scholarly journals Urbanization and the Urban–Rural Income Gap in China: A Continuous Wavelet Coherency Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 8261
Author(s):  
Yiguo Chen ◽  
Peng Luo ◽  
Tsangyao Chang
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Coordinated Development ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
Rural Income ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Wavelet Coherency ◽  
The Relationship

This study applies wavelet analysis to examine the relationship between the urbanization and the urban–rural income gap in 31 provinces in China over the period 1978–2019. We find three patterns of causality between urbanization and the urban–rural income gap. Empirical results show that urbanization does Granger-cause an urban–rural income gap, the urban–rural income gap does Granger-cause urbanization, and there exists a two-way causality between the urban–rural income gap and urbanization. Furthermore, these relationships mainly exist at high frequencies (short term). The results obtained by considering the resident population are more significant than those by the registered population. These results could help local governments develop fair policies for urban and rural income distribution in the process of urbanization of different provinces, promoting the coordinated development between urban and rural areas.

scholarly journals Effect of the International Tourism Island Policy on Hainan Farmers’ Income and the Urban–Rural Income Gap: An Analysis Based on the GPCA and SCM Models

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 592-600
Author(s):  
He Xia ◽  
Shaoying Wu ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
International Tourism ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Synthetic Control ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
Rural Income ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

The construction of Hainan International Tourism Island, one of the national strategies in China, implemented in January 2010. A common concern is whether the policy has managed to raise farmers’ income and reduce the income gap between urban and rural residents. Therefore, this study aims to make counterfactual causal inferences based on data from 2005 to 2018 on Hainan Province. This study applies both the generalized principal component analysis method and the synthetic control method. According to the model results, the policy did not increase farmers’ income in Hainan or narrow the income gap between urban and rural areas in the first five years. However, after 2014, the result reversed. The increasing farmers’ income and narrowing gap indicate that the tourism-related Kuznets curve hypothesis is valid for the policy. The results of a placebo test verify the robustness of this conclusion.

scholarly journals Does High-Speed Railway Influence Convergence of Urban-Rural Income Gap in China?

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 4236
Author(s):  
Weidong Li ◽  
Xuefang Wang ◽  
Olli-Pekka Hilmola
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
High Speed Railway ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
Rural Income ◽  
Convergence Clubs ◽  
Convergence Club ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Transportation is an important factor affecting the balance of regional economic pattern. The construction of high-speed railway enhances the mobility of population, capital, technology and information resources between urban and rural areas. Will it further affect the income gap between urban and rural areas? Based on the nonlinear time-varying factor model, this paper analyzes the convergence of urban-rural income gap with the angle of high-speed railway. After rejecting the assumption of overall convergence in the traditional four economic regions, three convergence clubs of urban-rural income gap were found. For these ordered logit regression model is used to explore the initial factors that may affect the formation of “convergence club”. Empirical results show that the construction of High-speed railway has effectively narrows the urban-rural income gap in China, but it is not the cause of the formation of the three convergence clubs. The convergence effect of High-speed railway on the urban-rural income gap in China is still relatively weak.

scholarly journals Analysis on Integration Path of Urban and Rural Industries Based on Economic Data Model. A Case Study of Strategy Planning of Taiyuan Rural Revitalization

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huimin Qi ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Industrial Structure ◽  
Aggregation Effect ◽  
Rural Income ◽  
Rural Revitalization ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urbanization In China ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Relationship

In the background of ongoing urbanization in China and prominent “dualistic” contradiction between urban and rural areas, rural revitalization is extremely urgent. Currently, common problems concerning industry, ecology and humanities exist in rural areas. This paper attempts to figure out the causes for differences in industrial development in rural areas on the basis of macro data analysis and industrial spatial distribution. Given the lack of quantitative analysis of the relationship between urban and rural development and industrial structure, this paper adopts SPSS statistical software to conduct regression analysis on the statistical data of Taiyuan City in the past ten years. Based on the relationship between industrial proportion and urban-rural income ratio, this paper proposes how the adjustment of urban industrial structure promotes the industrial development in surrounding rural areas and the narrowing of urban-rural income gap. From the perspective of rural industry undertaking or complementation with urban industry, this paper then puts forward the idea of undertaking the transfer industry within the scope of ensuring the aggregation effect of the city center and the carrying capacity of the ecological environment, proposing an industrial development path from agriculture to processing industry and then to culture, tourism and recreation industry for the villages in Taiyuan.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal differentiation of urban-rural income disparity and its driving force in the Yangtze River Economic Belt during 2000-2017

