scholarly journals Least Cost Analysis for Biocorrosion Mitigation Strategies in Concrete Sewers

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 4578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgios Fytianos ◽  
Emmanouil Tziolas ◽  
Efthimios Papastergiadis ◽  
Petros Samaras
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Asset Management ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Concrete Pipes ◽  
Pressure Water ◽  
Mitigation Methods ◽  
Microbiologically Induced Corrosion ◽  
Changing Role

The changing role of the municipal water and wastewater authorities, together with the need for a sustainable maintenance treatment in the sewer systems, have been the catalysts for the integration of technical and financial information into asset management systems. This paper presents results from a cost-comparative analysis focusing on an annuities calculation for the evaluation of microbiologically induced corrosion (MIC) or biocorrosion mitigation methodologies used in the maintenance of concrete sewers. The replacement cost of deteriorated sewer concrete pipes is high, and MIC mitigation methods can be used to increase the current service life of concrete pipes. From the MIC mitigation methods that are frequently used, the authors examined those of flushing with high-pressure water (i.e., a common method used in Greece), and spraying with magnesium hydroxide slurry (MHS). The authors chose four different cities for the assessment, which presented different sewer characteristics and socioeconomic backgrounds. In addition, all methods for concrete sewer MIC mitigation were compared to the present value of replacement of sewer concrete pipes with new PVC ones. Results showed that flushing with high-pressure water is very cost demanding and should be avoided, while spraying with MHS could be a sustainable and economic solution in the long term.

The changing role of eosinophils in long-term hyperreactivity following a single ozone exposure

2005 ◽  
Vol 289 (4) ◽  
pp. L627-L635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bethany L. Yost ◽  
Gerald J. Gleich ◽  
David B. Jacoby ◽  
Allison D. Fryer
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Vagal Stimulation ◽  
Airway Hyperreactivity ◽  
Ozone Exposure ◽  
Single Exposure ◽  
Eosinophil Major Basic Protein ◽  
Changing Role ◽  
Eosinophil Accumulation

Ozone hyperreactivity over 24 h is mediated by blockade of inhibitory M2 muscarinic autoreceptors by eosinophil major basic protein. Because eosinophil populations in the lungs fluctuate following ozone, the contribution of eosinophils to M2 dysfunction and airway hyperreactivity was measured over several days. After one exposure to ozone, M2 function, vagal reactivity, smooth muscle responsiveness, and inflammation were measured in anesthetized guinea pigs. Ozone-induced hyperreactivity to vagal stimulation persisted over 3 days. Although hyperreactivity one day after ozone is mediated by eosinophils, AbVLA-4 did not inhibit either eosinophil accumulation in the lungs or around the nerves or prevent hyperreactivity at this time point. Two days after ozone, eosinophils in BAL, around airway nerves and in lungs, were decreased, and neuronal M2 receptor function was normal, although animals were still hyperreactive to vagal stimulation. Depleting eosinophils with AbIL-5 prevented hyperreactivity, thus eosinophils contribute to vagal hyperreactivity by mechanisms separate from M2 receptor blockade. Three days after ozone, vagal hyperreactivity persisted, eosinophils were again elevated in BAL in lungs and around nerves, and M2 receptors were again dysfunctional. At this point, airway smooth muscle was also hyperresponsive to methacholine. Eosinophil depletion with AbIL-5, AbVLA-4, or cyclophosphamide protected M2 function 3 days after ozone and prevented smooth muscle hyperreactivity. However, vagal hyperreactivity was significantly potentiated by eosinophil depletion. The site of hyperreactivity, muscle or nerve, changes over 3 days after a single exposure to ozone. Additionally, the role of eosinophils is complex; they mediate hyperreactivity acutely while chronically may be involved in repair.

scholarly journals A continued role of short-lived climate forcers under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 977-993
Author(s):  
Marianne T. Lund ◽  
Borgar Aamaas ◽  
Camilla W. Stjern ◽  
Zbigniew Klimont ◽  
Terje K. Berntsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Impact ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Agriculture Waste ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Near Term ◽  
Temperature Responses

Abstract. Mitigation of non-CO2 emissions plays a key role in meeting the Paris Agreement ambitions and sustainable development goals. Implementation of respective policies addressing these targets mainly occur at sectoral and regional levels, and designing efficient mitigation strategies therefore relies on detailed knowledge about the mix of emissions from individual sources and their subsequent climate impact. Here we present a comprehensive dataset of near- and long-term global temperature responses to emissions of CO2 and individual short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs) from 7 sectors and 13 regions – for both present-day emissions and their continued evolution as projected under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). We demonstrate the key role of CO2 in driving both near- and long-term warming and highlight the importance of mitigating methane emissions from agriculture, waste management, and energy production as the primary strategy to further limit near-term warming. Due to high current emissions of cooling SLCFs, policies targeting end-of-pipe energy sector emissions may result in net added warming unless accompanied by simultaneous methane and/or CO2 reductions. We find that SLCFs are projected to play a continued role in many regions, particularly those including low- to medium-income countries, under most of the SSPs considered here. East Asia, North America, and Europe will remain the largest contributors to total net warming until 2100, regardless of scenario, while South Asia and Africa south of the Sahara overtake Europe by the end of the century in SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5. Our dataset is made available in an accessible format, aimed also at decision makers, to support further assessment of the implications of policy implementation at the sectoral and regional scales.

