census data, this paper finds that urban farms are smaller than the typical farm, and while the amount of urban and peri-urban farmland declined between 2002 and 2007, the total number of farms increased. Growth in farmland is positively related to land values, suggesting that increases in urban farmland are more likely to take place in population dense, land scarce areas. Spatial analysis of urban and peri-urban farms in the Northeast finds fewer clusters of farms in areas with high land costs. In the most populous Northeastern cities, the farms are more likely to be located in the peri-urban area than in the urban core. Urban farms in the Northeast were more likely to produce vegetables, eggs and goats. Significant levels of vegetable farm clusters were detected surrounding Providence, Boston and Hartford Metropolitan Statistical Areas, which are regions that had no significant level of clustering of total farms. Future analysis, incorporating data from the 2012 census, should provide insight into whether local policy changes have resulted in growth in urban farms and farmland.

Of Slaving Blacks and Democratic Whites

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Myers Asch ◽  
George Derek Musgrove
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Construction Projects ◽  
The United States ◽  
Basic Unit ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Southern City ◽  
The Right ◽  
Public Construction ◽  
The City ◽  
Fully Functioning

This chapter describes the founding of Washington, D.C., as the capital of the United States. The area that became Washington was a fully functioning slave society, and the city that grew atop those fields incorporated slavery into every aspect of life. From its inception Washington embodied the contradiction endemic to America itself, the paradoxical juxtaposition of freedom and slavery that bedeviled the nation and ultimately led to the Civil War. Enslaved people worked on public construction projects, they were bought and sold within sight of the Capitol, they drove the hacks that crisscrossed the city, and they waited on the men who ran the nation. Early Washington was a Southern city that was immersed in slavery and benefited immensely from it. Another contradiction embedded into the fabric of the city was that its citizens lacked democracy’s basic unit of currency: the right to vote. The city became a political colony, a district whose fate rested not with the local people who called it home but with the national political leaders who resided there temporarily.

Understanding How Behavior Plays a Role in Purchasing Dog Food in Bombay

2019 ◽  
pp. 98-117
Author(s):  
Niaga Rajesh ◽  
Paavni Varma
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Purchase Behavior ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Dog Food ◽  
The Right ◽  
The City ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Mumbai City ◽  
Food Consumed

It has been noticed that there has been an increase in the number of families adopting dogs as pets in the urban areas on India. Dogs among all other pets are considered the most loyal and unconditionally loving animals. However, maintaining a dog is not as simple as it may seem. One of the most important factors that contribute to the wellbeing of a dog is the nutritious food consumed by the dog. This research paper aims to understand the behavior that influences the purchase of dog food in Mumbai city. The goal is to comprehend the preferences and the buying pattern of dog food consumed in Mumbai. To undertake this research, 15 in-depth interviews were conducted, of people who own dogs; belong to the middle and upper-class families in the city of Mumbai. Dog owners indulge in a lot of reading and research to make sure that they give the right form of nutrition to their dogs. This research threw light on the purchase behavior of dog food consumed in Mumbai.

Cities in the Early American Republic

Urban Studies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kristen Foster
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Social History ◽  
American Revolution ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Early Republic ◽  
City Planning ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
The United States ◽  
Historical Inquiry ◽  
Urban Centers

Cities in America’s early republic developed on the edge of two worlds. The majority of these urban areas had been born in colonies that belonged to European powers, including England, France, Spain, and the Netherlands. In this colonial world, cities hugged the Atlantic coast and served the interests of Europe’s mercantile empires. After the American Revolution, however, urban areas developed in line with the interests of the United States, expanding geographically, economically, politically, socially, and culturally. The cities of the early republic were central to the first debates about the fate of the fast-changing republic. On 23 September 1800, on the verge of wresting power from the first generation of Federalist politicians, the Republican Thomas Jefferson wrote to his old friend Dr. Benjamin Rush that he viewed “great cities as pestilential to the morals, the health and the liberties of man.” Jefferson, ever the champion of the independent farmer, argued that cities “nourish some of the elegant arts; but the useful ones can thrive elsewhere, and less perfection in the others with more health virtue & freedom would be my choice.” As president, Jefferson tried to expand his agrarian empire of liberty by purchasing the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803, but he could not stay the growth of cities. After the War of 1812, Americans moved westward in unprecedented numbers and used trading hubs and cities to center and connect their own economic growth. The story of cities in America’s early republic thus unfolds in two parts: the first follows the American Revolution and is anchored by its participants’ belief that republican theories and individual virtue would tie the populace together; the second part is paced by the energy unleashed in the 19th century as liberalism and the boundless possibilities of market capitalism sent Americans across a continent, building, dispossessing, and re-envisioning what it meant to be American. This population remained predominantly rural over the course of the early republic, but the nation’s urban centers often anchored and drove change. While early histories focused more intently on urban development and city planning, recent studies have expanded into an eclectic mix of social history topics, including class development, political culture, immigration, religious development, urban slavery, gender relations, and sexuality. In the end, however, studies dedicated to specific cities have remained at the center of historical inquiry about urban development and life in America’s early republic. One yet unexplored avenue for study that might shift conceptualizations of urban spaces would be to examine dense indigenous population centers in the early republic. Looking at Tippecanoe or the southwestern pueblos, for instance, might alter the heavy association of the word urban with European cultures alone and open new conceptualizations of indigenous America and Euro-America.