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0245961
Author(s):  
Lingling Chen ◽  
Wei Shen
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Spatial Differentiation ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
Rural Income ◽  
Natural Factors ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Differentiation Pattern ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

The income imbalance between urban and rural areas has seriously affected social fairness and justice and has become a key factor restricting the sustainable development of the economy and society. The analysis of the spatiotemporal laws and causes of urban-rural income disparity is of great significance to realizing the coordinated and integrated development of regional urban and rural areas. In this study, the coefficient of variation, Theil decomposition index, spatial autocorrelation method and GeoDetector model were used to analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics of the urban-rural income gap and its driving force in the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2000 to 2017. The results show that the per capita disposable income of urban and rural residents in the study area shows a trend of rapid growth from 2000 to 2017. The urban-rural income gap in the study area showed an inverted "U"-shaped development process as a whole, and the relative difference showed an increasing trend. Regarding the spatial pattern, the study area showed a significant east-west differentiation pattern. The spatial distribution of the urban-rural income gap in the study area has an obvious positive spatial correlation, that is, the phenomena of high-value agglomeration and low-value agglomeration were significant. The economic development level, the industrial structure, the regional development policy, transportation, topographical conditions and resource endowments can strongly explain the spatial differentiation pattern of the urban-rural income gap in the study area. The spatial differentiation pattern of the urban-rural income gap is affected by both natural factors and socioeconomic factors. Among them, socioeconomic factors are the dominant factors, followed by natural factors. There is a significant interaction between natural factors and socio-economic factors, and the combination of socio-economic factors and adverse natural factors can significantly affect the regional urban-rural income gap.

Agriculture Biomaterial Industry in Romania

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-44
Author(s):  
Irina Bancescu
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
Rural Income ◽  
Urban Rural

Rural areas in Romania are underdeveloped, with the main economic activity being agriculture. Urban-rural income gap and poverty levels are indicative of an underdeveloped rural area. Urban-rural absolute income gap for average monthly income increased from 352 RON in 2007 to 663 RON in 2017. Moreover, the work poverty rate is higher in rural areas than in urban areas. Economic rural development can be achieved by improvements of the labour market and introduction of new value-added products. Agricultural and non-agricultural activities are dependent on each other for a successful rural development leading to poverty alleviation. An industry that combines the two types of economic activities is agriculture biomaterial industry. In this paper, the authos investigates the factors influencing rural poverty and analyses the current stage of the bioplastics market in Romania and its economic implications. Bioplastics industry can reduce urban-rural income gaps and poverty in rural areas.

scholarly journals Rural - urban income gap and labour market in Romania

2021 ◽  
Vol 95 ◽  
pp. 01003
Author(s):  
Irina Băncescu
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Reverse Flow ◽  
Income Effect ◽  
Gap Effect ◽  
Migration Flow ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
Rural Income ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban Income

Rural – urban income gap is an important social-economic development indicator for a society. A large rural - urban income gap within a society reveals a split of it into two distinct societies, one extremely poor compared to the other. In Romania, almost half of the resident population lives in rural areas (46.02% in 2019), while the urban-rural migration flow is higher than the traditional reverse flow since 1997. However, the country is characterized by regional economic disparities, Bucharest-Ilfov region being the most economically developed. Labour market in rural areas is underdeveloped, rural population being highly depended on subsistence agriculture. Furthermore, rural areas have a low level of income and living standards. In this paper, we analysis the rural-urban labour market dynamics and rural-urban income gap using a LMDI (logarithmic mean Divisia index) decomposition for 2005-2019 period. Factors such as income gap effect and structural rural income effect are considered. Results show that the total urban–rural income gap has decreased with 8.91%, while structural rural income effect contributed with an increase of only 0.63%, the income gap effect (of different employed population groups) being of -9.49%.

Współpraca gmin obwarzankowych na płaszczyźnie gospodarczej. Zarys problemu

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 247-259
Author(s):  
Lech Jańczuk
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Rural Municipality ◽  
Research Hypothesis ◽  
Economic Level ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Rural Municipalities ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

There are “urban-rural municipalities” in Polish administration nomenclature. They are territorial units where urban and rural areas have one name and one local government. There are also urban and rural municipalities that have one name but different local governments. That neighborhood of municipalities in Polish may be described as “municipalities bagel”. The aim of this article was to investigate whether and to what extent the “municipalities bagel” cooperate (coordinate) the exercising public tasks on the economic level. The article attempts to verify the research hypothesis: in “municipalities bagel” there is a lack of coordination of the exercising public tasks”. The research method was a diagnostic survey in which the questionnaire was conducted. In December 2019, questionnaire forms were sent to all “municipalities bagel” in Poland. The results of the research indicated a lack of coordination in the performance of public tasks between “municipalities bagel”. The result is a reduction of the efficiency of performance of public duties in such municipalities. The “municipalities bagel” are functionally related areas. This link is characterized by the subordination of the interests of the rural municipality (especially economic). The development of bagel rural communes is determined by the development and cooperation with their urban counterparts.