The Role of Composite Repair Technology in Rehabilitating Piping and Pipelines

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Composite Materials ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Composite Repair ◽  
Repair Technology

Composite materials have been used to repair high pressure pipelines and piping for the better part of 20 years. The initial aim of composite repair technology was focused on reinforcing corrosion. However, composite materials are now used to reinforce a wide array of anomalies and features including dents, mechanical damage, vintage girth and seam welds, wrinkle bends, elbows, tees, branch connections, and even cracks. In this paper the author provides an industry overview including results and insights from multiple research programs sponsored by composite repair manufacturers, pipeline operators, and the Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. Discussions will also be included regarding the important role that the ASME PCC-2 and ISO 24817 composite repair standards have in ensuring that quality control measures are in place. The ongoing focus of these efforts has been to demonstrate to industry the capabilities that composite repair systems have to provide long-term solutions for reinforcing damaged equipment.

Review Lecture - Ore-deposition through geological time

1978 ◽  
Vol 362 (1710) ◽  
pp. 305-328 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Deposits ◽  
Banded Iron Formations ◽  
Geological Time ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Changing Role ◽  
Iron Formations ◽  
Ore Deposition

Economic mineral deposits represent abnormal concentrations of metals which must be regarded as records of unusual geological events. The recognition of any long-term changes in styles of mineralization must depend on the identification of anomalies within the geological régimes characteristic of successive stages of the Earth’s history. This question will be discussed in relation to recent developments in the Earth sciences. The recognition of structural and chemical inhomogeneities in the lithospheric mantle suggests that mapping of mantle age-provinces may become possible; such studies bear on the significance of certain metallogenic provinces. Coordinated geochemical, structural and palaeomagnetic studies which are throwing light on the evolution of early tectonic systems should help to illuminate the significance of changes in style of mineralization at the Archaean/Proterozoic boundary, as well as the distribution of some types of Proterozoic deposits. Geochemical evidence concerning the changing rôle of organic processes in sedimentation and diagenesis has a bearing on the origin of sedimentary ores, especially over the controversial period characterized by accumulation of banded iron-formations.

scholarly journals Long-term retrospective trends in the EU foreign trade development with the UK, USA and China

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-43
Author(s):  
L. L. Razumnova
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Trade Turnover ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Foreign Trade Turnover ◽  
Quantitative Indicators ◽  
Changing Role

Based on the latest data, the article examines the quantitative indicators of foreign trade in goods of the European Union (EU27) over the past 15 years with states that are not part of this economic grouping. Trends in the structure and dynamics of foreign trade turnover are revealed, including those determined by changing role of Great Britain and the United States in connection with Britain's secession from the Union (Brexit) in January 2020. In particular, there is a convergence in the growth rates of the studied countries group and an increase in its share in EU imports while reducing the share in merchandise exports. The quantitative trends of changes in the trade balance and commodity structure are analyzed. The author identifies the most significant factors determining the development of EU commodity exchange, comprising the role of US oil exports and anti-Russian sanctions. Some promising areas of research on this issue are determined with consideration of the results obtained by Russian and foreign scientists, such as competitiveness and the formation of the global value chains.

Becoming a Swarm Catalyst

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juhana Kokkonen ◽  
Sami Paavola ◽  
Yrjö Engeström
Keyword(s):  
Applied Sciences ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Hierarchical Organization ◽  
Collaborative Community ◽  
University Of Applied Sciences ◽  
Traditional Organization ◽  
Changing Role

This article analyzes the problems of bringing in social media in a traditional, hierarchical organization. Difficulties rise from the contradiction between the bureaucratic approach of an organization and the collaborative community approach connected to social media. A change in the role of a developer is analyzed through a case study. The data was collected in a co-development process of a work unit at a Finnish University of Applied Sciences. The method of this study is analytic autoethnography, which proved to be a valuable tool for capturing a long-term development process and the changing role of the developer inside the organization. A new change agent, a swarm catalyst, is introduced at the end of the article. The initial characteristics of a swarm catalyst are based on the experiences of various, iterative developmental experiments. A swarm catalyst operates within an organization as an autonomous developer, and as a negotiator between the traditional organization and decentralized developmental swarms.

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