scholarly journals La actuación sobre el medio urbano de regeneración y renovación integrada. El nuevo paradigma de la gestión urbanística en suelo urbanizado = The integrated regeneration and renovation in the urban intervention. The new paradigm of city planning management

2020 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Alvaro Cerezo Ibarrondo
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
City Planning ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Urban Intervention ◽  
Urban Preservation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
Right Of Property ◽  
The City

ResumenLa actuación sobre el medio urbano de regeneración y renovación integrada (aMU-RRi) configura el nuevo paradigma de la intervención urbana, la preservación urbana con carácter conjunto e integrado. Para ello redefine la viabilidad económica, afecta el deber de conservación del derecho de propiedad a la actuación y articula un modelo de equidistribución de reparto de costes que supera las pautas del urbanismo que hemos conocido.El presente artículo constituye un breve recorrido histórico por los instrumentos y técnicas que ha dispuesto el urbanismo español para la preservación urbana: desde inviable e insostenible modelo clásico del urbanismo, pasando por el modelo de la sostenibilidad que incorporó la sostenibilidad plena y el régimen estatutario del derecho de propiedad, pero que estableció un régimen general de intervención sobre el suelo urbanizado inviable y dejó un hueco falto de regulación para la preservación de la ciudad; para alcanzar la definición de la aMU-RRi con la legislación del modelo por la ciudad y sus adaptaciones autonómicas de medio urbano y que ayudará a la formación del nuevo paradigma urbanístico, basado en la función social del derecho de propiedad que nos hemos dado para la preservación urbana conjunta e integrada de eso que llamamos, la ciudad.AbstractThe integrated urban regeneration and renewal intervention (aMU-RRi) configures the new paradigm of urban intervention, with its joint and integrated character for urban preservation. To this end, it redefines the economic viability, affects the duty of preservation of the right of property and articulates a model of equistribution of distribution of costs that surpasses the urban planning guidelines that we have known.This paper constitutes a brief historical journey through the instruments and techniques that Spanish urban planning has provided for urban preservation: from an unviable and unsustainable classic urban planning model, through the sustainability model that it incorporated full sustainability and the statutory property rights regime, but that established an unviable general intervention regime in the existing city areas and also left a gap due to the lack of regulation for the preservation of the city; and finally up to the definition of the aMU-RRi with city preserving legislation and its regional adaptations and that will help the formation of the new urban paradigm, based on the social function of property rights that we have been given for the joint and integrated urban preservation of what we call, the city.

scholarly journals Archaeology, the Caddo Indian Tribe, and the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary C. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Congress ◽  
Trading Posts ◽  
Indian Tribe ◽  
History Of ◽  
Southern Branch ◽  
Foreign Governments ◽  
The Right ◽  
Do So

Caddo leadership has a long history of working cooperatively with foreign governments. In the seventeenth century, they cooperated with Spanish officials and missionaries who wanted to establish themselves among the southern branch of Caddo tribes--the Hasinai in Northeast Texas. In the eighteenth century, they cooperated with the French who wanted to establish trading posts on the Red River among the Natchitoches and Kadohadacho. In the nineteenth century they cooperated with Americans to establish peaceful relationships with unfriendly tribe. For Caddos, the result of these cooperative efforts was disillusion, decimation, displacement, and finally dispossession. Now, with new hope in the twentieth century, Caddo leaders have again pledged cooperation. This time with agencies, institutions, and individuals affected by an act of the United States Congress: the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA). They do so with a desire to reach mutually satisfactory agreements for the return of some part of what was lost in previous time: respect for their dead and recognition that only living descendants have the right to possess cultural items that belonged to Caddo ancestors.

scholarly journals The logic of the slave patrol: the fantasy of black predatory violence and the use of force by the police

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Ralph
Keyword(s):  
Police Officer ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
The United States ◽  
City Government ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Murder Trial ◽  
The Right ◽  
Predatory Violence ◽  
The City