Would Urban–Rural Income Gap Affect Carbon Dioxide Emissions? Empirical Research Based on the Extended IPAT Model

2016 ◽  
Vol 04 (02) ◽  
pp. 1650014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei HU
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
Rural Income ◽  
Urban Rural

At present, there’s no agreement on how income gap affects carbon dioxide emissions. In this study, the author takes an empirical test of the relationship between income gap and carbon dioxide emissions based on the extended IPAT model, using China’s provincial panel data of from 2000 to 2012. The conclusion supports Boyce’s point of view that excessive income gap between urban and rural areas leads to environmental degradation. Meanwhile, the study introduces the cross terms of urban–rural income gap ratio and energy efficiency, and finds that excessive income gap would be an obstacle for China to achieve energy conservation and emission reduction by improving energy efficiency. Therefore, while promoting actions to climate change, energy conservation and emission reduction, governments should also narrow urban–rural income gap besides relying on the restrictions of relevant laws and regulations.

China’s urban-rural relationship: evolution and prospects

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenghe Zhang ◽  
Yawen Lu
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Future ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Reform And Opening Up ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose In the 69 years since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, especially the 40 years since the reform and opening-up, the relationship between urban and rural areas has undergone profound change. When the deepening reform of the urban-rural relationship is entering a critical period, it is necessary to reassess the evolution of the urban-rural relationship in China and draw a picture for that relationship in the future. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach This paper combs the policies on the urban and rural development since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, and analyzes macro data on the industries, population, personal income, and other aspects. Findings The study found that this urbanism affects individuals’ lives and the choices of society through the will of the state, and then provides feedback at the whole level of social values. Originality/value This paper divides the evolution of China’s urban-rural relationship into two major stages – nurturing cities with rural areas and leading rural areas with cities, which are then subdivided into five periods. The features of the relationship between the urban and rural areas in different periods are analyzed, and the future development of urban-rural relations is also considered.

scholarly journals Urbanisation and asthma in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review of the urban–rural differences in asthma prevalence

Thorax ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (11) ◽  
pp. 1020-1030 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Rodriguez ◽  
Elizabeth Brickley ◽  
Laura Rodrigues ◽  
Rebecca Alice Normansell ◽  
Mauricio Barreto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Asthma Prevalence ◽  
Geographical Differences ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Relationship

BackgroundUrbanisation has been associated with temporal and geographical differences in asthma prevalence in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, little is known of the mechanisms by which urbanisation and asthma are associated, perhaps explained by the methodological approaches used to assess the urbanisation-asthma relationship.ObjectiveThis review evaluated how epidemiological studies have assessed the relationship between asthma and urbanisation in LMICs, and explored urban/rural differences in asthma prevalence.MethodsAsthma studies comparing urban/rural areas, comparing cities and examining intraurban variation were assessed for eligibility. Included publications were evaluated for methodological quality and pooled OR were calculated to indicate the risk of asthma in urban over rural areas.ResultsSeventy articles were included in our analysis. Sixty-three compared asthma prevalence between urban and rural areas, five compared asthma prevalence between cities and two examined intraurban variation in asthma prevalence. Urban residence was associated with a higher prevalence of asthma, regardless of asthma definition: current-wheeze OR:1.46 (95% CI:1.22 to 1.74), doctor diagnosis OR:1.89 (95% CI:1.47 to 2.41), wheeze-ever OR:1.44 (95% CI:1.15 to 1.81), self-reported asthma OR:1.77 (95% CI:1.33 to 2.35), asthma questionnaire OR:1.52 (95% CI:1.06 to 2.16) and exercise challenge OR:1.96 (95% CI:1.32 to 2.91).ConclusionsMost evidence for the relationship between urbanisation and asthma in LMICs comes from studies comparing urban and rural areas. These studies tend to show a greater prevalence of asthma in urban compared to rural populations. However, these studies have been unable to identify which specific characteristics of the urbanisation process may be responsible. An approach to understand how different dimensions of urbanisation, using contextual household and individual indicators, is needed for a better understanding of how urbanisation affects asthma.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42017064470.

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