Why Choose to Cycle in a Low-Income Country?

Research on the adoption of the bicycle as a means of transport has been booming in high-income countries. However, little is known about bicycle adoption in lower-income countries where air pollution is high and cycling infrastructure is poor. Understanding the drivers of cycling adoption in developing economies can increase the efficiency of transport policies while reducing local air pollution, improving health, and cutting greenhouse gas emissions. The objective of this study is to identify the factors affecting cycling uptake in a low-income country using the city of Bishkek in Kyrgyzstan as a case study. The analysis is based on the Theory of Planned Behavior, a questionnaire-based survey of 900 respondents, factor analysis, and a logit model. In contrast to studies carried out in developed countries, this study finds that students are less likely to adopt cycling than other population groups. Other findings suggest that support for public transport, a desire for regular exercise and perceptions of the environmental benefits of cycling increase the probability of the use of cycling as a mode of transport in a low-income country. The paper also identifies positive and negative perceptions of cycling among cyclists and non-cyclists.

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Debt and Economic Growth in South Asia

The Pakistan Development Review ◽

10.30541/v40i4iipp.677-688 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 40 (4II) ◽

pp. 677-688 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Rehana Siddiqui ◽

Afia Malik

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Interest Rates ◽

South Asian ◽

Low Income ◽

Income Country ◽

Asian Countries ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Low Income Country ◽

Major Factors ◽

The Impact

After 1980s, in most developing countries, the rate of debt accumulation and increase in debt servicing are highlighted as major factors affecting the growth rate of output. Most of these countries lost their competitiveness in the international market mainly as a result of insufficient exchange rate adjustments. In addition, the weakening of terms of trade, economic mismanagement and crisis of governance also lowered growth rates in the developing countries. The downward pressure was larger in the countries facing higher debt burden as these countries faced higher interest rates, decline in the external resource inflow, lower export earnings, lower domestic output and lower imports. In case of South Asian countries, the external debt scenario has changed over time. According to World Bank (2001) Pakistan’s ranking worsened to ‘severely-indebted low income country’ from ‘moderately-indebted low income country’ in 1997, where as India’s ranking improved to ‘less indebted low income’ country from ‘moderately indebted’ in 1997. The rapid accumulation of debt, rising repayment burden and the economically and politically resource inflow or rescheduling motivated rescheduling of debt (as in case of Pakistan) has raised concerns regarding the impact of debt on the growth process of the South Asian countries.

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GLOBAL POVERTY REDUCTION AND PARETO-IMPROVING REDISTRIBUTION

Macroeconomic Dynamics ◽

10.1017/s1365100510000763 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 605-624 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Angus C. Chu

Keyword(s):

Open Economy ◽

Low Income ◽

Developed Countries ◽

The United States ◽

High Income ◽

Income Country ◽

Least Developed Countries ◽

Low Income Country ◽

Wealth Redistribution ◽

Pareto Improving

Can a transfer of wealth from the United States to the least developed countries be Pareto improving? We analyze this question in an open-economy R&D-based growth model, in which the high-income (low-income) country produces innovative (homogeneous) goods. We find that wealth redistribution to the low-income country simultaneously reduces global inequality and increases economic growth through an increase in labor supply in the high-income country. Given that the market equilibrium of R&D-based growth models is usually inefficient due to R&D externalities, the wealth redistribution may lead to a Pareto improvement, which occurs if the discount rate is sufficiently low or R&D productivity is sufficiently high.

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