Abstract The background context for this study is the relationship between the right to bear arms and the role of policing in the United States. The fact that the second amendment guarantees the right to bear arms and the correlative right to form “a well-regulated militia” have long been central to the scholarly understanding of the role of guns in American society. Yet few social scientific studies have taken the friction between militias and the burgeoning police departments of the 1800s as a point of departure for present-day debates about the police’s use of force. For the early part of US history, many citizens feared that the police would attempt to supplant militias. In some southern cities, like New Orleans, residents argued that if the city government was going to let the police patrol the city, they should do so without guns. It was the threat of slave uprisings that ended the conflict between militias and the police. A major implication of this study is that rooting the contemporary understanding of police violence in early debates about the police’s use of force can help social scientists better understand how policing is understood and experienced today. Indeed, the African Americans interviewed for this study view the gun in the hands of a police officer as a technology that is rooted in the slave patrol. This is because it is the descendants of enslaved people who are disproportionately subject to police shootings. The article demonstrates this point by exploring a 2014 police shooting. The shooting of Laquan McDonald garnered national attention when, on October 20, 2014, Chicago police Officer, Jason Van Dyke, shot the 17-year-old Black teenager 16 times. The methods employed in this study include: archival data on the early use of force debate, discourse analysis of court testimony from Van Dyke’s 2018 first degree murder trial, and semi-structured interviews with Chicago residents who discuss this case. Ultimately, this study finds that in the McDonald shooting, the gun helps to reproduce the fantasy of Black predatory violence that is rooted in slavery.

Law and War in the Virtual Era

2009 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack M. Beard
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Military Technology ◽  
Legal Principles ◽  
Legal Constraints ◽  
Effects Of War ◽  
The City

Since the first attempts by states to use law to regulate armed conflict, legal constraints have often failed to protect civilians from the adverse effects of war. Advances in military technology have usually not improved this situation and have instead made law even more distant and less relevant to the suffering of civilians in wartime. The massive, indiscriminate incendiary bombing campaigns against major urban areas in World War II spoke volumes about the irrelevance of fundamental legal principles and rules designed to protect civilian populations in wartime. Law and lawyers were in fact far removed, physically and operationally, from the cockpits of the United States bombers flying over Tokyo, whose aircrews were focused on surviving their missions. They struggled with limited information about their assigned targets and conducted their operations with rudimentary preflight instructions that directed them, for example, to avoid destroying the palace of the Japanese emperor but left them free to submerge entire residential areas of the city in a sea of flames.

Morfologi Kota Bandung Pada Abad XX: Perspektif Historis

Metahumaniora ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 335
Author(s):  
Miftahul Falah
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Open Space ◽  
City Planning ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Morphological Aspects ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
City Gates ◽  
The City ◽  
Planning Problems

AbstrakKota Bandung merupakan salah satu kota penting sejak masa penjajahan Belanda. Berawal dari sebuah kampung, Bandung kemudian berkembang seiring dengan kedudukannya sebagai pusat pemerintahan. Penelitian terhadap perkembangan Bandung sudah banyak dilakukan. Namun, aspek morfologis dari pertumbuhan Kota Bandung belum dikaji secara mendalam. Bagaimana pertumbuhan Kota Bandung pada Abad XX ditinjau dari aspek morfologi kota yang mencakup masalah kependudukan dan luas wilayah, areal terbangun, dan simbol kota? Untuk menjawab pertanyaan itu, dilakukan penelitian historis dengan menerapkan metode sejarah yang meliputi empat tahap, yakni heuristik, kritik, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertama, secara morfologis terdapat hubungan yang erat antara pertambahan penduduk dan perluasan wilayah kota; kedua, seiring dengan pertumbuhan penduduk dan perluasan wilayah, areal terbangun menjadi semakin meluas; ketiga, simbol-simbol kota yang mencakup tugu atau monumen, nama jalan, gerbang kota, dan bangunan menunjukkan ciri/karakter Kota Bandung sesuai dengan jiwa zaman (zeitgeist)-nya.Kata kunci: kota Bandung, penduduk, areal terbangun, ruang terbuka, simbol kotaAbstractBandung is one of the important cities since the Dutch colonial period. Starting from a village, Bandung then developed along with its position as a center of government. Research on the development of Bandung city has been done, but the morphological aspects of the growth of Bandung city have not been studied in depth yet. How is the growth of Bandung city in 20th century in terms of morphological aspects of the city that includes demographic land area, city planning problems, built up area, and the symbol of the city? The method used in this reasearch is historical method that deals with four steps, namely heuristic, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The results show that, first, morphologically there is a close relationship between population growth and the expansion of urban areas; second, along with population growth and the expansion of urban areas, the built up area becomes even more widespread; third, urban symbolism that includes pillar or monument, street name, city gates, and buildings show traits or characters of Bandung in accordance with zeitgeist.Keywords: city of Bandung, demography, built up Area, open space, urban symbolism

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